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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Penal Laws
		The second Act was even worse, and the Catholic historian Tierney justly says of it that it "exceeded in cruelty all that had hitherto been devised for the oppression of the devoted Catholics".
		Lord Baltimore, refusing as a Catholic to acknowledge the ecclesiastical supremacy of the king, in 1628 was denied temporary residence in the colony.
		In 1679 the union with Massachusetts was dissolved, and a royal governor sought, unsuccessfully, to enforce the establishment of the Anglican Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11611c.htm (6153 words)

	Joseph Story: Massachusetts
		that as soon as the Massachusetts emigrants had landed on these shores, they considered themselves for many purposes as a voluntary association, possessing the natural rights of men to adopt that mode of government, which was most agreeable to themselves, and to enact such laws, as were conducive to their own welfare.
		But they extended their acts far beyond its expression of powers; and while they boldly claimed protection from it against the royal demands and prerogatives, they nevertheless did not feel, that it furnished any limit upon the freest exercise of legislative, executive, or judicial functions.
		Massachusetts remained for some years in a very disturbed state under the arbitrary power of the crown.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/story/sto-104.htm (3549 words)

	Massachusetts Banishment Act - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Massachusetts Banishment Act also known as the "Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts" was an act passed on September, 1778, "to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either of the United States, and joined the enemies thereof".
		Over 300 persons are listed in the act.
		Timothy Ruggles, of Hardwick, in the county of Worcester, a member of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Massachusetts_Banishment_Act (112 words)

	Untitled Document
		Massachusetts Bay leaders were not elected, but were considered emissaries of God who were not to be second-guessed by commoners.
		The Massachusetts Education Law of 1642 (re-enacted with a preamble and local taxation features in 1648) was a natural extension of the Puritan requirement that all citizens had to attend Puritan church services.
		Later Massachusetts and the Ivy League schools led the eugenics movement in the United States, which extended the notion of cultural cleansing through compulsory education to the notion of genetic cleansing through eugenic screening.
	www.quaqua.org /pilgrim.htm (3595 words)

	[Page 1] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Acting in obedience to the dictates of your conscience and the behests of your God, you have rendered yourself worthy the honor and glory of a gallows at the hands of slaveholders, who live, not merely as pirates do, to plunder and kill, but for a purpose far more cruel and inhuman — i.
		He held the Governor of Virginia guilty of wilful murder, and this act would be the hanging of the Governor and of the whole State of Virginia.
		The mission of anti-slavery is to inspire them with rebellious thoughts and feelings, and incite them to insurrectionary words and deeds (not deeds of violence and blood) against their inhuman and godless masters.
	antislavery.eserver.org /tracts/the_natick_resolution/TheNatickResolutionfinal.html (9459 words)

	The Massachusetts Body of Liberties. 1909-14. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics
		And in Capital cases, or in cases concerning dismembering or banishment according to that word to be judged by the General Court.
		No man shall be pressed in person to any office, work, wares, or other public service, that is necessarily and sufficiently exempted by any natural or personal impediment, as by want of years, greatness of age, defect of mind, failing of senses, or impotency of Limbs.
		But only upon such vindictive and defensive wares in our own behalf or the behalf or our friends and confederates as shall be enterprized by the Counsel and consent of a Court general, of by authority derived from the same.
	www.bartleby.com /43/8.html (4501 words)

	Witchcraft Books 1800s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Reasons for concluding that the act of 1711, reversing the attainders of the persons convicted of witchcraft in Massachusetts in the year 1692, became a law.
		Goodell, A. Further notes on the history of witchcraft in Massachusetts, containing additional evidence of the passage of the Act of 1711, for reversing the attainders of the witches; also, affirming the legality of the Special Court of Oyer and Terminer of 1692: with...
		Massachusetts Sunday laws (the new code as enacted by the legislature of 1886-87) in effect July 9, 1887 : together with the old-time blue laws from the records of Massachusetts, Connecticut (including the witchcraft code), New York, Virginia and Maryland, and other curious old colony orders and penalties.
	www.medlina.com /witchcraft_books_1800s.htm (1912 words)

	Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
		Exile or banishment (transportation) was first used in 1597 and was formalized by James I (1603-1625) in 1615 as a practice of conditionally pardoning felons by shipping them to the New World as indentured servants, with the proviso that they were never to return to England [Ekirch, 1987:1].
		Acts of rebellion or insurrection were punishable by life imprisonment or the one-half estate forfeiture.
		The Navigation Act of 1651 was to become the most important in that it provided the basic formula followed for two centuries and led to the abandonment of earlier practices.
	www.fsu.edu /~crimdo/forfeiture.html (14355 words)

	Religious Liberty Archive : Rothgerber Johnson & Lyons LLP, Colorado Springs, CO
		The struggle for religious freedom and disestablishment in Massachusetts is equally interesting and of greater duration than the events in Connecticut.
		This decree was one of the major factors of Roger Williams' banishment to Rhode Island.
		It was not until 1831 that the Massachusetts state legislature voted in favor of disestablishment.
	www.churchstatelaw.com /historicalmaterials/8_1_2_11.asp (1004 words)

	Taxation for Religion in Early Massachusetts-Ron Golini
		In the Massachusetts settlement every man in the town, parish, precinct or district, with his lands, was to contribute to the town parish or precinct where he lived unless specifically exempted by the General Court.
		Acts and Laws Passed by the Great and General Court or Assembly of His Majesties Province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England Begun and Held at Boston on Wednesday the Twenty-ninth of May, 1700.
		Caroli II Regis, Act for the Uniformity of Publick Prayers and Administration of Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies and for Establishing the form of Marriage, Ordaining and Consecrating Bishops, priests and Deacons in the Church of England, Edinburgh, 1662.
	www.rongolini.com /masshist.htm (8219 words)

	Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion, by John ...
		Where the people have liberty to admit or reject their governors, and to require the rule by which they shall be governed and judged, this is not an arbitrary government.
		That the Government of the Massachusetts is such will appear (1) by the foundation of it; (2) by the positive laws thereof; (3) by the constant practice which proves a custom, than which (when it is for common good) there is no law of man more inviolable.
		Either hath power to act, both alone, and both together, yet by a distinct power, the one of liberty, the other of authority.
	www.bartleby.com /43/9.html (3764 words)

	Mike's History p 141 - Massachusetts Body of Liberties. Selections.
		And in Capitall cases, or in cases concerning dismembring or banishment according to that word to be judged by the Generall Court.
		No man shall be pressed in person to any office, worke, warres, or other publique service, that is necessarily and sufficiently exempted by any naturall or personall impediment, as by want of yeares, greatnes of age, defect of minde, fayling of sences, or impotencie of Lymbes.
		But onely upon such vindictive and defensive warres in our owne behalfe or the behalfe of our freinds and confederats as shall be enterprized by the Counsell and consent of a Court generall, or by authority derived from the same.
	www.galileolibrary.com /history/history_page_141.htm (3019 words)

	ILW.COM - immigration news: Avoid Banishment: What Every Immigration Criminal Defense Counsel Should Know (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These immigrants are literally signing off on their eternal banishment when they enter into what amounts to an unknowing and involuntary plea.
		Then, when returning to the USA to be with their families, they are placed into federal prison as "aggravated felons." In the author's opinion, our current plea petition is obsolete, and facilitates affirmative mis-advice of immigration consequences by criminal defense counsel.
		ORS 135.425- The responsibilities of defense counsel as defined in (2) of this statute: To aid the defendant in reaching a decision, defense counsel, after appropriate investigation, shall advise the defendant of the alternatives available and of factors considered important by the defense counsel or the defendant in reaching a decision.
	www.ilw.com /lawyers/articles/2004,0707-conry.shtm (2912 words)

