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Topic: Maternal effect

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	Maternal effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A maternal effect, in genetics, is the phenomena where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of its offspring.
		Maternal effect genes often affect early developmental processes such as axis formation.
		This term may also be used to describe maternal inheritance, in which some aspect of an offspring's genotype is inherited solely from the mother.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maternal_effect (145 words)

	Maternal smoking and breastfeeding
		Because less is known about the effect of maternal smoking on lactation or duration of breastfeeding, our study focused on the influence of cigarette smoking on breastfeeding.
		The effect of maternal smoking on breastfeeding duration was first described by Mills in 1950 [7].
		Effects of postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke on hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminal systems and on neuroendocrine function in the postnatal and adult male rat: evidence for long-term modulation of anterior pituitary function.
	www.emro.who.int /Publications/EMHJ/0503/03.htm (1682 words)

	The Role of Maternal Effect Genes in the Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation of Drosophila melanogaster
		Maternal products are essential for setting the stage for embryogenesis because the oocyte remains transcriptionally and translationally inactive until egg deposition.
		This polarity is established by the interaction of maternal Gurken protein with the posterior follicle cells, leading to the activation of Protein Kinase A in the oocyte cytoplasm.
		The activation of Torso inititates a kinase cascade resulting in the transcription of gap genes which, in conjunction with the Bicoid gradient, specify the anterior from the posterior terminus of the embryo (Figure 4).
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /droso5class.html (1469 words)

	Effect of maternal carbon dioxide inhalation on human fetal breathing movements in term and preterm labor -- Kanaan et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Effect of maternal carbon dioxide inhalation on human fetal breathing movements in term and preterm labor -- Kanaan et al.
		Induced maternal hypercapnia is a potent stimulus to fetal breathing movements in nonlaboring pregnant women.
		To determine the effect of maternal CO2 administration on fetal breathing movements during spontaneous labor, 14 healthy pregnant volunteers at term and 34 in preterm labor were recruited.
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/78/1/9 (234 words)

	Maternal effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maternal effect genes often affect early development al processes such as axis formation.
		This is often attributed to maternal inheritance of mitochondria or plastid s, which each contain their own genome.
		maternal maternal serum screening after effect effect adobe after effect psychological effect ground effect greenhouse effect photocatalytic effect sound effect effect light butterfly effect smoking effect pictures
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Maternal_effect.html (460 words)

	Maternal effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A maternal effect, in genetics, is the phenomena where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of itsoffspring.
		This is usually attributed to maternally produced molecules, such as mRNAs, thatare deposited in the egg cell.
		This phenomenon is distinct from thefirst phenomenon because in maternal inheritance the individual's phenotype reflects its own genotype, not necessarily thegenotype of its parent.
	www.therfcc.org /maternal-effect-62576.html (131 words)

	American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: Effect of Maternal Smoking on Respiratory and Arousal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The effect of maternal smoking on apnea and arousal patterns in preterm infants is currently unknown.
		Maternal cigarette smoking is an important, independent risk factor for SIDS (1-5), and the relationship is dose dependant (4, 6).
		This study examined the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the sleep architecture, apnea, and arousal patterns in preterm infants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_200403/ai_n9381544 (1415 words)

	Maternal Control of Early Development
		While maternal dominance was observed in a number of different interspecies hybrids (including amphibians and teleosts), molecular markers were necessary to confirm that the paternal genome was intact within hybrids.
		Here maternal specific isozymes were found to be expressed exclusively in the early embryo until mid blastula after which paternal contribution was observed.
		Maternal effect genes encode gene products (RNA or protein) that are required in early development prior to zygotic transcription.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/maternal_control.html (1200 words)

	The effect of maternal photoperiod on seasonal dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) -- Munir et al. 88 (7): ...
		The effect of maternal photoperiod on response to stratification
		The effects of maternal photoperiod on response to stratification
		The effect of progeny stratification on the expression of maternal photoperiod effects
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/88/7/1240 (5327 words)

	Pharyngula::Maternal Effect genes
		Maternal effect genes are a special class of genes that have their effect in the reproductive organs of the mutant; they are interesting because the mutant organism may appear phenotypically normal, and it is the progeny that express detectable differences, and they do so whether the progeny have inherited the mutant gene or not.
		Maternal effect genes are common, and we know they are present in humans and other mammals—eggs contain many more informational macromolecules than just strands of DNA, and any organism above the level of a virus is going to pass information on to its progeny via the cytoplasm.
		Maternal effect mutants in mammals aren't going to be seen as weird looking embryos, but as infertility problems, since embryos that fail in the first few days or weeks will simply be spontaneously aborted.
	www.pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/725 (1624 words)

