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	Mater lectionis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Matres lectionis (Latin "mothers of reading", singular form: mater lectionis) are an early method for indicating vowels in the Hebrew alphabet.
		Later, it became clear that the system of matres lectionis did not suffice to indicate the vowels precisely enough, so that supplemental vowel pointing systems (diacritic symbols indicating vowel pronunciation and other important phonological features not written by the traditional basic consonantal orthography) were developed accordingly.
		In general terms, it is observable that early Phoenician texts have very few matres lectionis, and that during most of the 1st millennium B.C.E. Hebrew and Aramaic were quicker to develop matres lectionis than Phoenician.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Matres_lectionis (583 words)

	Matres lectionis - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Matres lectionis (singular form: mater lectionis) are an early manner of indicating vowels in the Hebrew alphabet.
		Later, it became clear that the system of matres lectionis did not suffice to indicate the vowel precisely enough.
		According to Sass (5), already in the Middle Kingdom there were some cases of matres lectionis, i.
	www.freeencyclopedia.co.za /ma/Matres_lectionis.html (222 words)

	Re: Fraktur Legibility (was Re: Response to Everson Phoenician)
		Palaeo-Hebrew is a "script"; matres lectionis were optionally components of its orthographic system.
		Matres lectionis is an orthographic convention whereby originally consonantal characters are also re-employed as vowel letters.
		Over the centuries that Palaeo-hebrew was used the practice of writing matres lectionis increased - starting from zero matres lectionis in the beginning to extensive usage near the end.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg25210.html (451 words)

	Apologeten - Skjulte koder i Bibelen? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These 'helping' consonants are called matres lectionis, literally 'mothers of reading.' They were first used to indicate final long vowels (beginning in the ninth century BC) and later (beginning in the eighth century BC) they were also used to indicate medial long vowels.
		When the earliest books of the OT were originated matres lectionis were not used (Angel Saenz-Badillos, A History of the Hebrew Language, 66), yet they occur thousands of times just in the five books of the Pentateuch, the portion of the Bible in which most of the Bible codes occur.
		The adoption of matres lectionis into the Hebrew text of the OT by early Israelite scribes is only one of many problems with the popular ELS Code and represents only one of many such changes in Hebrew spelling habits incorporated by scribes into the OT text.
	www.apologeten.no /artikler/apologeten_2004-3-1.htm (3234 words)

	Lizherenneg hebraek - Wikipedia
		Tamm ha tamm avat e oa bet ijinet doareoù da diswel penaos distagañ ar vogalennoù, da gentañ o oc'h implijet lizherennoù kensonennel evel matres lectionis ha war-lerc'h dre krouiñ ur sistem pikoù ha skrapoù bihañ anvet niqqud.
		Some of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as matres lectionis to represent vowels, as follows:
		Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew.
	br.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lizherenneg_hebraek (806 words)

	Read about Mater lectionis at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Mater lectionis and learn about Mater lectionis here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Matres lectionis (singular form: mater lectionis) are an early manner of indicating vowels in the
		At the end of a word, also He ה can be used to indicate that a vowel should be pronounced.
		Semitic cuneiform alphabet of Ugarit (13th ct. BC) already has matres lectionis (Naveh 138).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Matres_lectionis (250 words)

	DAGESH (Jewish Encyclopedia) - BibleWiki
		Graetz has shown that the use of the dagesh is anterior to the use of the vowel-points, for which it was, in a measure, a substitute.
		It distinguished the absolute from the construct state, the quiescent shewa from the mobile, and at times stood in place of the "matres lectionis." The regular use of the dagesh and its representation by means of a point seem to be a peculiarity of the Tiberian vowel-system.
		In the so-called superlinear, or Babylonian, system, the point was originally not used at all, nor was dagesh indicated in all cases which required it.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/DAGESH_(Jewish_Encyclopedia) (763 words)

	Massorah
		Certain consonants were used to express some long vowels, these consonants were called Matres lectionis, because they determined the pronunciation.
		The efforts of copyists would seem to have become more and more minute and detailed in the perpetuation of the consonantal text.
		The vowel signs are all above the consonants and are formed from the Matres lectionis.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/massorah.html (1596 words)

	Matres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Greg wrote: quot;BTW Matres Lectionis are letters waw, he and yodh placed into the As I understand it these Matres Lectionis are not to be pronounced as any
		Matres lectionis (singular form: mater lectionis) are an early manner of indicating vowels In some verb forms, matres lectionis are used almost always.
		The Matres or Matronae (Latin for quot;important mothers/ladiesquot;) were ancient The cult of the Matres was widespread, with monuments to them having been
	www.mattress-listings.com /matres.php (226 words)

	Biblia Hebraica (Biblical Hebrew - Lesson 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There are eight vowel points and four matres lectionis (mothers of reading).
		The matres lectionis are distinguishable by two consonant indicators:
		in the matres lectionis are not pronounced, therefore are silent.
	www.biblecentre.net /ot/hebles/2.htm (107 words)

