
	Where results make sense

Topic: Maunder Minimum

Related Topics

Solar activity

Sunspot

Little Ice Age

Timeline of solar astronomy

Sun

Climate change

Race and intelligence

Historical temperature record

Global warming

Medieval warm period

1 E9 kg

IPCC

Sugar Mountain, North Carolina

Lay of the Fall of Gondolin

Carbon dioxide

In the News (Wed 2 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Maunder Minimum
		The Maunder minimum is the name given to a period of extreme solar inactivity that occurred between 1645 and 1710.
		The existence of the Maunder minimum is interesting on purely astrophysical grounds, because it suggests that the regular rise and fall of sunspots observed from 1715 all the way through to the present day may not be a permanent, or even typical, aspect of solar behavior.
		Examinations of the solar activity cycle and the unusually cold weather of the Maunder minimum period have spurred significant controversy among astronomers, atmospheric scientists, and climatologists.
	science.jrank.org /pages/4184/Maunder-Minimum.html (1450 words)

	Maunder, Edward Walter (1851-1928)
		Maunder's appointment allowed Greenwich to branch out from purely positional work, for Maunder began a careful study of the Sun, mainly of sunspots and related phenomena.
		In 1893 Maunder, while checking the solar cycle in the past, came across the surprising fact that between 1645 and 1715 there was virtually no sunspot activity at all.
		Maunder also played a significant part in the debate on the canals of Mars by carrying out experiments with marked circular disks and concluding, as did Simon Newcomb, that the canals "are simply the integration by the eye of minute details too small to be separately and distinctly defined."
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Maunder.html (360 words)

	Maunder Minimum
		The Maunder Minimum is the name given to the period roughly from 1645 to 1715 A.D., when sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by solar observers of the time.
		It is named after the later solar astronomer E.W. Maunder[?] who discovered the dearth of sunspots during that period by studying records from those years.
		The Maunder Mininum coincided with the middle -- and coldest part -- of the so-called Little Ice Age, during which Europe and North America, and perhaps much of the rest of the world, were subjected to bitterly cold winters.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Maunder_Minimum.html (200 words)

	The Maunder Minimum and Climate Change: Have Historical Records Aided Current Research?
		This ``Maunder Minimum'' is not only of interest to solar physicists in the context of the theory of solar magnetic activity, and to stellar astrophysicists working on the properties of cool stars, but may also be a vital clue to the influence of the variability of the Sun's power output on terrestrial climate.
		Maunder also took evidence from Herschel (1801), who had referred to Lalande's (1792) L'Astronomie in which detailed evidence relating to the absence of sunspots in the latter part of the 17th, and early 18th century was cited.
		He claimed that the Maunder Minimum coincided in time with an era of colder weather, and that by implication the absence of magnetic activity was accompanied by a net fall in the total radiative output of the Sun.
	www.eso.org /gen-fac/libraries/lisa3/beckmanj.html (2704 words)

	Maunder Minimum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Maunder Minimum occurred between 1645 and 1715 when only about 50 spots appeared as opposed to the typical 40–50,000 spots.
		During the Maunder Minimum enough sunspots were sighted so that 11-year cycles could be extrapolated from the count.
		The lower solar activity during the Maunder Minimum also affected the amount of cosmic radiation reaching the Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maunder_Minimum (592 words)

	Geofísica Internacional (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The total solar irradiance for the Maunder minimum (1645-1715) is obtained using the solar rotation rate calculated from the observations of sunspots recorded at the Observatoire de Paris from 1660-1719.
		Toward the end of the Maunder minimum (1701-1719) the sunspot activity increased in the southern hemisphere and resumed in the northern hemisphere.
		Maunder minimum rotation rate W (in deg/day), using the total solar irradiance values obtained from the apparent solar radius measurements (Nesme-Ribes et al., 1993).
	www.unam.mx /serv_hem/revistas/fisica/1996/02/mendoza.html (3815 words)

	Are there any signs of a global warming in Uppsala temperatures in 1739-1999? When did the Maunder minimum end?
		Eddy had in his article about Maunder minimum in Scientific American in 1975 rised that period from the half-forgotten and much neglected item into one of most discussed and debated items both in solar study and climatology, the interest about this somewhat mystical period has not lost a bit of its interest.
		Because 1690's clearly begins to the era of Maunder minimum being an almost spotless decade and people starving to death, especially in 1695-1696 when for example a third of the Finnish people died of hunger, it will be treated in a separate page, one about Maunder minimum itself.
		After that, during the second cycle, the Dalton minimum temperature was taken into the QBO cyclicity which was cut in 1817-1818 with a deep dive in 1819-1820 and the ending rise in 1821-1822.
	www.kolumbus.fi /tilmari/gwuppsala.htm (1939 words)