	Figure 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maternal effects are the maternal parent’s contribution to the offspring’s phenotype not included in the normal half of the nuclear chromosomes (Roach and Wulff, 1987).
		To determine the effects of maternal environment and burr size on germination and early seedling traits, we planted burrs from each of five pairs of plants.
		Our prediction concerning the effect of seed mass on days to germination was only supported in one of the trials, and was not supported at all with the effects of maternal environment.
	www.depauw.edu /acad/biology/Websites/danadudle/Junejavens2001summerproject.htm (2367 words)

	Segmentation in Drosophila: The maternal legacy
		Amongst the maternal effect lethal mutations, three groups of genes were found that had similar effects on anterior posterior pattern.
		When maternal hunchback is translated throughout the whole embryo in nanos mutants, it represses another gap gene, knirps, resulting in the deletion of most of the abdomen of the embryo.
		In the absence of nanos, the maternal hunchback mRNA is translated and blocks the activation of the zygotic gap gene knirps.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/D_m_segment_I.html (2496 words)

	Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior - I.C.G. Weaver et al / Nature Neuroscience v.7, n.8, 1aug04
		Both the in vitro effect of 5-HT and the in vivo effect of maternal behavior on GR gene expression are accompanied by an increased hippocampal expression of nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A, a transcription factor also known as egr-1, krox-24, zenk and zif-268).
		Maternal effects on defensive responses to threat are apparent in plants, insects and reptiles.
		Such effects commonly follow from the exposure of the mother to the same or similar forms of threat and may represent examples whereby the experience of the mother is translated through an epigenetic mechanism of inheritance into phenotypic variation in the offspring.
	www.mindfully.org /Health/2004/Maternal-Epigenetic-Programming1aug04.htm (6298 words)

	Department of Plant Biology - Research - Evans - Project1
		Maternal effect mutants produce abnormal maternally inherited but normal seed when paternally inherited.
		We have isolated 7 maternal effect mutants in maize, which affect seed development when inherited through the embryo sac but not the pollen grain (Figure 7).
		Effects of maternal effect mutants on a BETL reporter.
	www-ciwdpb.stanford.edu /research/evans/research_evans_project2.php (349 words)

	Effect of maternal undernutrition in early gestation on ovine fetal blood pressure and cardiovascular reflexes -- ...
		Maternal data have been reported previously in a larger group of animals of which the present group were a subset (8).
		Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in early gestation on development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in fetal sheep at 0.8-0.9 of gestation.
		Effect of mild undernutrition in early gestation on fetal placental villous density in sheep.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/1/R340 (4625 words)

	EFFECT OF MATERNAL ANEMIA AT HIGH ALTITUDE ON INFANT HEMATOCRIT AND OXYGENATION -- RAMIREZ-CARDICH et al. 70 (4): 420 ...
		the effect of maternal anemia on the infant.
		Effects of maternal anemia on uteroplacental and fetal oxidative metabolism in sheep.
		The effect of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on fetal erythropoiesis: comparison between serum erythropoietin, hemoglobin and ferritin levels in mothers and newborns.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/full/70/4/420 (2488 words)

	Responsible Breeding - The Maternal Grandsire
		For years, horsemen have acknowledged a phenomenon called the maternal-grandsire effect, when outstanding males do not immediately reproduce their greatness in the next generation.
		The most important contribution would probably be in the realm of canine health, but eventually we might have the tools to track the inheritance of many canine characteristics that seem capricious in their skipping of generations.
		Keep in mind, however, that outstanding males tend to be bred to outstanding females, so even if some of the male's desirable genes are paternally imprinted, the offspring of such matings will probably inherit some excellent traits from their exceptional dams.
	www.akc.org /breeders/resp_breeding/Articles/maternalgrandsire.cfm (1222 words)

	PCB 5065 Non-Mendelian Genetics
		Some of the best examples of maternal effect genes come from the study of drosophila developmental genetics - a topic to be covered in the next section of this course.
		To observe some of the unusual inheritance patterns produced by maternal effect genes, it's useful to have mutations in genes that don't result in death of the progeny.
		The effect is similar to inheriting a structural gene defect through the maternal parent, resulting in AS.
	www.hos.ufl.edu /ctdcweb/pcb5065III.htm (4401 words)

	About Gender
		Since they did not prevent the problem with the female's zygotes, it indicated it was caused by a 'maternal effect' mutation.
		It was shown to to be a maternal gene, because females lacking it are sterile, while null males are fertile.
		The suggestion was that the maternal effect favoured the transmission of the sickle cell and beta-thalassemia alleles.
	www.gender.org.uk /about/03gene/38bmatnl.htm (492 words)

