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Topic: Maternal death

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	The Worldwide Fistula Fund
		A maternal death is the death of a woman who is pregnant or who has been pregnant within six weeks of the time of her death.
		Maternal mortality is the field of medicine that studies the causes of maternal deaths and tries to prevent them.
		Maternal mortality is commonly measured using a statistic called the maternal mortality ratio: the number of maternal deaths occurring per 100,000 live births.
	www.wfmic.org /maternal-mortality.html (322 words)

	Maternal death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Generally there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy, delivery, or their management, and an indirect maternal death that is a pregnancy-related death in a patient with a preexisting or newly developed health problem.
		The major causes of maternal death are bacterial infection, toxemia, obstetrical hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, puerperal sepsis, amniotic fluid embolus, and complications of abortions.
		Maternal Mortality Ratio is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maternal_death (824 words)

	Maternal Mortality 1994
		A maternal death was defined as any death occurring during pregnancy, or within one year following termination of pregnancy, resulting from complications of the pregnancy itself, by a chain of events initiated by the pregnancy or by the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic or pharmacologic effects of the pregnancy.
		Direct obstetric deaths were defined as maternal deaths resulting from obstetrical complications of the pregnancy state, labor or puerperium and from interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment or a chain of events due to any of these complications.
		Indirect obstetric deaths were defined as maternal deaths resulting from previously existing disease or diseases that developed during pregnancy, labor or the puerperium that were not directly due to obstetric causes but possibly aggravated by the physiologic effects of pregnancy.
	health.utah.gov /rhp/maternalmortality/maternalreport.htm (3091 words)

	Guidelines on Maternal Death
		maternal death is defined as death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of delivery, miscarriage or termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
		Indirect maternal death is defined as a death that results from previous existing disease, or disease that developed during pregnancy and which was not due to direct obstetric causes, but which was aggravated by the physiological affects of pregnancy.
		5.1.1 As a maternal death may occur in a variety of clinical areas within the hospital setting (for example, in intensive care units or accident and emergency), it is recommended that a senior midwife or supervisor of midwives is nominated to undertake the role of co-ordinator for maternal death within the whole Trust.
	www.wansfordgp.nhs.uk /DOCS/LSAGuide.htm (2105 words)

	Maternal mortality - Nasr Abdalla Mohamed
		Maternal death refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days after the termination of the pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, or cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy, or its management; excluding death from accidental or incidental causes.
		Maternal mortality rates are difficult to measure and maternal deaths are hard to identify because of inaccurate reporting.
		Maternal mortality ratios vary from country to country, are high in the developing countries and lower in the developed countries.
	www.gfmer.ch /Endo/Course2003/Maternal_mortality.htm (1802 words)

	BRAZIL - NGOs Move Against Maternal Death (Mario Osava, IPS) - AlterInfos - América Latina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is measured in terms of the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, and not in accordance with the number of pregnancies, since this is a statistic considered impossible to calculate.
		The most frequent direct causes of maternal deaths are high blood pressure, which often leads to eclampsia, haemorrhaging, infections and complications from miscarriages and abortions, in that order, although close to 10.5 percent of cases are due to "indirect" obstetrical problems like diabetes, heart disease and other pre-existing conditions aggravated by pregnancy.
		Many of these deaths are a consequence of the increasing priority placed on economic concerns in medical practice, leading to an increase in the number of caesarean sections performed because of their greater profitability, especially at night and on the weekends, when doctors can charge an additional 30 percent, said gynaecologist Thomas Gollop.
	www.alterinfos.org /article.php3?id_article=191 (1256 words)

	ASM 15(4): Maternal Mortality
		Maternal death was defined as death of a female while pregnant or within six weeks of the end of pregnancy irrespective of its duration or the site of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy and its management.
		The incidence of maternal deaths was lowest in females under 20 and it rose gradually with age.
		In Sweden, a country with an extremely low maternal mortality rate, the decline in eclampsia deaths was not due to a reduction in the incidence but rather to a reduction in the case fatality rate from 14% in the 1950s to 3% in the 1980s.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/154/94181/94181.html (3261 words)

