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Topic: Mathematical Tables Project

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	Mathematics and measurement
		Mathematical techniques are used to develop and analyze idealized models of physical phenomena to be measured, and mathematical algorithms are necessary to produce practical solutions on modern computing devices.
		Mathematical research at NBS began in the late 1930s when NBS Director Dr. Lyman J. Briggs conceived a project for the computation of tables of mathematical functions of importance in applications.
		The contributions of applied mathematics to the war effort in the 1940s fueled a widespread recognition of the importance of mathematical research to the attainment of national goals.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-82777394.html (1690 words)

	Gertrude Blanch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a while she worked as a substitute teacher at Hunter College; then, in 1938, she began work on the Mathematical Tables Project of the WPA, for which she was technical director.
		Many of these computers possessed only rudimentary mathematical skills, but the algorithms and error checking in the Mathematical Tables Project were sufficiently well designed that their output defined the standard for transcendental function solution for decades.
		This project later became the Computation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gertrude_Blanch (491 words)

	BOL Ch. 9--The Mathematical World
		Mathematical knowledge is interesting in its own right and because it can contribute to the understanding of nature and human inventions.
		The usefulness of a mathematical model for predicting may be limited by uncertainties in measurements, by neglect of some important influences, or by requiring too much computation.
		As their mathematical sophistication grows during these grades, students are able to perform and make sense of more subtleties in collecting, describing, and interpreting data.
	www.project2061.org /publications/bsl/online/ch9/ch9.htm (8522 words)

	Mathematical Tables Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Math Tables Project was the largest and most sophisticated—and one of the last—of the human computing groups.
		The project created ballistics calculations for the Army and navigation tables for the Navy, as well as providing the fundamental calculations for the Manhattan Project.
		The tables ultimately filled 28 published volumes, and were "possibly the most accurate ever produced." Many of them were collected in a book by Abramowitz and Stegun, which is still in worldwide use today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mathematical_Tables_Project (220 words)

	Project
		Simple mathematical processes are done correctly and a wide range of more sophisticated techniques which are relevant to the stated task are done accurately.
		Tables and figures should have titles and be numbered so that they can be referred to in the text of the report.
		Mathematical information includes graphical figures, synthetically generated numbers and data which is collected empirically or assembled from outside sources.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /mcgrail/project.htm (2052 words)

	Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Mathematics and measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mathematical techniques are used to develop and analyze idealized models of physical phenomena to be measured, and mathematical algorithms are necessary to produce practical solutions on modern computing devices.
		Mathematical research at NBS began in the late 1930s when NBS Director Dr. Lyman J. Briggs conceived a project for the computation of tables of mathematical functions of importance in applications.
		The contributions of applied mathematics to the war effort in the 1940s fueled a widespread recognition of the importance of mathematical research to the attainment of national goals.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_1_106/ai_82777394 (1384 words)

	BSHM: Abstracts -- G (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Contemporary and subsequent dismay over the mathematical weakness revealed in Hobbes’ rash arguments with Wallis should be balanced by recognising his insight into the relevance of mathematics and the wider role of geometry as the model science.
		The links connect especially his mathematical researches in functional equations with his work on mathematical tables and on calculating machines, but they are evident also in some of his social and industrial concerns.
		The Mathematical Tables Project, of which Gertrude Blanch (1897-1996) was technical director, was set up in 1938 as a New York work relief project, and was soon the largest computing organisation in the world.
	www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk /bshm/abstracts/G.html (6944 words)

	WPS:Projects:Review of the Rand Corp. book "A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates"
		However useful mathematical tables are, their very nature makes them dull as warm water to most people, but their creation was once considered a worthwhile lifetime's work.
		Tables published in the 18th century often had addendums to addendums to addendums, just to correct transcription and calculator errors accumulated over decades of use.
		Mathematical tables are essentially distilled information and order, human intellectual production of the finest kind, selfless and pure.
	www.wps.com /projects/million/index.html (826 words)

	135-139
		The Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables [1] was the culmination of a quarter century of NBS work on core mathematical tools.
		In 1938, NBS initiated its Mathe-matical Tables Project to satisfy the increasing demand for extensive and accurate tables of functions [2].
		In 1947, the Math Tables Project was moved to Washington to form the Computation Laboratory of the new National Applied Mathematics Laboratories of NBS.
	nvl.nist.gov /pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/html/135-139.html (2156 words)

	Project M3
		This unit on algebra is devoted to the study of change, one of the overriding principles of mathematics.
		They extend their notion of variable from a letter in an equation that represents a number to a more broad definition, that of a quantity that varies or changes.
		These experiences, discussions and written reflections provide opportunities for advancing mathematical understanding and are an important prelude to the more formal study of algebra students will encounter in middle school.
	www.gifted.uconn.edu /projectm3/parents_curriculum_5_unit4.htm (307 words)

