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Topic: Massacre in Jedwabne

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	Jedwabne - Polish massacre of innocent Jews? - by Robert Strybel
		Gross states that 92 Poles took part in the massacre, but the post-war communist regime put only 23 men on trial, of which only 12 were found guilty and sent to prison.
		The issue has divided Poles and Polish Americans, religious leaders, historians, politicians, journalists and even the townspeople of Jedwabne who are sick of being badgered by the reporters and TV crews that have descended on their town.
		And in the case of Jedwabne it certainly does not confirm his thesis alleging the spontaneous and mass participation of the Polish community" in the Holocaust.
	www.geocities.com /jedwabne/english/robert_strybel.htm (1458 words)

	Massacre in Jedwabne
		On June 10, 1941, the Jewish population of Jedwabne[?], Poland was massacred.
		Gross, claimed that it was a typical pogrom in which Jews were massacred by their Polish neighbours.
		There were German bullets found near the barn at Jedwabne; however, IPN 20.12.2001 published its findings which proved that these bullets came from a period years after the massacre, and that some probably remained from WWI.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Massacre_in_Yedwabne.html (198 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Massacre in Jedwabne re-examined at CES
		Jedwabne, located in the northeast corner of the country, was the scene of a shocking 1941 massacre in which somewhere between 400 and 1,600 Polish Jews were herded into a barn and burned alive by their Christian neighbors.
		On the 60th anniversary of the massacre, a ceremony was held in Jedwabne honoring the Jews who died there.
		Among these are the impact on society of the transition from Soviet to Nazi occupation, the possible role of the Nazis as instigators or facilitators of the massacre, and the extent of Polish anti-Semitism at the time.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2005/05.05/05-jedwabne.html (824 words)

	Voices on the Jedwabne tragedy \| "What happened one day in Jedwabne" Simon Redlich
		If it is proven that the massacre was in fact carried out by the villagers, and the murderers are still alive, they will be brought to trial and may spend the rest of their lives behind bars.
		Jedwabne, approximately 100 kilometers west of Bialystok, was annexed to the Soviet Union in the autumn of 1939 in the wake of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact.
		Was the massacre in Jedwabne unusually barbaric, or par for the course in occupied Poland?
	www.pogranicze.sejny.pl /archiwum/jedwabne/redlich.html (1307 words)

	Jedwabne pogrom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The small town of Wizna, for example, near Jedwabne in the northeast of Poland, saw several dozen Jewish men shot by the invading Germans.
		After the war ended, in 1945, Jedwabne had a gentile population of 1,670.
		This caused a certain criticism, as some considered Jedwabne to be a solely German crime, while others believed that the Polish nation was not to bear responsibility for the crimes performed by some.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Massacre_in_Jedwabne (885 words)

	Jedwabne: 10th July 1941
		In the testimonials there is mention of the fact that German policeman hit some of the Jedwabne Poles in the face with rifle butts or their hands, which is evidence that some of them did not want to go to the town square.
		In the Jedwabne Memorial Book, compiled by Jews and published in the United States in 1980, the number 1400 is given; then again, in the documents of the investigation which were conducted in the 1960's and 1970's by the prosecutor, Waldemar Monkiewicz, mention is made of 800 to 1200 murdered Jews.
		That which occurred in Jedwabne and Radziłów was an act of annihilation, and the Poles, in contrast to the Germans, had no such plans or intentions.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/J/Mach.html (2758 words)

	Reflections on the Jedwabne Debate
		The massacre at Jedwabne clearly exceeds the pattern of universal indifference or marginal deviation.
		Knowledge of the mass murder committed in Jedwabne is an enormous shock to Poles, one that clashes with their national myth about the war years.
		The regime of lawlessness and disregard for human life imposed by the Germans provoked the massacre in Jedwabne, a tragedy which is but a small part of the enormous devastation of the Holocaust—yet it is a tragedy for the Jews and a chapter in the history of the Poles.
	yad-vashem.org.il /about_yad/magazine/data5/jedwabne.html (1095 words)