	06.01.2004 - Was 17th century solar funk a rarity?
		Again, in 1976, astronomer John Eddy reviewed various pieces of evidence for the Maunder minimum and concluded not only that it was real, but cited a 1961 paper linking the minimum with a contemporaneous period of cooling throughout Europe, perhaps due to decreased energy output from the sun.
		The idea of a Maunder minimum is controversial, however, because no one really knows how closely people were observing the sun in the mid-1600s, a mere 40 years after the invention of the telescope.
		The problem with stars thought to be in a Maunder minimum went unnoticed because it wasn't until 1998 that the Hipparcos satellite was launched and began determining the precise distances to many nearby stars.
	www.solarstorms.org /BerkeleyMaunder.html (1219 words)

	EdGCM: Climate Modeling for Research and Education - Simulating the Maunder Minimum
		A leading contender for the cause of this cooler period is a reduction in solar output known as the "Maunder Minimum".
		A simple approach to simulating the Maunder Minimum was employed by Shindell et al.
		Furthermore, a transient simulation of the Late Maunder Minimum using a model with low stratospheric resolution found that the AO shifted to a negative phase as climate cooled, followed by a positive phase as it warmed.
	edgcm.columbia.edu /outreach/showcase/maunder_minimum.html (1310 words)

	Mount Wilson Observatory
		There are records at the end of the Maunder Minimum, and one feature appears to be that the length of sunspot cycle varied more than it does at the present, from 8 to 13 years.
		Some of these stars may be in Maunder Minimum states, and therefore, long-term monitoring may show changes in their behavior as they come out of this inactive phase.
		The time period of the Maunder Minimum also corresponds to a period called the ``Little Ice Age'', when summers in Europe were short and winters were severe.
	www.mtwilson.edu /hk/Maunder (1048 words)

	ES 331/767 Lecture 20
		Maunder's discovery went largely unnoticed until recently, when the existence of this deficient period of sunspots was again verified and named the Maunder Minimum (Eddy 1977).
		The existence of the Maunder Minimum is confirmed by historical observations of the aurora borealis, or northern lights.
		Solar output during the Maunder Minimum was reduced approximately 0.25%, which is equivalent to a global temperature reduction of about ½°C; however, the actual temperature decline during the Little Ice Age was ½ to 1½°C (Nesje and Dahl 2000).
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/lec20/lec20.htm (1567 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory News
		Known as the Maunder Minimum, it was a period characterized by a scarcity of sunspots and a reduction in the Sun's overall activity.
		The Maunder Minimum is clearly seen in tree-ring records from high-elevation forest stands in the European Alps.
		The onset of the Maunder Minimum at a time when the skills of the Cremonese violinmakers reached their zenith perhaps made the difference in the violin's tone and brilliance.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /news/2003/12_03_03.htm (539 words)

	Die Sonne
		The name "Maunder minimum" and other proposed minima such as the Spoerer minimum (between 1460 and 1550) have been widely used in the literature.
		The recently introduced Spoerer minimum, which is supposed to have occurred between 1460 and 1550 (Kippenhahn, 1992; Suess, 1993) is not consistent with evidence that the solar cycle did function from the 16th to the 18th century and that there were continuously auroras in the middle latitude with the usual frequency of occurrence (Schroeder, 1988).
		In conclusion, the level of auroral occurrence during the Spoerer and Maunder minimum was similar to modern levels from Central European data in the middle ages, mostly in Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and Austria.
	verplant.org /history-geophysics/Sun/Sun.htm (1717 words)

	National Policy Analysis #203: Sun to Blame for Global Warming - June 1998
		Between 1645 and 1715, the sun was in a stage that scientists refer to as the Maunder Minimum.
		The Maunder Minimum is not an isolated event: it is a cyclical phenomenon that typically appears for 70 years following 200-300 years of warming.
		Since the last minimum ended in 1715, Baliunas says there is a strong possibility that the Earth will start cooling off in the early part of the 21st Century.
	www.nationalcenter.org /NPA203.html (796 words)

	Great Moments in Solar Physics 2
		This period is now known as the Maunder minimum, after the solar astronomer E.W. Maunder, who, following the pioneering historical investigations of Gustav Spörer (1822-1895), was most active and steadfast in investigating the dearth of sunspot sightings by astronomers active in the second half of the seventeenth century.
		The documented occurrence of exceptionally cold winters throughout Europe during those years may be causally related to reduced solar activity, although this remains a topic of controversy.
		Eddy, J.A. 1983, The Maunder minimum: a reappraisal, Solar Phys.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/education/sp/great_moments.2.html (3332 words)

	The Second Annual Lowell Observatory Fall Workshop (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The alignment of the butterfly diagrams, if correct, suggests that the cycle period during the Maunder Minimum was not too different from that of the higher, more recent cycles, that is, around 11 years.
		It is curious that most of the activity during this period of the Maunder Minimum occurred in the southern hemisphere.
		An overlay of the mean latitude of the sunspot regions in the two periods suggests that active regions during the Maunder Minimum first appeared quite late with the cycle period.
	www.lowell.edu /users/jch/workshop/klh/klh-p4.html (506 words)