	A search for a mathematical expression
		On-line Encyclopaedia of Integer sequences of [Sloane] and a subset of 797 mathematical constants from Steven Finch’s Mathematical Constants [Finch].
		Recognizing means to propose a mathematical expression from a series of known digits, usually in mathematics we go from left to right, a mathematical expression is equal to a certain number to a given precision.
		For each of the CODATA entry a table was produced and sorted in increasing length of expressions, a tree shaped table having on top the simplest expression associated with a value.
	www.lacim.uqam.ca /~plouffe/Search.htm (2045 words)

	The New Atlantis - The Age of Female Computers - David Skinner
		One of Pearson’s larger projects collated data on some 4,000 children and parents in an attempt to demonstrate that “moral qualities” of character and intelligence were hereditary.
		Its task was to produce mathematical tables for use, “not only by mathematicians and astronomers, but also by surveyors, engineers, chemists, physicists, biometricians, statisticians, etc.” The Work Projects Administration (W.P.A.) required this large-scale computing operation to use labor-intensive methods and limit the number of female hires to 20 percent of staff.
		The arrival of World War II sounded the death knell for work-relief projects, but the Mathematics Tables Project was certified as an urgent wartime program, granting it a reprieve and a degree of respect Lowan had otherwise sought in vain.
	www.thenewatlantis.com /archive/12/skinner.htm (2564 words)

	San Diego Standards Draft
		The draft for mathematics was taken from materials provided by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the National Center for Education and the Economy (NCEE).
		Mathematical Communication -- Uses appropriate mathematical language and representations; organizes work, and clearly explains facets of solutions orally and in writing; justifies statements and defends work; shows understanding by explaining ideas to others; comprehends mathematics from reading assignments.
		In mathematics a valuable example of the kind of exam that meets these criteria is the Mathematics Diagnostic Testing Program (MDTP) Exams which have been developed by an effort involving teachers as well as CSU and UC faculty.
	www.mathematicallycorrect.com /sdstand.htm (2745 words)

	When Computers Were Human
		They created trigonometric tables required by France's experiments with the decimalization of trigonometry (an abandoned effort to do for angle measure what the metric system was doing for the measurement of mass, length, and so forth).
		By the 20th century, the work of human computers was augmented by mechanical or even electrical calculators that automated certain steps of their work, but these were expensive and prone to breakdown, and did not significantly change the nature of the work.
		Her fanatical attention to error-checking resulted in tables good enough to win the support of those who were skeptical of work by a government relief organization.
	www.wheels.org /books/humancomputers.html (1256 words)

	SVSU
		Well-known to the public for her mathematical and philosophical skills, Hypatia was seized in 415 A.D. by a crowd of Christian zealots who had accused her of witchcraft.
		Studying mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and theology, Elena was a scholar of the sciences as well as of languages. Her "greatest love was for philosophy and theology,"(1) and in 1672 Elena's father sent her to the University of Padua to continue her studies.
		In 1880, Sofia returned to her mathematics work with new fervor. She wrote three articles on the refraction of light, and her work was well-received by scientists. Tragically, in 1883, Vladimir, from whom Sofia had been separated for two years, committed suicide.
	www.svsu.edu /writingprogram/femmes/braun-rick-01.htm (3172 words)

	AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL MONTHLY -August-September 2006
		The Handbook of Mathematical Functions is one of the most widely circulated mathematical references.
		It is also one of the few large, collaborative mathematical projects and a rare example of a twentieth-century mathematical activity led by a woman.
		One possible rearrangement is described in the context of a college wide effort to reintegrate engineering, mathematics, and the sciences.
	www.maa.org /pubs/monthly_aug_sep06_toc.html (436 words)

	STSC CrossTalk - Software Project Planning, Statistics, and Earned Value - Dec 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		BCWP is the earned value to date; it is a representation of the completion of project tasks and is traceable to the values allocated to project tasks during the planning phase.
		Reflecting on the two projects, adjustments were made to the earned values that were assigned the various WBS tasks during the new project planning.
		The expectation of improving the project planning is the removal of statistical variation from some of the common cause [6, 7] entities.
	www.stsc.hill.af.mil /crosstalk/2000/12/lipke.html (3704 words)

	Gertrude Blanch Papers
		Gertrude Blanch, 1897-1996, mathematician, received the B.S. in mathematics with a physics minor from New York University (1932) and the Ph.D. (1935) in algebraic geometry from Cornell University.
		During the war, the Mathematical Tables Project created ballistics calculations for the Army, navigation tables for the Navy, and provided the fundamental calculations for the Manhattan Project.
		Table of Circular and Hyperbolic Tangents and Cotangents for Radian Arguments.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /collections/inv/cbi00162.html (1539 words)

	RAND tables
		Illinois, which was part of the Bridge Project study, was not used because assessments were in a state of flux at the time of the RAND analysis.
		The SAT II is a series of one-hour, mostly multiple-choice tests that assess in-depth knowledge of a particular subject, and is used by admissions officers as an additional measure with which to evaluate student subject-matter competence.
		The SAT II Mathematics Level IC test assesses math knowledge commonly taught in three years of college preparatory math courses, whereas the SAT II Mathematics Level IIC test assesses math knowledge in more than three years of college preparatory math courses.
	www.stanford.edu /group/bridgeproject/RANDtables.html (3392 words)