	Burrage, Why Was Roger Williams Banished?
		Williams’ banishment was “for reasons purely political and had no relation to his notions upon toleration” is to close one’s eyes to the very plainest facts connected with the action of the general court in this case.
		Williams’ doctrine of soul-liberty was involved in his sentence of banishment, and still stood in the way of his return to any of the towns of the colony for security in a time of distress.
		The action of the Massachusetts council, however, is delightful evidence of the kindly feeling that was entertained for Roger Williams by the leaders of the Puritan colony, and, while it must have awakened memories that were not altogether pleasing, it could hardly have failed to have reached and touched his heart.
	www.dinsdoc.com /burrage-1.htm (4635 words)

	The Winthrop Society: Descendants of the Great Migration
		The Charter and Constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Commonwealth held that a condition of colonial self-government be that the laws be in no wise "offensive" to the laws of England.
		We are tempted to comment fervently on every numbered point of this document, but we refrain, as we cannot improve upon the concise excellence of thought which produced this code, here presented in its entirety without alteration or deletion, except modernization of spelling and a few parenthetic italicized additions for clarity.
		No man shall be pressed into any office, work, wars, or other public service, who is necessarily and sufficiently exempted by any natural or personal impediment, as by want of years, greatness of age, defect of mind, failing of senses, or impotence of limbs.
	www.winthropsociety.org /liberties.php (4791 words)

	Massachusetts Banishment Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Massachusetts Banishment Act also known as the "Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts" was an act passed on September, 1778, "to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either of the United States, and joined the enemies thereof".
		Over 300 persons are listed in the act.
		Timothy Ruggles, of Hardwick, in the county of Worcester, a member of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Massachusetts_Banishment_Act (120 words)

	Common Sense Americanism - The Massachusetts Body of Liberties
		The Massachusetts Body of Liberties was, as far as is known, the first code of laws in New England.
		The young government of Massachusetts Bay had been wrestling with the need for a code of laws for awhile, with little success, few suggestions and much procrastination.
		No man shall be pressed in person to any office, worke, warres or other publique service, that is necessarily and suffitiently exempted by any naturall or personall impediment, as by want of yeares, greatnes of age, defect of minde, fayling of sences, or impotencie of Lymbes.
	www.csamerican.com /Doc.asp?doc=MassLib (4667 words)

	Jacob Barney of Salem, Massachusetts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For these English Puritans, the new colony of Massachusetts had a meaning that is not easily translated into secular terms; when most of these emigrants explained their motives for coming to the New World, religion was mentioned not merely as their leading purpose.
		This ship was famous in the history of the early emigration to Massachusetts, and her Master was equally noted for his skillful seamanship and his sympathy with the policy of the Puritan leaders.
		Unlike the limited franchise in Massachusetts Bay, the governor and Council at Plymouth were chosen by the vote of all and were subject to the popular assembly of adult male colonists.
	www.barneyfamily.org /cgi-local/public/director.cgi?CODE=9552981057328&LINK=/docs/article_05.htm (8367 words)

	SMITH V. DOE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Act requires any “sex offender or child kidnapper who is physically present in the state” to register, either with the Department of Corrections (if the individual is incarcerated) or with the local law enforcement authorities (if the individual is at liberty).
		The Court of Appeals was incorrect to conclude that the Act’s registration obligations were retributive because “the length of the reporting requirement appears to be measured by the extent of the wrongdoing, not by the extent of the risk posed.” 259 F.3d, at 990.
		As the Court of Appeals acknowledged, the Act has a legitimate nonpunitive purpose of “public safety, which is advanced by alerting the public to the risk of sex offenders in their community.” 259 F.3d, at 991.
	supct.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/01-729.ZO.html (4758 words)