	Interaction Between Maternal Effect and Zygotic Effect Mutations During Maize Seed Development -- Evans and Kermicle ...
		maternal effect mutation in maize, maternal effect lethal1 (mel1),
		effect of the mel1 mutation on the sporophyte, the progeny of
		a subsequent null allele to have a gametophytic maternal effect
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/159/1/303 (6742 words)

	wimp
		In addition to its conditional maternal effect summarized above, wimp is also a recessive lethal mutation: homozygous wimp embryos die with severe cuticle pattern disruptions, suggesting that wimp may affect processes such as cellularization and gastrulation.
		The wimp maternal effect interacts with both maternal and zygotic mutations implicated in a wide range of early processes including segmentation, sex-determination, and cellularization.
		The wimp maternal effect only interacts with mutations whose defects are manifested early - either maternally or during the earliest zygotic stages (prior to the action of the segment polarity class) - presumably because at later times zygotically-encoded RNA polymerase is available.
	www.fhcrc.org /labs/parkhurst/wimp.html (1129 words)

	American Family Physician: Effect of maternal smoking on neonatal respiratory function - Tips from Other Journals
		Stick and colleagues conducted a study to assess the effect of smoking during pregnancy on respiratory function in neonates.
		The maternal history of smoking was confirmed in a sample of 238 mothers by results of serum cotinine measured at 28 weeks of gestation.
		Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n3_v55/ai_19180303 (392 words)

	Maternal effect leads to DNA replication pattern in maize endosperm
		This suggests the observed phenomenon is not due to either dosage effect or organellar genomes controlling the inheritance of the DNA replication patterns.
		The data described thus far suggest that the DNA replication patterns in maize endosperm nuclei could be controlled by maternal effects.
		Maternal effects arise due to protein(s) or transcript(s) encoded by the nuclear genome of the maternal parent that influence the development/performance of the progeny.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/65/178kowles.html (700 words)

	Effect of Maternal Smoking on Ventilatory Responses to Changes in Inspired Oxygen Levels in Infants -- POOLE et al. 162 ...
		Maternal smoking is a major independent risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
		Maternal nicotine administration and fetal brain stem damage: a rat model with implications for sudden infant death syndrome.
		Effect of nicotine exposure on postnatal ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/162/3/801 (4635 words)

	Effect of Maternal Fluoxetine Administration on Uterine Blood Flow, Fetal Blood Gas Status, and Growth -- MORRISON et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maternal (closed circles, n = 6) and fetal (open circles, n = 6) FX (A) and NFX (B) arterial plasma concentrations at 5, 15, and 30 mins and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after maternal FX administration as well as at 0700 h on each day of the 8-d infusion.
		Clark KE, Mills EG, Otte TE, Stys SJ 1980 Effect of serotonin on UABF in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep.
		Ortiz J, Artigas F 1992 Effects of monoamine uptake inhibitors on extracellular and platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat blood: different effects of clomipramine and fluoxetine.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/51/4/433 (4780 words)

	[No title]
		This maternal effect cannot be due to maternal cytoplasmic or sporophytic factors since the 10kD zein level segregates with Zpr10/22 in backcross populations.
		Since maternal effect is not observed in crosses of BSSS53 and W64A, the cross W64A X BSSS53-TB-4Sa should yield progeny that correlate 10kD zein and its mRNA level with Zpr10/22 dosage.
		Taken together, our results indicate that the observed maternal effect in reciprocal crosses of BSSS53 and Mo17 cannot be explained by considering unequal gene dosage contributions of the parents in the hybrids.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/67/146chaudhuri.html (1017 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Maternal Line Effect in Productive Traits in Mexican Simmental-Simbrah Population (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This 'cytoplasmic' genetic material is transmitted from parent to offspring solely through maternal inheritance in most organisms, including cattle, and is known to be influential on growth and energy usage in mammals.
		The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of genetic control (including individual and maternal) as well as the influence of the cytoplasmic genetic component on birth weight and 205 day weight in Simmental and Simbrah cattle.
		Fixed effects were sex, age of dam linear and quadratic, contemporary groups and calf-sex x age of dam interaction.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=169297&pf=1 (564 words)

	Lecture 15-Maternal inheritance and maternal effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Important: Maternal (non-Mendelian) inheritance and maternal effect are two completely different events.
		It has been proposed that cloning an animal from a somatic cell means asking for trouble because the somatic cell's DNA is not imprinted in the same way as normal zygotic DNA and might therefore not be expressed properly.
		Maternal effect refers to the observation that certain genotypes do not express themselves phenotypically in the original individual, but only in its progeny.
	fp.bio.utk.edu /botany/Botany_courses/fpcourses/240%20genetics/Lecture%2015-Complications%20of%20Mendel%20Appendix.htm (486 words)

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