	Directory - CDNet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dave's Math Tables - Has math tables for many areas of math from general math to advanced calculus.
		Some Useful Mathematical Tables - A collection of mathematical tables which, for some reason, have not been published elsewhere.
		Tables of Mathematical Constants - A list of known constants with a precision of 16 digits.
	www.cdnet.com /cd/index.cgi?dir=/Science/Math/Reference/Tables (120 words)

	CITI: Projects: Linux scalability: Linux kernel hash behavior
		Hash tables are a venerable and well-understood data structure often used for high-performance applications because of their excellent average search time.
		Hash table lookup operations are often O(n/m) (where n is the number of objects in the table and m is the number of buckets), which is close to O(1), especially when the hash function has spread the hashed objects evenly through the hash table, and there are more hash buckets than objects to be stored.
		While the distribution in Histogram 3 is somewhat skewed, observations of tables that are even more full show that the curve becomes less skewed as it fills; that is, as the expected average grows away from zero, the shape of the size distribution closely approximates the normal distribution.
	www.citi.umich.edu /projects/linux-scalability/reports/hash.html (5872 words)

	Mathematically Correct Mathematics Program Reviews
		Graphing functions only occurs at the level of plotting "data points." Two coordinate graphs are referred to as "scatter plots." The relationship between a linear function and its graph is not pursued.
		Tables for functions are presented and the "data" are graphed on a scatter plot.
		Substantial decisions will have to be made by teachers, or their supervisors, so that the course can focus on essential mathematical content and not on less important topics or activities which are not efficient at mediating learning.
	www.mathematicallycorrect.com /books7f.htm (1857 words)

	Ida Rhodes : SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards - National Institute of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rhodes held numerous positions involving mathematical computations before she joined the Mathematical Tables Project (MTP) in 1940.
		The MTP was operated for the City of New York under sponsorship of NBS and the Office of Scientific Research and Development during World War II.
		In 1946, MTP became the NBS Computation Laboratory; and on July 1, 1947 it became one of the four new sections of the new NBS Applied Mathematics Division.
	museum.nist.gov /panels/seac/RHODES.HTM (346 words)

	Brother, Can You Spare a Cyclotron? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The MIT Wavelength Tables did nothing less than determine the characteristic light emitted by each element in gaseous form and at high temperatures-hydrogen, oxygen, and the 100-odd others that make up the universe.
		Similarly, the WPA Mathematics Tables Project, conducted in collaboration with the Bureau of Standards, extended the quantitative language that scientists use to describe the world.
		In 1938, when the mathematics project began, its aim was to calculate these useful functions and publish the results in tabular form.
	www.techreview.com /articles/97/08/perkowitz0897.asp?p=3 (548 words)

	The Human Computer and the Birth of the Information Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was an era shaped by new developments in mathematics, especially by the methods of analysis and linear algebra.
		This group, the Mathematical Tables Project, was a work relief project funded by the Works Projects Administration (WPA).
		Blanch developed ways of organizing the group and devised mathematical methods that were self-checking, much in the same way that accounting procedures were self-checking.
	www.philsoc.org /2001Spring/2132transcript.html (2474 words)

	The Galileo Project
		In 1628 he published the first full table of logs to base 10 from 1 to 100,000, calculated to ten places.
		In 1633 he also published tables of the logs of the trigonometric functions.
		Parts of a report on mathematical tables, Report of the 43rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held Sept. 1873, (London, 1874), 51-5, 63-4, 119, 141-2, 162-3.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/vlacq.html (318 words)

	Open Directory Project > Science> Math> Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Digital Library of Mathematical Functions - This mockup gives an idea of the current ideas about the design and organization of the new Digital Library; these ideas are, of course, subject to change.
		Geometry Formulas and Facts - An excerpt from the 30th Edition of the CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulas, covering the area of Geometry (minus differential geometry), by Silvio Levy..
		Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae - Information and errata for the 29th and 30th print editions and new electronic edition of this book..
	www.studint.com /dmoz/odp.php?browse=/Science/Math/Reference (383 words)

	A Short History of Mathematical Function Tables
		They found that solutions for some important physical problems--like the orbital motion of planets, the oscillatory motion of suspended chains, and the calculation of the gravitational potential of nearly spherical bodies--could not always be described in a closed form using only elementary functions.
		Large tables with numerical values for the special functions also began to appear, along with three-dimensional "graphs" made of wood or plaster--masterpieces of precision sculpting--showing the behavior of functions such as P and the Jacobi functions.
		In 1857, the Scheutzes produced a mechanically generated table of common logarithms to five decimal places for the integers from 1 to 10,000; each value took about thirty seconds to calculate.
	functions.wolfram.com /About/history.html (991 words)

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