	OSV - Document Viewer - Doc # 1824 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In colonial New England, jails were built to detain those in the process of justice, such as criminals awaiting trial or debtors unwilling (or unable) to meet their obligations.
		Massachusetts General Hospital, a private institution for the care of the poor, was incorporated in 1811.
		Each room had a seat fixed to the wall and a window that could be opened (a false iron window sash acted as bars to escape attempts, but presented a less prison-like appearance).
	www.osv.org /learning/DocumentViewer.php?Action=View&DocID=1824 (4856 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Revolutionary War in Georgia
		News of the battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts caused many Georgians who were wavering in their allegiance to join the radical movement.
		The Assembly enacted legislation providing for the rapid growth of the backcountry, including a commission government for Augusta, a new town to be named Washington in Wilkes County, and generous land grants for entrepreneurs who would construct ironworks, grist mills, and sawmills.
		On May 4, 1782, the legislature passed the Confiscation and Banishment Act, declaring 277 people guilty of treason, and seizing their property.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2709 (3740 words)

	Blood Doctrine
		It shows that the act of bleeding an animal was related to respect for life, not the blood itself.
		At Acts chapter 15 and chapter 21 it is recorded that the Apostles and Older Men gave a decree to “abstain from blood”.
		He said it was only wrong when it stumbled the brothers, in this case the Judaizers. Acts 15 included food sacrificed to idols, blood and animals strangled because they caused stumbling in the mixed congregations due to their being read “in the Synagogue on every Sabbath”, not because they are offensive to God.
	www.jwfacts.com /index_files/blooddoctrine.htm (7988 words)

	paine
		John Adams was at the time referred to a student in the office of Attorney General Putnam, of Massachusetts, a Loyalist who settled in St. John at the close of the war, and became a judge of the supreme court of New Brunswick.
		He was elected a town selectman beginning in 1747 and a representative to the General Court of Massachusetts from 1751 to 1774.11 In 1755 he became a colonel in the militia and a judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
		The "Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts" at http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Mass-Banishment-Act.html also banished John Murray from the State of Massachusetts.
	www.geocities.com /rexanna_keats/paine.htm (3145 words)

	The Nation, 09/14/1876 - As to Roger Williams, and his "Banishment" from the Massachusetts Plantation
		The occasion of Dexter's monograph is a petition presented last winter to the Massachusetts General Court to revoke the sentence of banishment pronounced against Roger Williams in 1635.
		...The sagacious founders of Massachusetts may be pardoned if, in their progress "from the trading to the political community, they did not recognize the claims of toleration quite so early as they might ; still, no.amount of reasoning can make this anything but a mistake, which we may excuse but cannot always justify...
		...It is rather a defence of the course pursued by the colony of l Massachusetts towards a young man of fine and brilliant qualities, yet with his brain full of maggots, who was deliberately withstanding the authority of tlie community in which he resided, but of whicli ho wag not a member...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v023i0585_12.htm (1208 words)

	Laurel Thatcher Ulrich \| John Winthrop's City of Women \| The Massachusetts Historical Review, 3 \| The History ...
		As an aggrieved woman she symbolized the weakness of an ordinary person against the aggrandizement of the rich and hence the struggle of the deputies against the magistrates.
		Her father "had brought her up well," and at the age of eighteen, she appeared to be "a proper young woman." But being rejected by "a young man whom she had much affection unto," she vowed to marry the next suitor who came along.
		The history of early Massachusetts is not only a story about powerful men and assertive women; it is a story about seemingly accidental events and the persons who gave them meaning.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/mhr/3/ulrich.html (9018 words)

	Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 1641
		And in capital cases, or in cases concerning dismembring or banishment, according to that word to be judged by the General Court.
		But only upon such vindictive and defensive wars in our own behalf or the behalf of our friends and confederates as shall be enterprised by the counsel and consent of a court general, or by authority derived from the same.
		No injunctions are to be put upon any church, church officers, or member in point of doctrine, worship, or discipline, whether for substance or circumstance besides the institutions of the Lord.
	www.constitution.org /bcp/mabodlib.htm (1818 words)

	America Responds to Terrorism -- Blasphemy Salman Rushdie
		Banished, he ended up in Rhode Island where he wrote a long insulting letter to the governor of Massachusetts Bay, John Winthrop.
		The government of Massachusetts had banished them for attacking the Puritan church.
		When they violated their banishment and returned to the colony, they were all hanged in 1659-60.
	www.crf-usa.org /terror/rushdie.htm (1882 words)

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