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Topic: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia

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	List of Massacres Encyclopedia Article @ Murdering.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Massacre has a number of meanings, but most commonly refers to individual events of deliberate and direct mass murder, especially of non-combatant civilians without any reasonable means of defense, that would qualify as war crimes or atrocities.
		Additionally, the word massacre is often used for political or propaganda purposes, and the choice of whether to label an event a massacre may become a sensitive one; see, for example, the Kent State shootings.
		Massacre of Poles and Jews in Uman during the Koliyivschyna rebellion.
	www.murdering.org /encyclopedia/List_of_massacres (3732 words)

	Lutsk - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After the death of vitrigaila in 1432 Volhynia became a fief of the Crown of Poland and the town became the seat of the governors, and later the Marshalls of the Land of Volhynia.
		In 1569 Volhynia was fully incorporated into Poland and the town became the capital of Volhynian Voivodship and a Łuck powiat.
		During the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10 000 of Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Uprising Army in the area.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Luts'k (1359 words)

	List of massacres - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Massacre has a number of meanings, but most commonly refers to individual events of deliberate and direct mass killing, especially of noncombatant civilians or other innocents that would qualify as war crimes or atrocities.
		Additionally, the word massacre is often used for political or propaganda purposes, and the choice of whether to label an event a massacre may become a sensitive one; see, for example, the Kent State Massacre.
		Killing of between 358 and 5,000 ethnic Germans during the Polish Defence War of 1939 and subsequent massacre of ~3,000 Polish civilians as a reprisal.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Massacre (3112 words)

	AllRefer.com - Volhynia (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Volhynia's early history from c.981 coincides with that of the duchies of Volodymyr (see Volodymyr-Volynskyy) and Halych.
		During the second and third partitions of Poland (1793, 1795), Volhynia passed to Russia and was made (1797) a province.
		In 1943–44 the region was the scene of ethnic massacres in which some 100,000 Poles died and some 20,000 Ukrainians were killed in revenge.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/V/Volhynia.html (318 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Konieczny said in an interview with the Polish daily "Nasz Dziennik" on May 10 that the immediate motive behind the massacre was the abduction by the UPA of a dozen Poles from Pawlokoma in January 1945.
		In July 2003, the then-presidents of Ukraine and Poland -- Leonid Kuchma and Aleksander Kwasniewski, respectively -- met in the village of Pavlivka in the Ukrainian region of Volhynia to commemorate ethnic Poles murdered by the UPA in 1943.
		Poles expected that President Kuchma in 2003 would respond with an official apology for the wartime massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
	www.rferl.org /reports/pbureport/2006/05/18-120506.asp (1919 words)

	Massacres and Atrocities of WWII in Eastern Europe
		Massacres and Atrocities of World War II - page 2 of 4 - within the countries of Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.
		Before the massacre, 245 officers from Kozielsk, 79 from Starobielsk and 124 from the camp at Ostashkor, were transferred, for no apparent reason, to a camp at Pavlishchev Bor, a hundred miles north-west of the Kozielsk camp.
		These massacres continued for a year in the rural areas until all Polish residents were either killed or expelled from their homes.
	members.iinet.net.au /~gduncan/massacres_east.html (12561 words)

	Historical Gallery
		The conference took place 10 days before the planned reconciliation ceremony to commemorate the Poles of Volhynia in the Ukrainian village of Pavlivka on 11 July, which is to be attended by Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski and his Ukrainian counterpart Leonid Kuchma.
		The first hypothesis assumes that the extermination of the Polish population in Volhynia was planned and prepared in advance by the leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and its military arm, the UPA, and subsequently carried out by UPA units, groups of Ukrainian self-defense, and Ukrainian peasants.
		According to a 1939 census, Volhynia was inhabited by 1.4 million Ukrainians (68 percent), 346,000 Poles (16.6 percent), and 205,000 Jews (9.9 percent).
	www.artukraine.com /historical/volyn_trag2.htm (1001 words)

	Galicia (Central Europe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volhynia, including the city of Włodzimierz Wołyński (Volodymyr Volyns'kyi)—after which Lodomeria was named—was taken by Russia, not Austria.
		This was aided by a large part of the Poles inhabitating the area, who were dissatisfied with extreme poverty and the failure of the romantic January Uprising.
		Conflicts between Poles and Ukrainians also intensified during that time, with the rise of the violent Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Galicia_(Central_Europe) (3352 words)

	Volyn Oblast, Ukraine, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Volyn Oblast or Volhynia (Волинська область, Volyns’ka oblast’ or Волинь, Volyn’ in Ukrainian) is the most north-western oblast (province) of Ukraine, bordering Belarus to the north and Poland to the west.
		Unlike Poles that were treated as enemies the Nazis had an ambivalent feeling towards Ukrainian guerillas who were known as UPA, Ukrainska Povstanska Armia (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) which was started in this region and then spread to other regions of Ukraine.
		The Poles who remained in the region were transferred to the "Recovered Territories" of western Poland (the former easternmost provinces of Germany).
	www.creekin.net /c7191-n191-volyn-oblast-ukraine-the.html (565 words)