	UNFPA State of World Population 2004
		Recognizing that most of these deaths and injuries could be prevented with wider access to skilled care before, during and after pregnancy, the ICPD called on countries to expand maternal health services in the context of primary health care and develop strategies to overcome the underlying causes of maternal death and illness.
		[Maternal health] services, based on the concept of informed choice, should include education on safe motherhood, prenatal care that is focused and effective, maternal nutrition programmes, adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to Caesarian sections and provides for obstetric emergencies; referral services for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion complications; post-natal care and family planning.
		While some gains in combating maternal death and illness are expected in the next 10 years, current interventions will need to be scaled up and more resources directed towards them if significant inroads are to be made to protect women’s lives and health.
	www.unfpa.org /swp/2004/english/ch7 (1064 words)

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		The maternal death differential between African Americans and whites is highest for pregnancies that did not end in live birth (ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous and induced abortions, and gestational trophoblastic disease).
		The fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths in a population divided by the total number of live births and fetal deaths in the same population during the same time period.
		Maternal death: Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration or site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.
	www.hhs.gov /pharmacy/phpharm/hpmaternal.html (5318 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| National estimates for maternal mortality: an analysis based on the WHO systematic review ...
		Data on maternal deaths obtained through census has also been proposed as a means of estimating levels of maternal mortality [8].
		Differentials in the definition of maternal death, varying efforts carried to capture maternal deaths, and the methods used to confirm the deaths as 'maternal' are some of the inherent discrepancies in these methods that may affect estimates and impede comparisons.
		The positive relationship between infant and maternal mortality suggests that an increase in infant mortality is associated with an increase in maternal mortality.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/5/131 (4845 words)

	Statistics about Maternal death - WrongDiagnosis.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Death rate extrapolations for USA for Maternal death: 391 per year, 32 per month, 7 per week, 1 per day, 0 per hour, 0 per minute, 0 per second.
		The term 'prevalence' of Maternal death usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing Maternal death at any given time.
		The term 'incidence' of Maternal death refers to the annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Maternal death diagnosed each year.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /m/maternal_death/stats.htm (322 words)

	Maternal mortality: Africa's burden
		Maternal mortality is not simply fatal but is often a cruel and harsh lived experience for Africa's women.
		Maternal mortality update 2002: a focus on emergency obstetric care / UNFPA This document explicitly considers the need for transport interventions and suggests important innovations such as prepaid transport arrangements to enable women to travel to emergency facilities.
		Maternal mortality is defined as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the duration of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management."
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/mg294/maternalmortality.html (4905 words)

	Safe Motherhood Fact Sheet: Maternal Mortality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In many developing countries, complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women of reproductive age.
		These deaths are caused largely by the same factors that lead to maternal death and disability – women’s poor health during pregnancy, inadequate care during delivery and lack of newborn care.
		Most maternal deaths, many health problems among women and children, and the deaths of at least 1.5 million infants each year could be prevented through:
	www.safemotherhood.org /facts_and_figures/maternal_mortality.htm (880 words)

	USAID Health: Maternal & Child Health, Maternal Health, Overview, FAQs
		The most common direct causes of maternal death include severe bleeding, infection, consequences of unsafe abortions, hypertensive disorders such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, and obstructed labor.
		Nearly one-third of deaths to newborns in the first four weeks of life are caused by infections.
		Furthermore, preventing and treating maternal infections and illness such as sexually transmitted infections (including syphilis and HIV/AIDS) and malaria during pregnancy can reduce the likelihood of passing infections on to newborns and prevent low birth weight, a primary contributor of neonatal death.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/global_health/mch/mh/faqs.html (910 words)

	Maternal death - WrongDiagnosis.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Detailed information about the causes of Maternal death including medication causes and drug interaction causes can be found in our causes pages.
		With a diagnosis of Maternal death, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Maternal death.
		The prognosis of Maternal death may include the duration of Maternal death, chances of complications of Maternal death, probable outcomes, prospects for recovery, recovery period for Maternal death, survival rates, death rates, and other outcome possibilities in the overall prognosis of Maternal death.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /m/maternal_death/intro.htm (396 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala News : Initiative to reduce maternal death rate
		A confidential review of maternal deaths aimed at reducing the death rate is now on in the State.
		The reasons for the death are probed, and the evidence gathered would act as a guideline to prevent such deaths in future.
		The maternal death rate in Kerala is 70 a lakh when compared to 1,000 a lakh for Madhya Pradesh and some other States.
	www.hindu.com /2004/10/11/stories/2004101101770500.htm (506 words)