	POLISH NEWS - PN Interview Page - Jedwabne Without Stereotypes... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The massacre occurred to prove that hatred towards the Jews is universal and shared by many nations.
		For example, the Laudanski brothers, who were among the most active ones in the Jedwabne massacre; their sister-in-law was killed by the Soviets only a few months before.
		Jedwabne was the beginning of the Holocaust that later spread over the Bialystok area, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine and Moldova.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/interview/2002/interview75_2.shtml (4847 words)

	History \| Jan Gross Interview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		She went to the place where the barn had supposedly been and she knocked on the door of the house standing next door, and within five minutes sheâs talking to the daughter of the man who had given his barn so that the Jews could be burned.
		In the week before the Jedwabne massacre there were very similar murders in two neighboring towns -- murders in which all of the Jews in the town were killed by their Polish neighbors.
		The people who committed the murders in Jedwabne had seen that it could be done; in fact, they may have been joined in the killing by people who had participated in the earlier murders.
	his.princeton.edu /info/e47/jan_gross.html (1479 words)

	POLISH NEWS - Politics Page - Poland's Kwasniewski apologizes for Jedwabne pogrom. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		WARSAW - On the 60th anniversary of a the Jedwabne massacre, Polish President Aleksander Kwaoniewski officially apologized for the part allegedly played by Poles in the 1941 pogrom in which an undetermined number of Jews were stabbed, bludgeoned and burned alive in a barn.
		Jedwabne's current Catholic pastor Father Edward Or3owski refused to attend the ceremony saying 'the whole thing is a lie and I will not take part in a lie.' But he cordially received Rabbi Baker when the frail, gray-bearded 90-year-old turned up at his rectory and the two reminisced about common friends rather than the ceremony.
		In essence, the Polish-born scholar alleged that on July 10, 1941 the Polish residents of the small northeastern town of Jedwabne in the Bia3ystok region murdered the Jewish half of the population.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/politics/2001/politics63_3.shtml (2145 words)

	Documentary: "Sasiedzi" (Neighbors)
		A televised documentary on the World War II massacre of Jewish villagers by their Polish neighbors is picking up where a book's revelations left off, shocking even more households with the awful reality.
		Recent revelations about the 1941 massacre in Jedwabne and nearby communities in northeastern Poland have stunned the country and devastated the national assumption, nurtured in the communist era, that Poles were always victims and never collaborators in Nazi-era atrocities.
		A monument blaming the Jedwabne massacre on Nazi troops was removed last month and will be replaced with one listing the names of the victims.
	www.radzilow.com /documentary.htm (513 words)

	Secrets in the archives - Wojciech KamiÅski, pap
		The authorities of GBR had conducted at least three investigations by the end of fifties, assuming that the crimes in the Bialystok district of summer 1941 were committed by Nazis, and amongst them, was the massacre in Jedwabne.
		The research undertaken by the agency in Ludvisburg proved, that in the Bialystok and Lomza regions, independently of the intervening units (Einsatzgruppen) there perhaps operated the special unit designated for the "special assignments", in which included was the Gestapo unit of the Eastern Prussia region.
		The witness suggested that the Poles participated in the Jedwabne massacre.
	www.naszawitryna.pl /jedwabne_en_92.html (809 words)

	Sample Chapter for Polonsky, A. and Michlic, J.B., eds.: The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne ...
		Massacres of the Jewish population by ethnic Poles also took place at the beginning of July 1941 in Radzilów and Wa sosz.
		The Polish debate has concentrated rather on the question of Polish participation in the massacre in which the great majority of the Jewish population of Jedwabne were murdered by their Polish neighbors.
		Eighty percent did not feel--as Poles--any moral responsibility for Jedwabne, while only 13 percent felt such a responsibility; 34 percent believed that the Germans were solely responsible for the crime, 14 percent that Germans and Poles were jointly responsible, and 7 percent that Poles were solely responsible.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/i7632.html (13517 words)

	Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism and Racism
		Subsequently, on visiting Jedwabne, he learned that the whole story was very well documented, that witnesses were still alive, and that the memory of the crime had been preserved in Jedwabne through the generations.
		Kaczynski’s first piece, entitled “Calopalenie” (Holocaust or “Burning Alive”), was devoted exclusively to the Jedwabne massacre, which the journalist cautiously described as instigated by Germans but executed “by Polish hands.” The reporter confessed that he had encountered much xenophobia and antisemitism in the course of his enquiries; but one essential point was made abundantly clear.
		Jedwabne was not the only small town in Poland where Jews were taunted, beaten, stabbed and then burned alive in a barn.
	www.tau.ac.il /Anti-Semitism/asw2001-2/wistrich.htm (5309 words)

	Chodakiewicz on Jedwabne
		Thus, between 1939 and 1945 Jedwabne was constantly at the mercy of the local police force, whereas afterward it had to reckon intermittently with periodic raids by the outside Communist security units.
		Thus, because of the weakness of the occupation regime, Jedwabne and its environs enjoyed a measure of prosperity from 1945 until 1949.
		The population of the town of Jedwabne dropped from 3,000 to 1,850 inhabitants.
	www.pacwashmetrodiv.org /events/jedwabne/chodakiewicz.text.htm (4739 words)

	The Legacy of Jedwabne - a documentary film by Slawomir Grunberg - Log In Productions - distributed by LogTV LTD.
		On July 10, 2001, the 60th anniversary of the massacre, a nationally televised commemoration ceremony was held during which the President of Poland apologized for the massacre in Jedwabne and for other crimes committed by Poles against Jews.
		A Polish investigation into the massacre was conducted by the Institute of National Memory (IPN), a government body responsible for investigating crimes against the nation.
		The story of the Jedwabne massacre continues to be a painful wound in the hearts and minds of both Polish Christians and Jews.
	www.logtv.com /films/jedwabne/index.htm (1029 words)

	The New Yorker: PRINTABLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		His most recent, "Neighbors," which documents the Jedwabne massacre, was published in Poland last May. It ignited a great controversy there, and many Poles continue to deny national responsibility for the crime.
		She had interviewed, among others, the daughter of the man in whose barn the Jedwabne Jews were burned to death.
		I rushed to see Agnieszka Arnold the next day—incidentally, she is about to complete a documentary specifically devoted to the Jedwabne story, which will be shown very soon on Polish television—and she told me that some of the Jedwabne murderers had been tried at the nearby town of Lomza in 1949.
	www.newyorker.com /printables/online/010312onar_online_gross (2352 words)

	We Remember Jewish Jedwabne!
		During a visit to Jedwabne in 1985, I came face to face with the monument falsely attributing full responsibility to the Germans and denying the principal role that Polish residents of Jedwabne had in the annihilation of their Jewish neighbors.
		During this meeting, the mayor acknowledged that the existing monument attributing the murder of the Jedwabne Jews solely to the Germans was a falsification of history, and he agreed in principle to replace the inscription on the monument with a historically accurate one: i.e acknowledging that the actual murderers were Poles.
		The descendants of those honest and innocent Jews buried in the soil of Jedwabne for centuries, were brutally burnt alive by their former Polish neighbors and no one has a grave of his own.
	www.zchor.org /jedwabne/jedindex.htm (1553 words)

	Midweek Perspectives: The case of Jedwabne
		Rain fell on the afternoon of July 10 in Jedwabne, a small town northeast of Warsaw, as Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski apologized for Polish complicity in a 1941 massacre of Jews.
		The history of the Jedwabne massacre was known only to a relative few, until the publication ealier this year of "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne" by Jan Tomasz Gross, a Polish-American professor at New York University.
		Yes, 48 percent of Poles reject the idea of apologizing for the Jedwabne massacre.
	www.post-gazette.com /forum/20010725edgere25p5.asp (942 words)