	ANALYSIS: How Poland is commemorating the Volyn events of 1943 the wrong way (05/25/03)
		Poles accounted for 60 to 80 percent of the employees in the Volhynia state bureaucracy under the Nazis.
		Volhynia had a large Ukrainian minority of 68 percent; 17 percent of the population were Poles.
		A total of 357,000 Poles, or 91.5 percent of the Polish inhabitants of Volhynia, were not physically harmed.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2003/210304.shtml (1963 words)

	Massacres of Poles in Volhynia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Massacre of Poles in Volhynia was an ethnic cleansing conducted in Volhynia (Polish: Wołyń) during World War II.
		Volhynia was the main ethnically Ukrainian region that during the Interbellum was under Polish administration.
		Mikolaj Teres: Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1993, ISBN 0-9698020-0-5.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia (1021 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> da:Lutsk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The powiat formed around the town had 316,970 inhabitants, with 59% of Ukrainians, 19.5% of Poles, 14% of Jews and approximately 23,000 Czechs and Germans.
		In 1939 as a result of the Invasion of Poland and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Lutsk, along with the rest of eastern Volyn was annexed by the Soviet Union.
		During the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Uprising Army in the area.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/da:Lutsk (1418 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Poland, many Jews had served the landowners primarily as tax collectors, so the peasants developed the view that the Jews were the source of their poverty and misery.
		A new wave of massacres occurred at the time of the joint campaign of the Muscovites and Cossacks in 1654, and the cruelty of the Muscovites toward the Jews was no less than that of the peasants several years earlier.
		Jews began to return to their localities in Volhynia at the end of 1648, and a short while later were again living throughout the territory up to the Dnieper.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=47 (930 words)

	GALICIA (CENTRAL EUROPE) FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A decade of renewed absolutism followed, but to placate the Poles, Count Agenor Goluchowski, a conservative representative of the eastern Galician aristocracy, the so-called Podolians, was appointed Viceroy.
		The Ukrainians of the former eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of Volhynia, made up about 15% of the Second Polish Republic population, and were its largest minority.
		Conflicts between Poles and Ukrainians also intensified during that time, with conflicts between the Polish Home Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and pro-Soviet partisans, and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, and, to a lesser extent, in Galicia, and revenge attacks on Ukrainians.
	www.loadboston.com /Galicia_(Central_Europe) (3768 words)

	Galicia (Central Europe):
		The territory was settled by the East Slavs from the early middle ages and in the 12th century a Rurikid Principality of Halych (Galich) was formed there, merged in the end of the century with the neighboring Volhynia into the Principality of Halych Volhynia that existed for a century and a half.
		Meanwhile, by 1890, an agreement was worked out between the Poles and the "Populist" Ruthenians or Ukrainians which saw the partial Ukrainianization of the school system in eastern Galicia and other concessions to Ukrainian culture.
		Conflicts between Poles and Ukrainians also intensified during that time, with conflicts between the Polish Home Army and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Soviet partisans, and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, and, to a lesser extent, in Galicia, and revenge attacks on Ukrainians.
	en.advantacell.com /wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe) (4225 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Ukrainian side considers the acts in Volhynia in the broader context of the activity of the UPA (the Ukrainian Insurgent Army).
		On the other hand, for Poles, the Volhynia events are the most important and the most painful part of the activity of this organization.
		From this period the Ukrainians drew the conclusion that a compromise with the Poles would be impossible, and that the only way to resolve the controversy about the sovereignty of Volhynia and Eastern Halychyna would be to force the Poles to abandon these territories.
	www.prognosis.kiev.ua /eng/articles/volin/page.php?xml=pol1.xml (2324 words)

	Massacres of Poles in Volhynia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Massacre of Poles in Volhynia refers to the action of ethnic cleansing of the area of Volhynia (Polish Wo&322;y&324;) by forces of Ukrainian nationalists.
		Volhynia was a largely Ukrainian region under Polish rule during the interwar period.
		Various historians estimate that number at between 35,000 and 60,000 of casualties in Volhynia alone, though the estimates of all victims of UPA terror in Ukraine are as high as 100,000 (or even 500,000).
	massacres-of-poles-in-volhynia.iqnaut.net (763 words)