	[b-hebrew] matres lectionis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In Chapter 3 of my latest book (_In The Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language_, NYU Press), I go through the introduction of matres lectionis in some detail, putting the innovation in context in terms of writing in general and of Hebrew specifically.
		In Chapter 4 I relate YHWH to the innovation of matres lectionis, noting and discussing the obvious fact that the tetragrammaton consists only of letters used as matres lectionis.
		(The waw in YRXW is >not a mater lectionis, but is to be understood phonetically as "ew" >(contraction of "ehu", and the word translated "his two months".) There is absolutely no evidence to support this "W=dual" hypothesis, and considerable evidence against it.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2005-July/024288.html (239 words)

	Syriac alphabet biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The vowel sounds are supplied by the reader's memory or by pointing (a system of diacritical marks to indicate the correct reading).
		In fact, three letters act as matres lectionis: rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel.
		The first letter, 'âlaph, often represents a glottal stop, but it can also indicate a vowel at the beginning or the end of a word.
	www.biography.ms /Syriac_alphabet.html (340 words)

	[b-hebrew] dating of matres lectionis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But there, where, as I have written, matres >lectionis are used only partially, final he's are used for the vowel o.
		So this suggests that the final vowel of YHWH, with he as a mater lectionis, could have well been "a", and by no means rules out final "e".
		If the final he of YHWH is a pronounced consonant, the Name is highly unlikely to be related to the verb HYH/HWH in which the final he is always a mater lectionis, the real third root consonant being yod or vav.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2005-July/024276.html (243 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Hebrew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		So the system known as "matres lectionis" was devised where certain letters were used to represent long vowels: 'aleph for [a:], he for [o:] and [a:], waw for [o:] and [u:], and yodh for [e:] and [i:].
		However, matres lectionis was not a complete system, and by the 9th century CE the practice of adding dots and lines, called nikkudim, above or below a letter to indicate a vowel came into being.
		This is known as the "Tiberian" system, named after the city of Tiberias in Palestine, and joined matres lectionis as part of the Hebrew writing system.
	www.ancientscripts.com /hebrew.html (455 words)

	Mater lectionis - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mater lectionis - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 07:37, 5 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Mater lectionis contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Matres_lectionis (268 words)

	Re: Phoenician
		Take this sentence - Phoenician BT 'LM, "house of eternity, grave", occurs (with matres lectionis) in Biblical Hebrew as BYT 'WLM.
		Here are the polar choices for XML: TAGGED (but not encoded) Phoenician BT 'LM, "house of eternity, grave", occurs (with matres lectionis) in Biblical Hebrew as BYT 'WLM.
		ENCODED (but not tagged) Phoenician BT 'LM, "house of eternity, grave", occurs (with matres lectionis) in Biblical Hebrew as byt 'wlm.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg23622.html (626 words)

	YAHWEH/ YAHSHUA, YAHUWEH/YAHUSHUA, YAHOWEH/YAHOSHUA, etc... - Forums at EliYah's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Around the 10th century BCE three symbols (hei, yod, and vav) began to be also used as matres lectionis (mothers of reading - indicators of long or stressed vowels).
		Hei is only a mater in the final position while yod and vav serve as matres in either the medial or final position, but never in the initial position.
		Spellings with the matres are said to be "plene" and spellings without matres are said to be "defective".
	www.eliyah.com /forum2/Forum1/HTML/002392-3.html (1867 words)

	The Chosen Language of a Chosen People; A History of the Hebrew Language
		Yet, in later records (Mesha Stele, Samariah, and Shiloah), matres lectionis exist at the end of words.
		Even later, in the Lakhish Ostraca, matres lectionis are seen within words.
		Because the use of matres lectionis in the Bible does not follow a consistent pattern, one can conclude that someone interfered attempting to create a uniform standard for matres lectionis and failed (Weinberg 12).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/hebrew.html (3859 words)

	Matres lectionis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In someverb forms, matres lectionis are used almost always.
		Some scholars arguethat therefore the Greeks must have borrowed their alphabet from the Arameans.
		But the practice has older roots: the Semiticcuneiform alphabet of Ugarit (13th ct. BC) already has matres lectionis (Naveh 138).
	www.therfcc.org /matres-lectionis-88744.html (223 words)

	What exactly does the expression "the Name read according to its letters" mean ?
		To prove again that was the meaning of this name which was important and not the pronunciation, he quoted Exodus 5:2 where Pharaoh asked to know this Name: no the pronunciation which he used, but the authority of this Name (idem IV:15).
		He clarified finally that the letters of the Tetragram have the remarkable property to be matres lectionis, that is the vowels associated to the other consonants, as the spirit is associated to the body and let it lives (idem IV:3).
		For example, the famous scholar Roger Bacon (1220-1292) wrote in his Hebraic grammar that in Hebrew there are six vowels (aleph, he, vav, heth, iod, ain) near to the usual masoretic vowel-points.
	gertoux.online.fr /divinename/faq/A03.htm (1127 words)