	Poland Asks Forgiveness For Jedwabne Massacre
		The last time a large number of Jews gathered in the market square in Jedwabne in northern Poland, it was a prelude to the massacre of a community.
		After Kwasniewski?s speech, the crowd, including some elderly massacre survivors and dozens of relatives of victims, many of whom came from the United States and Israel, marched silently out of the village for a ceremony at the site of a barn where the Jews of Jedwabne were locked inside and burned alive.
		Rabbi Jacob Baker, who was born in Jedwabne but left before the massacre, gave a description of Jewish life in pre-war Jedwabne, describing in moving detail the beauty of the community and the vibrancy of its people.
	www.jewishpress.com /page.do/12944/Poland_Asks_Forgiveness_For_Jedwabne_Massacre.html (632 words)

	Church in Poland apologises for Jewish massacre
		He declined an invitation to join the ceremony, however, because it was held at the beginning of the Jewish festival of Shavuot.
		German forces had been blamed for the massacre at Jedwabne in 1941 until a book by a Polish-born historian said local Poles carried it out.
		Poland's National Remembrance Institute is currently supervising the exhumation of the mass grave in Jedwabne to determine the exact number of victims and how they died.
	www.cathtelecom.com /news/105/122.php (262 words)

	Polish filmmaker puts massacre on the map
		After the Polish responsibility for the massacre was publicized, the Polish government decided to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the event with a memorial July 10.
		A plaque that stood in Jedwabne since the war falsely claimed that the Nazis committed the atrocity.
		The patrons in the bar accused one another, loudly, of having relatives who were murderers or living on stolen land, she reports.
	www.jewishaz.com /jewishnews/010727/pastside.html (1227 words)

	The Massacre in Jedwabne: SR, September 2006
		The Massacre opens with an introduction that makes clear that the main goal of the publication is to show that Gross’s interpretation is wrong.
		The investigation materials produced during the 1949 Stalinist trial of twenty-two suspects in the Jedwabne massacre, continues the author of The Massacre, are completely worthless; the Wasserstein testimony, Gross’s main primary source, is falsified and politically motivated; and the partial exhumation of 2001 was inconclusive.
		In fact, writes Chodakiewicz, all the Jedwabne primary sources that we know of are insufficient to reconstruct the crime properly and, very likely, we will never comprehend what really happened in Jedwabne on July 10, 1941.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/906/263wrobel.html (988 words)

	Penitence and Prejudice: The Roman Catholic Church and Jedwabne - Laurence Weinbaum
		It either negates the participation of Poles at Jedwabne, or tries to play it down....The second small camp sees in the publication of the truth about Jedwabne a chance for the cleaning of Polish memory of the period of the occupation, and a stimulus toward fighting anti-Semitism in Poland today.
		The slaughter at Jedwabne and neighboring communities was clearly well beyond the scope of the 1995 declaration of the Polish Episcopate Commission for Dialogue with Judaism issued on the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkeanu.
		Glemp's attempt to "contextualize" the slaughter by comparing it to the bloodshed in the Middle East, and one assumes that his use of the word "neighbors" was hardly incidental, led the way for the response from the nationalist wing of the church.
	www.jcpa.org /phas/phas-weinbaum-f02.htm (8911 words)

	Jedwabne
		After being controlled by Russia for two years, Jedwabne, a small town in northeastern Poland, was captured by Germany on June 22, 1941.
		Gross writes that Jedwabne's mayor agreed to help facilitate a massacre and that Poles from local villages came in to watch and celebrate the event as a holiday.
		Until recently, a stone memorial in Jedwabne blamed the massacre on Nazi and Gestapo soldiers, but Gross's book uncovered that the mass execution was actually performed by locals, who, for decades, had shifted the blame away from themselves.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/Jedwabne.html (418 words)

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