	Current Events
		Finally, after discussion running into the afternoon, the VR passed the declaration, which states, "The tragedy of the Poles killed and expelled from their residences by paramilitary troops of Ukrainians was accompanied by a like amount of suffering by the peaceful Ukrainian population killed by Polish military action.
		The tragedy of the Poles murdered and expelled from their places of residence by armed formations of Ukrainians was also accompanied by the sufferings of the Ukrainian populace, victims of Polish armed actions.
		Tomorrow, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of the murder of over 200 Poles in Poryck, a statement with the same content is to be adopted by the parliaments of Poland and Ukraine.
	www.artukraine.com /events/ukr_rep65.htm (5448 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Andrzej Zupanski, the head of the Volhynia center of the World Union of AK Veterans still remembers the battle of 27th AK Division, during which his colleagues from Volhynia killed all the Ukrainians from the UPA, intentionally not taking any captives.
		Motyka writes that the Volhynia events are often described in such terms as the вЂњPolish-Ukrainian conflict,вЂќ the вЂњanti-Polish actions of the OUN and the UPA,вЂќ the вЂњlocal fratricidal war,вЂќ or even вЂњgenocide.вЂќ All these terms have both their advantages and disadvantages.
		According to the figures adduced in the article вЂњAround VolhyniaвЂќ in Tygodnik Powszechny (June, 1, 2003), not more than 48 % of Ukrainians know about the massacres in Volhynia in 1943, and among those who know about them the majority is constituted by elderly population.
	www.prognosis.kiev.ua /eng/articles/volin/page.php?xml=pol7.xml (1054 words)

	Volyn Oblast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1941, the Volyn was invaded by the Nazi Germany's operation Barbarossa.
		Some local units of this army engaged in bloody widespread actions to kill the local population of the Polish settlements in Volyn, which resulted in the violent deaths of 30,000-60,000 (Polish sources gave even higher figures) Poles in the region (see Massacres of Poles in Volhynia).
		Volyn, along with the neighbouring provinces became and integral part of the Ukrainian SSR The Poles who remained in the eastern region were transferred to the "Recovered Territories" of western Poland (the former easternmost provinces of Germany) whose German population had been expelled.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Volyn_Oblast (660 words)

	Operation Tempest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The second part was to be an armed struggle in the belt between the Curzon Line and the Vistula river, while the third part was to become a national uprising in the rest of Poland.
		On November 26, 1943 the Polish government in exile issued an instruction, which assumed that if the diplomatic relations with Soviet Union were not resumed before their entry to Poland, the Home Army forces were to remain underground until further decisions were made.
		At the same time the massacres of Poles in Volhynia reached their peak and the 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division was recreated.
	operation-tempest.iqnaut.net (1101 words)

	Volhynia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volhynia (Ukrainian: Волинь, Volyn’, Polish: Wołyń, Russian: Волынь, Volyn’; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Pripyat and Western Buh -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia.
		Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Halych and Volodymyr-Volynsky.
		Between 1942 and 1944, there were many massacres of Poles, committed by the Ukrainians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volhynia (723 words)

	Kiev Ukraine News Blog
		According to him, the AK group killed some 150 Ukrainian men in Pawlokoma -- while women and children were spared and ordered to march to Ukraine.
		In 2002, Kwasniewski officially condemned the forcible resettlement of Polish Ukrainians by the communist authorities in 1947.
		Poles expected that Kuchma in 2003 would respond with an official apology for the wartime massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
	blog.kievukraine.info /2006/05/analysis-ukraine-poland-seek.html (1273 words)

	Home > Setauket, New York, NY, 11733, Setauket Real Estate, Setauket Yellow Pages, Setauket Classifieds, Setauket ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Polish war dead include 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and the Holocaust, the treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers included 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940-41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943-44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
		Losses by geographic area were 3.3 million in present day Poland and about 2.3 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union-[74] The Polish contribution to World War II included forces fighting with the western allies and the U.S.S.R. after the Invasion of Poland in 1939.
		Military losses were 66,300 in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, 10,000 in Polish Army units with western allies, 24,700 with the 1st Polish Army alongside the USSR and 60,000 Polish resistance movement fighters; POW deaths totaled 250,000; in Germany (120,000) and in the USSR (130,000).
	www.setauketnyus.com /section/World_War_II_casualties (5005 words)

	President of Poland, L.Kaczynski meets with President Bush in Washington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Poles and Ukraines are like naughty brothers, but still brothers.
		Yes, the relationship between Poles and Ukrainians is definetly better, and that's a good thing; however, they weren't always as civil.
		Note that Massacres of Poles in Volhynia in years 1941-1944 were mainly ignited by Nazi Ukrainians, who fought together and colaborated with German Wehrmacht.
	freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1576668/posts (2391 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Volhynia - AOL Research & Learn
		Columbia Encyclopedia- Volhynia - AOL Research & Learn
		With the Polish-Lithuanian union of 1569, Volhynia became a quasi-autonomous province of Poland.
		Poland ceded its section of Volhynia to the USSR in 1939, and the Soviet-Polish border agreement of 1945 confirmed it as a Soviet possession.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/volhynia/20051207170609990004 (222 words)

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