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Topic: Mauna Loa Observatory

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	Mauna Loa biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mauna Loa is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, one of five volcanic peaks that together form the Island of Hawaii.
		Mauna Loa is Earth's largest volcano and is the exposed (subareal) part of an enormous mid-ocean mountain.
		Mauna Loa is about 36 m (120 ft) lower than its neighbor, Mauna Kea.
	mauna-loa.biography.ms (243 words)

	Mauna Loa - Wikipedia
		Mauna Loa is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands which forms the core of the island of Hawaii.
		The Mauna Loa Solar Observatory has long been prominent in observations of the Sun.
		The most interesting are the volcanoes of Kamtschatka, in which there is an oft-renewed struggle between opposing forces--the snow and glaciers predominating for a while, to be in their turn overpowered by torrents of liquid fire.
	www.web-dictionary.org /encyclopedia/ma/Mauna_Loa.html (751 words)

	Peakware - Mauna Loa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mauna Loa is the most massive mountain in the world, covering over 26,000 cubic miles, most of which is under the sea, rising from the ocean floor.
		Despite this impressive fact, Mauna Loa is the lower of Hawaii's two large volcanoes, the higher being Mauna Kea (13,796 ft.).
		Assault on Mauna Loa - by Dashka Slater
	www.peakware.com /encyclopedia/peaks/maunaloa.htm (233 words)

	Mauna Loa Trail Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Mauna Loa Trail begins at the end of the Mauna Loa Road on the south side of the mountain in the Park and ends at North Pit where it intersects the Cabin and Summit trails.
		In 1912, the volcanologist and founder of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Thomas Jaggar, suggested that a trail be built along the northeast rift zone to allow convenient access from Kilauea to view Mauna Loa eruptions.
		To the left (east) is a prehistoric spatter cone that lies on the north flank of Mauna Loa.
	www.kinquest.com /travel/hawaii/trailguide.html (6792 words)

	TRENDS: ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
		Air samples at Mauna Loa are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower.
		Because of the favorable site location, continuous monitoring, and careful selection and scrutiny of the data, the Mauna Loa record is considered to be a precise record and a reliable indicator of the regional trend in the concentrations of atmospheric CO in the middle layers of the troposphere.
		The Mauna Loa record shows a 19.4% increase in the mean annual concentration, from 315.98 parts per million by volume (ppmv) of dry air in 1959 to 377.38 ppmv in 2004.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm (810 words)

	MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY CELEBRATES: IT'S THE BIG 4-0
		It's the big one for the Mauna Loa Observatory, which will celebrate its 40th anniversary on Nov. 19 by dedicating a new building on site that will be one of the few primary facilities worldwide focused on studies of the ozone layer.
		Situated on the slope of the Mauna Loa volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii, the observatory has served the world well in its first 40 years, accumulating the longest continuous measurements of greenhouse gases on the planet.
		The observatory continues to play a central role in studies of climate change and is now prepared to monitor the ozone layer for long-term environmental effects.
	www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov /pr97/nov97/noaa97-64.html (565 words)

	Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park - Backcountry - Mauna Loa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hiking time from the Mauna Loa trailhead to the Pu'u ‘Ula'ula cabin is four to six hours (7.5 miles), and from there to the Mauna Loa cabin is 8 to 12 hours (11.6 miles).
		The Observatory trail ascends 1,975 feet in 3.8 miles from the Mauna Loa Weather Observatory to the rim of Moku'aweoweo Caldera.
		The Mauna Loa cabin is another 2.1 miles further along the rim or the true summit is 2.6 miles from the junction.
	www.nps.gov /havo/visitor/ml.htm (593 words)

	Mauna Loa introduction
		Mauna Loa is a giant, active basaltic shield volcano which rises over 4 km above sea level, another 5 km above the north-central Pacific seafloor, and another 8 km above the isostatically depressed seafloor of the Pacific Plate, for a total volcanic height of 17 km.
		Mauna Loa is one of the best-exposed and most accessible volcanoes on Earth for remote-sensing from airborne and orbiting platforms.
		Mauna Loa has become the focus of major biological investigations, which involve understanding of rates and processes of forest growth, especially in the high-rainfall forests of the volcano's lower flanks.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /mauna_loa/intro.html (1322 words)

	Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i
		Mauna Loa is among Earth's most active volcanoes, having erupted 33 times since its first well-documented historical eruption in 1843.
		Mauna Loa is certain to erupt again, and we carefully monitor the volcano for signs of unrest.
		The Hawaiian name "Mauna Loa" means "Long Mountain." This name is apt, for the subaerial part of Mauna Loa extends for about 120 km from the southern tip of the island to the summit caldera and then east-northeast to the coastline near Hilo.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /maunaloa (232 words)