	Classics Log 9511b - Message Number 158
		Roughly, statistical analysis can often tell you that an event is meaningful, without telling you what it means.
		==> Response on mater lectionis: The authors write ``In transliterating foreign names into Hebrew, the letter [aleph] is often used as a _mater lectionis_; for example, `Luzzatto' may be written [lamed,vav,sadi,tet,vav] or [lamed,vav,sadi,aleph,tet,vav].
		In such cases we used both forms.'' (It wasn't a major issue because mostly Hebrew and Yiddish names were used.) Other natural questions concern whether they ignore vowels, whether they distinguish word-final character forms, which spellings they use, etc. These questions are all settled somewhat arbitrarily.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /mailing_lists/CLA-L/Older/log95/9511b/9511b.158.html (920 words)

	Joplin Hebrew Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Literally, mater lectionis (pl. matres lectionis) is Latin for "a mother of reading." What this means is that a mater lectionis is a letter that is used to aid one's reading of a text.
		These are the three vowel letters, also known as matres lectionis.
		If there is any way that I can make this page clearer, or if you have a question about this, e-mail me at jason@jhronline.com.
	www.jhronline.com /alphabet/matres.html (244 words)

	Old Testament (Catholic Encyclopedia) - BibleWiki
		In addition to the form of the characters, orthography is of importance.
		The unpointed consonant-text can be made essentially clearer by writing "plene", i.e., by using the so-called quiescent letters (matres lectionis).
		This means was often absent in the original of the Septuagint.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/Old_Testament_%28Catholic_Encyclopedia%29 (5381 words)

	Vowel Sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is a reference to the Matres Lectionis letters, since technically speaking, Hebrew has no vowels.
		Since the Yode, He, and Wau are the three Matres Lectionis, it is easy to see why Josephus made this statement.
		The Masoretes were the Jewish scholars who are responsible for producing and preserving the ‘received’ text of the Old Testament in the Hebrew.
	www.jesusresearch.com /vowel_sounds.htm (560 words)

	zippogifts.com - matres resources and info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We offer the latest news and resources for anyone who wants to know more about matres.
		Read about matres in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		with the name Matres Portfolio [MP] -------------------------------------------- Matres Portfolio(Online But not done!) you are watching the beta of Matres Portfolio.
	www.zippogifts.com /find/matres.aspx (188 words)

	Statistical Comparison of Languages.
		In any case the lectionis_ for
		The old feminine suffix <-t= is represented by <-?=, and if this is not a mater lectionis, it certainly looks like a precursor to one.
		In any case the lectionis_ for
	www.forum-one.org /new-1952471-4338.html (22053 words)

	Hidden Codes in the Biblical Text?
		Matres lectionis were subsequently added to the Old Testament text [emphasis added], but not in a completely systematic way.
		1) Matres lectionis and other orthographic changes were made to the text of the OT inconsistently.
		This is particularly evident from the addition of tens of thousands of letters to the OT text string to be used as vowel markers or matres lectionis.
	www.bibleanswerstand.org /Dave_4.htm (3149 words)

	Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which
		An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will also soon be forthcoming, as well as further correction of the decipherment of many other hieroglyphs which did not attain later "alphabetic" status.
		Egyptology, Hieroglyphs, Vowel Theory, Matres Lectionis, Hebrew Alphabet, Alphabet, Origin of the Alphabet, Mater Lectionis, Palatal, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Labio-velar, Linguistics
	www.tauta.net /ancientegypt/2004/06/pharaonic-egyptian-hieroglyphs-1-vowel.htm (798 words)

	Hebrew Discussion Forum
		This system is often called "matres lectionis" (a Latin phrase meaning "mothers of reading" becaue the letters that represent the vowels serve as guides to the reader.
		As for the matres lectiones, the letters yod, waw, and hei have two distinct functions - constants and matres.
		The most common use of hei as a mater is as the final "a" in feminine singular nouns and adjectives.
	www.hebrewresources.com /discus/messages/1/241.html?WednesdayJuly320021106pm (2668 words)

	Vowels in Hebrew in BC Times - Christian Message Board and Forums
		However when the Dead Sea Scrolls were doscovered many of those ancient texts were loaded with vowel letters, plene - matres lectionis, etc., not just an occassional vowel letter but sometimes 3 or 4 vowel letters strung together etc.
		Some say with no vowels in Hebrew in BC times - the text of the OT was transmitted by oral tradition - however I find it difficult to believe God created us with ability to write words and text without a vowel system.
		These are sometimes called “consonantal vowels,” or matres lectiones (Latin for “mothers of reading”), so that when one of these consonants was encountered, the reader understood to make an associated vowel sound.
	bibleforums.org /forum/showthread.php?t=11423 (1849 words)

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