	Center of Excellence on Health Disparities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability for childbearing women in many parts of the world.
		Maternal health refers to the health status of women during pregnancy.
		Efforts to improve the maternal health have the double benefit of improving the outcome of the woman and ensuring the best possible start in life for the infant(s).
	www.msm.edu /export/maternal_facts.htm (795 words)

	N C H S-- Data Definitions-- Maternal Death
		Maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
		A maternal death is one for which the certifying physician has designated a maternal condition as the underlying cause of death.
		If the medical certifier did not specify when death occurred relative to the pregnancy, it is assumed that the pregnancy terminated 42 days or less prior to death.
	www.cdc.gov /nchs/datawh/nchsdefs/maternaldeath.htm (294 words)

	Maternal Mortality Review - Family Health services
		Each year, the Maternal Mortality Review Committee of the Medical Society of New Jersey reviewed individual cases of death of a woman that occurred during a pregnancy or within 90 days of termination of the pregnancy (in 1990 the time frame was increased from 42 days to 90 days).
		Pregnancy-associated death: the death of any woman, from any cause, while pregnant or within one calendar year of pregnancy termination of pregnancy, regardless of the duration of pregnancy.
		Classification of death as pregnancy-related, not pregnancy-related, undetermined;
	www.state.nj.us /health/fhs/professional/mortality.shtml (605 words)

	Maternal Death and RU-486
		Maternal deaths are of course what the headline was referring to -- there have been at least seven so far in the US -- and that's something that should be made known before a woman considers ridding herself of an unwanted 'problem' by using RU-486.
		Maybe if those women had known that their own deaths were a potential side effect they might have made a very different decision.
		The risk of maternal death is greater if a woman carries a pregnancy to term.
	www.bloggernews.net /2006/03/maternal-death-and-ru-486.html (740 words)

	eMedicine - Evaluation of Fetal Death : Article by James L Lindsey, MD
		The death is indicated by the fact that after such expulsion or extraction, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles.
		In some cases of twin pregnancies, depending on the type of placentation, induction after the death of a twin may be delayed to allow the viable twin to mature.
		While some authorities recommend maternal testing in all cases of fetal demise, a more selective approach is to limit testing to patients who have a history of venous thrombosis, a positive family history, placental infarction, severe preeclampsia occurring in the second or early third trimester, abruption, or intrauterine growth retardation.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3235.htm (3580 words)

	wom009 Maternal deaths on retreat in South Africa's North West Province
		A new report noted that while a lot has been achieved in terms of preventing maternal deaths, it is still disturbing to note that some mothers are still dying from preventable deaths and other factors that indicate sub-standard care.
		Comparing to Tunisia (0,17% deaths), the African country having led the most wholehearted campaigns against maternal deaths, the numbers however show that more still can be achieved.
		The financial cost of basic maternal and child health services that could prevent these problems is, on average, only US $3 per person per year in developing countries and the cost of maternal health services alone can be as little as US$ 2 per person per year, according to the World Bank.
	www.afrol.com /Categories/Women/wom009_maternal_death.htm (707 words)

	Maternal Mortality/Death Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All maternal deaths must be reported from the community level up to the tertiary level of health facilities.
		Reporting system for maternal mortality are inadequate in providing information regarding the real causes of maternal mortality and morbidity.
		All cases of maternal deaths must be identified and reviewed.
	www.doh.gov.ph /mmr/mmr_review.htm (520 words)

	Home: Maternal and Infant Health \| CDC Reproductive Health
		Although maternal death is the most extreme adverse pregnancy outcome, a much greater number of women are affected by pregnancy-related complications or morbidities, such as hemorrhage, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension, infection, and depression.
		Maternal morbidity is defined as any physical or psychological condition resulting from pregnancy that has an adverse affect on the woman’s health.
		Maternal morbidities may result in hospitalization or in outpatient treatment and management, or they may never come to the attention of the health care system.
	www.cdc.gov /node.do/id/0900f3ec80006d94 (1416 words)

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