	5.1 Stratospheric Aerosol Measurements over Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (2000 - lidar) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MLO is one of four baseline stations operated by the NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory.
		At 19.6 degrees north, MLO is generally on the edge of the tropical atmosphere but experiences mid-latitude air masses as well.
		The observatory lay in the path of the two largest eruptions (in terms of stratospheric aerosol) in the past 35 years, El Chichon in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
	ams.confex.com /ams/annual2000/techprogram/paper_11631.htm (476 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News
		Mauna Loa Observatory measurements show the atmosphere's ozone holes may be on their way out.
		Observatory measurements show the upward trend in atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons began leveling off in the early 1990s and decreased last year.
		The observatory began as a small meteorological station on the slope of the Big Island volcano and is now a world leader in air and solar measurements.
	starbulletin.com /97/11/18/news/story4.html (550 words)

	OHE April 18, 2001 (Mauna Loa)
		Since the road Mauna Loa Trail trailhead was closed for paving, we chose to use enter via Observatory Trail to connect to the Mauna Loa Trail and Summit Trail.
		We arrived at the Mauna Loa summit cabin (13,250 ft) at approximately 12:30 pm, 5.9 miles and 2,200 feet elevation gain from the Observatory Road trailhead.
		We looked at the summit of Mauna Loa, which was now fairly close, and discussed several circumnavigation/summit routes possible in the area.
	www.geocities.com /oheposts/April01/4-18b.html (5133 words)

	Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations - Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, 1958-1997
		The Mauna Loa data are extremely useful to modelers attempting to project future CO2 concentrations, climate scenarios, and vegetation responses to increased levels of CO2.
		The Mauna Loa record is considered to be a reliable indicator of the regional trend in the concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the middle layers of the troposphere.
		In summary, monthly and annual averages of the Mauna Loa data are statistically robust and serve as a precise, long-term record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
	ceos.neonet.nl /metadata/dif/CDIAC_NDP1.xml (838 words)

	Visiting Mauna Kea
		Only one observatory (Keck) has a visitors' gallery from which the telescope may be viewed during the day.
		Mauna Kea is situated on the Big Island of Hawaii.
		The Mauna Kea Weather Center at University of Hawaii is currently developing specialized weather prediction tools for Mauna Kea and its immediate surroundings.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /mko/visiting.htm (985 words)

	On Mauna Loa, An Eye to the Sky Records Global Pollution, Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		John Barnes of Mauna Loa Observatory is among many to notice the brown springtime haze in the upper air of Hawai'i.
		Mauna Loa Observatory, operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, records the daily path of the plume and obtains particulate samples.
		An unearthly landscape of rough 'a'a lava blankets the terrain that lines the road to the Mauna Loa Observatory high on the northern slope of Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano in the world.
	www.environment-hawaii.org /404on.htm (981 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Summit Crater of Mauna Loa
		Mauna Loa is the largest volcano on our planet—the summit elevation is 4,170 m (over 13,600 ft), but the volcano’s summit rises 9 km above the sea floor.
		The sharp features of the summit caldera and lava flows that drain outward from the summit are tribute to the fact that Mauna Loa is one of the Earth’s most active volcanoes.
		This facility, known as the Mauna Loa Observatory, is the site where scientists have documented the constantly increasing concentrations of global atmospheric carbon dioxide.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10270 (194 words)

	Mauna Loa Volcano
		Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano in the world.
		So, directly beneath Mauna Loa, the sea floor on which it sits is depressed by and additional 26,000 ft (8000 m).
		For more details about estimation of the actual thickness of Mauna Loa volcano, see the write up on "How high is Mauna Loa volcano" at the HVO website.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/HCV/maunaloa.html (813 words)

	Hawaii Highways - Road Photos - Observatories Roads
		The road to the weather observatory on the north slope of the Mauna Loa volcano is 17.1 miles long, branching south from Saddle Road 0.1 mile east of the turnoff for the Mauna Kea summit road.
		The weather observatory is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and conducts long-term monitoring of changes in the upper atmosphere.
		The Mauna Loa volcano is closely watched by the Hawaii Volcano Observatory, whose web site will have current information on any signs of trouble.
	www.hawaiihighways.com /photos-observatories-roads.htm (1368 words)

	Mauna Loa: shaded relief images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The oldest subaerial Mauna Loa lavas are exposed in the Ninole Hills.
		The Mauna Loa-Kilauea boundary in the vicinity of Kilauea caldera.
		The Ke'amoku flow is a large Mauna Loa flow that erupted not long before the arrival of Westerners.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /mauna_loa/shade.html (289 words)

	Some site considerations for AMIBA - II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Consequently opacity and sky brightness are mainly a function of the altitude of the observatory.
		Mauna Kea summit is a similar amount worse than Chajnantor.
		Mauna Loa Weather Observatory will be modestly worse, but probably not substantially.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /people/Robert.Sault/amiba/siteII.html (316 words)

	Boston.com / News / Nation / Carbon dioxide buildup seen accelerating
		MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, Hawaii -- Carbon dioxide, the gas seen largely responsible for global warming, has reached record-high levels in the atmosphere after growing at an accelerated pace in the past year, say scientists monitoring the sky from this 2-mile-high station atop a Hawaiian volcano.
		Average readings at the 11,141-foot Mauna Loa Observatory, where carbon dioxide density peaks each northern winter, hovered around 379 parts per million on Friday, compared with about 376 a year ago.
		That year-to-year increase of about 3 parts per million is higher than the average annual increase of 1.8 parts per million over the past decade, and markedly more accelerated than the 1-part-per-million annual increase recorded a half-century ago, when observations were first made here.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/articles/2004/03/21/carbon_dioxide_buildup_seen_accelerating (394 words)

	Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory
		The observatories at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and at the South Pole have been in operation since 1957; the Mauna Loa CO2 (carbon dioxide) record is considered one of the most important long-term geophysical records on earth.
		From continuous long term background measurements at the Mauna Loa, Hawaii and Barrow, Alaska Observatories, as well as ozone profile measurements from a CMDL site at Trinidad Head, California, transport of dust and air pollution from Asia to North America has been established.
		The core of the laboratory staff are in Boulder, Colorado, with 15 field staff distributed at observatories in Barrow, Alaska; Mauna Loa, Hawai'i; American Samoa; and the South Pole.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /organization/backgrounders/cmdl.html (870 words)

	Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park - Visit the Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As America celebrated it's 228th Birthday on the mainland, 3 Postal employees and son hiked to the top of Mauna Loa to fly "Old Glory" on the highest known "Sea Mountain" on the planet.
		The adventure began with a drive to the Mauna Loa Observatory on July 3, 2004, where Joel Michaelson, Larry Morris, Tom O'toole and Adam Morris spent the night acclimating to the 10,000 ft evelation.
		It was a perfectly clear evening, with a awesome sunset witnessed by sister volcano Mauna Kea, the summit of Hualalai peaking above the clouds and cousin Haleakala volcano approvingly standing to the northwest.
	www.nps.gov /havo/visitor/journal_ml20040704.htm (750 words)

	Space Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mauna Loa Solar Observatory in Hawaii (Image courtesy of the GONG Project, National Solar Observatory [funded by the National Science Foundation])
		Located on the lava fields of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii at an elevation of 3353 meters.
		The observatory is administered by the High Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /spaceweather/mauna_loa_observatory.html (208 words)

	Hawaii's Mauna Loa Volcano Is Beginning To Stir, New Data Reveal
		Mauna Loa - Hawaii's biggest and potentially most destructive volcano - is showing signs of life again nearly two decades after its last eruption.
		Recent geophysical data collected on the surface of the 13,500-foot volcano revealed that Mauna Loa's summit caldera has begun to swell and stretch at a rate of 2 to 2.5 inches a year, according to scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Stanford University.
		Mauna Loa has erupted 33 times since 1843, spewing out enough lava to cover 40 percent of the Big Island.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/10/021016075620.htm (987 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Mauna Loa Observatory is at 3400 meters elevation, over 2 statute miles high.
		Mauna Kea as seen from the Mauna Loa Observatory.
		The Mauna Loa Observatory with view of the dome housing Dobson ozone spectrophot ometer and air intake tower for atmospheric constituent measurements.
	www.photolib.noaa.gov /corps/crind34.htm (705 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Bulldog Edition -- As the planet warms, newer scientific data impresses skeptics
		MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, Hawaii — Two miles up, above fl lava fields and a white blanket of clouds, a tower rising from this U.S. government observatory gulps in some of the clear, crisp air and gets a taste of man's future on Earth.
		The news from Mauna Loa and other monitoring stations has increasingly disturbed scientists because carbon dioxide traps heat, as do other "greenhouse gases" generated by humans, and global temperatures have, indeed, been rising — by almost 1 degree Fahrenheit over a recent 18-year period, a relatively rapid increase, NASA experts reported in April.
		Atop Mauna Loa, amid the silvery domes of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observatory, Barnes is researching aerosols in the stratosphere, firing a laser's green beam into the night sky to measure particles as far as 50 miles up.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/bulldog/20040619--climate2.html (1423 words)

	--> topography mauna loa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, because of the dramatic topography of Mauna Loa which is not anticipated in the derivation of the principles, they should be used with...
		The Complexity of the Wind Patterns at Mauna Loa Observatory John M. Miller Mauna Loa Obsenratory...
		Its topography is dominated by the great volcanic masses of Mauna Loa (13,653 feet), Mauna Kea (13,796 feet), and of Haulalai, the Kohala...
	www.lady-ice.de /topography__mauna_loa.html (270 words)

	MLOPEX
		MLOPEX stands for the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment and is a major component of NSF's comprehensive Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program (GTCP).
		Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawaii.
		The timing was chosen to be close to well-known climatological maxima for O3 and the transport of Asian dust to the area.
	www.ncar.ucar.edu /info/GTCP/mlopex.html (1349 words)

	USATODAY.com - CO2 buildup accelerating in atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, Hawaii (AP) — Carbon dioxide, the gas largely blamed for global warming, has reached record-high levels in the atmosphere after growing at an accelerated pace in the past year, say scientists monitoring the sky from this 2-mile-high station atop a Hawaiian volcano.
		The observatory, which is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, has been measuring carbon dioxide and other gases in the air since 1958.
		That year-to-year increase of about 3 parts per million is considerably higher than the average annual increase of 1.8 parts per million over the past decade, and markedly more accelerated than the 1-part-per-million annual increase recorded a half-century ago, when observations were first made here.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/news/2004-03-21-co2-buildup_x.htm (695 words)

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