	ASP: Year Without a Summer
		It resembled the earlier Maunder Minimum (about 1645-1715) that was responsible for at least 70 years of abnormally cold weather in the Northern Hemisphere.
		The Maunder Minimum interval is sandwiched within an even better known cool period known as the Little Ice Age, which lasted from about the 14th through 19th centuries.
		During both the Dalton and the Maunder minima, the Sun shifted its place in the solar system — something it does every 178 to 180 years.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/32_03/summer.html (329 words)

	THE MAUNDER MINIMUM AND THE VARIABLE SUN-EARTH CONNECTION
		The book then describes the Maunder couple and their family, their life history in Victorian England and at the Greenwich Observatory, and their discovery of the Maunder ('butterfly') diagram and of the 17th century minimum in the sunspot activity and in related features such as auroras and tree-ring data.
		Their finding that the sunspot minimum might be related to the globally reduced temperatures may be considered as the early beginning of the study of Sun-Climate relations.
		The authors see Maunder as clearly a man ahead of his time and his wife as a collaborator who brought the benefit of university training to an unusual and devoted partnership.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/5199.html (1013 words)

	SVS Science Story: Ice Age 20011207 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Known as the Maunder Minimum, astronomers of the time observed only about 50 sunspots for a 30-year period as opposed to a more typical 40-50,000 spots.
		Within that time, it goes from a minimum to a maximum period of activity represented by a peak in sunspots and flare activity.
		The paper, "Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum," by authors Drew Shindell, Gavin Schmidt, and David Rind, from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and co-authors Michael Mann and Anne Waple, from the Universities of Virginia and Massachusetts respectively, appears in the December 7 issue of Science.
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /stories/iceage_20011207 (1385 words)

	Sacramento Peak: Sunspots and the Solar Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Near the minimum of the solar cycle it is rare to see spots on the Sun, and the spots that do pop up are very small (they are pores, less than 1500 miles or 2500 km in diameter) and last perhaps a day.
		The Maunder minimum was found when people read through old records of observations of the Sun and noticed that there were hardly any sunspots recorded between about 1645 and 1700, while there were more sunspots recorded just before and also after that period.
		Scientists think it is not a coincidence that the Maunder Minimum coincided with a period of very cold weather (the Little Ice Age) in Northern America and Western Europe.
	www.nso.edu /PR/answerbook/sunspots.html (4994 words)

	CONVECTION ZONE
		This period of time is called the Maunder Minimum (Coincidentally, these dates nearly match those of the birth and death of the English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)).
		At first people claimed that the main reason for the lack of sunspots during the Maunder minimum was due to the fact that astronomers were not observing the Sun during this time or at least not very systematically.
		Because of this close correspondence between the Maunder Minimum and the "Little Ice Age" scientists are speculating that there is a connection between the number of sunspots visible on the solar surface and the climate.
	www.cora.nwra.com /~werne/eos/text/maunder.html (577 words)

	U.S. Global Change Research Information Office
		A recent reconstruction of the solar total radiation since the 17th century that is consistent with both stellar and isotopic findings suggests an increase in solar total radiation of roughly 0.25 percent over the past three hundred years (Fig.
		One explanation for the postulated reduction in solar radiation during the 17th century Maunder Minimum is that the Sun's surface was not only largely devoid of spots and faculae, but also less bright, overall.
		In summary, extending the relationship between surface warming and solar change from the Maunder Minimum to the present era implies that while the Sun could account for almost all of the temperature change from 1600 to 1800, it can explain at most a half of the warming from 1600 to the present.
	www.gcrio.org /CONSEQUENCES/winter96/sunclimate.html (5971 words)

	Sunspots and climate
		There have been several periods during which sunspots were rare or absent, most notably the Maunder minimum (1645-1715), and less markedly the Dalton minimum (1795-1820) (Fig 2.8 in the book).
		Polar auroras are magnificent in years with numerous sunspots, and the ‘aurora activity’ (AA) index varies in phase with the number of sunspots.
		Auroras are faint and rare when the Sun is magnetically quiescent, as during the Maunder minimum.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap02/sunspots.html (1208 words)

	Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays and solar activity during the Maunder minimum
		In the present paper we compare the variations of cosmic ray intensity with solar and auroral activity during the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) when the Sun was extremely quiet.
		We use the newly presented group sunspot number series as a measure of early solar activity, the auroral observations in central Europe as an indicator of transient phenomena in the inner heliosphere, and the radiocarbon data as a proxy of cosmic ray intensity.
		Moreover, the strict antiphase between the 22-year variation of cosmic ray intensity and sunspot activity suggests that the 22-year variation in cosmic ray intensity can be explained by the diffusion-dominated terms of cosmic ray modulation without significant drift effects.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000JA000105.shtml (297 words)

	17th century solar oddity believed linked to global cooling is rare among nearby stars
		Hundreds of Maunder minimum stars are not, say UC Berkeley astronomers
		The drop in solar activity in the late 17th and early 18th centuries was drawn to the world's attention in 1893 by English astronomer Edward Walter Maunder, who also noted a dip during the same period in the intensity and frequency of the northern lights, which are caused by storms on the sun.
		They are not in a temporary Maunder minimum, but a permanent one.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-06/uoc--1cs060104.php (1244 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)