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Topic: Maunsell Sea Forts

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	Fort Knock John
		Fort Knock John, the last of the four Naval Sea Forts, was constructed at a disused cement works on the south bank of the Thames between Northfleet and Gravesend on the Kent Coast.
		Fort Knock John was grounded on 1st August 1942 and records remain stating that the fort was in action against hostile aircraft on 3rd March 1943, 12th April 1943 and 3rd February 1944.
		Fort Knock John was used briefly from 1965 - 1967 as a base for a pirate radio station before being abandoned in favour of another Naval Sea Fort further out to sea and therefore out of the reach of the jurisdiction of the British Government.
	www.undergroundkent.co.uk /fort_knock_john.htm (445 words)

	The Maunsell Sea Forts
		Fort number four was built on the 16th of July, and towed into postion on the 1st of August 1942.
		Maunsell was faced with the problem of having to redesign the bases of these forts, as the tide was known to cause the seabed to shift rather a lot.
		Two of the forts were used as post-war light ships, but the difficuties encountered whilst gaining entry to these forts in rough weather meant that Trinity House had to re-think their plans.
	www.users.zetnet.co.uk /mongsoft/forts.htm (1362 words)

	Sealand
		The Principality of Sealand is a micronation (a self-declared but unrecognised state-like entity) that claims as its territory Roughs Tower, a former Maunsell Sea Fort located in the North Sea 10 km (six miles) off the coast of Suffolk, England, at, as well as territorial waters in a twelve-nautical-mile radius.
		In 1942, during World War II, HM Fort Roughs was constructed by the UK as one of the Maunsell Sea Forts.
		On September 2, 1967, the fort was occupied by Major Paddy Roy Bates, a British subject and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters and claimed sovereignty on the basis of his interpretation of international law (see Legal status).
	encyclopedia.vestigatio.com /Sealand (2717 words)

	Radio Forts in the Thames Estuary
		Maunsell Sea Forts in the Thames Estuary : During the Second World War several sea forts were built and positioned in the Thames Estuary.
		The forts were abandoned in the late 1950's until re-inhabited once again and used by the offshore radio stations from 1964 to 1967.
		The history of all of the Maunsell Sea Forts including their brief spell as offshore "pirate" radio stations is fascinating and covered on many other websites.
	www.gulbekian.plus.com (647 words)

	Maunsell Towers
		All the forts followed this plan and, in order of grounding, were called the Nore Army Fort, the Red Sands Army Fort and finally the Shivering Sands Army Fort.
		Nore Army Fort sustained damage during a storm in 1953, and tragedy struck the same fort again 2 months later when a ship hit and destroyed the Bofors and one of the gun towers.
		This fort was used by the pirate station "Radio City 299", who painted their name on the side of this tower.
	www.undergroundkent.co.uk /maunsell_towers.htm (609 words)

	MAUNSELL ARMY SEA FORTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The Army forts were different in design from the Navy platforms as each had seven towers linked together by walkways.
		After the war, the forts were abandoned and Great Nore was demolished in 1958.
		Red Sand Fort which is off the coast at Whitstable was used in the 1960's as a pirate radio station.
	www.ecastles.co.uk /armyforts.html (152 words)

	Maunsell Sea Forts
		Rough Sands was destroyed by the milatary during the nineteen sixties and Toungue Sands fell victim to the weather in the winter of 1996.
		During their 50 year history the forts have seen a variety of action ranging from milatary service to abandonment, murder, piracy and even as a seperate principality.
		During the nineteen sixties all of the forts were used as offshore pirate radio stations.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~privco/Places/MaunsellForts/Maunsell.html (536 words)

	Maunsell Forts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Maunsell Sea Forts were small fortified towers built in the Thames and Mersey estuaries during the Second World War to help defend the United Kingdom.
		Maunsell sea forts, built in the Thames estuary and operated by the Royal Navy, were to deter and report back on any German attempts to lay mines by aircraft in this important shipping channel.
		In 1964 the Port of London Authority placed wind and tide monitoring equipment on the Shivering Sands searchlight tower, which was isolated from the rest of the fort by the demolished tower.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maunsell_Sea_Forts (938 words)

	Project Redsand
		Following on from the Naval Sea Fort design, forty nine Army towers were ordered to be placed in the Thames as a navigational aid to the centre of London.
		These forts were towed down river by local tugs and placed on the Estuary sea bed to foil German magnetic mine laying activities.
		H.M. Army Fort "The Nore" is part of a new series explaining the full history of the individual Maunsell Sea Forts placed in the Thames Estuary during WW2.
	www.project-redsand.com /books.htm (1343 words)

	Maunsell Forts
		Guy Maunsell a Civil Engineer was given the task of producing and constructing the Forts for both the Thames Estuary and the Humber Estuary.
		The method chosen for sighting these forts was to have them built on concrete barges, which were used to tow the forts to there chosen location which once in position they were sunk in a controlled sinking.
		No consideration was made for the disposal of the forts after the war as it was considered at the time by the Ministry of Defence that the combination of weather conditions in the Thames and tidal action would destroy the forts in a relatively short period of time.
	www.gnometech.freeserve.co.uk /html/maunsell_forts.html (420 words)

	Creative Partnerships \| Sea Forts
		The Maunsell Sea Forts were built in 1942 at Northfleet, Kent and are six miles off the East Kent shore at Shivering Sands and Red Sands.
		As well as exploring the forts using a variety of subject areas the students create their own ways of responding to the project in a personal way, documenting its progress, communicating with the artist and keeping a Journal throughout the process.
		The original forts were built in 1942 as anti-aircraft observation platforms to disrupt overflying by the Luftwaffe on bombing runs to London.
	www.creative-partnerships.com /projects/73409 (1443 words)

	Fortress UK - Thames and Medway
		Grain Fort was built in the 1860's on the eastern end of the Hoo peninsula to control the entrance to the Medway.
		Fort Luton is now a small time model museum, with lots of exhibits for children, but with some details on the fort's history, and reasonable access to the buildings.
		The forts were never used in anger, and were disarmed before W.W.I. In W.W.II the forts were used as observation posts, with platforms and pillboxes built on top.
	www.johnbray.org.uk /forts/zenith/thames.html (1343 words)

	KENT FORTS BOAT TRIPS THE MAUNSELL SEA FORTS TOUR SEA TRIPS whitstable herne bay kent history books
		Although this project was never proceeded with, it did bring Maunsell to the attention of the Admiralty and at the same time earned him the reputation of being an eccentric.
		Berth three was to be a deep water berth where the forts could be moored and remain afloat at all states of the tide during the fitting of equipment stage.
		When the fort was towed to her final position, the crew were on board manning the guns and ready for any enemy attack.
	www.whitstablescene.co.uk /forts.htm (1840 words)

	Sea Forts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Following the outbreak of World War II, sea forts were built in the Thames Estuary, for the protection of coastal areas, and London from enemy aircraft and shipping attacks.
		The Army forts at Shivering Sands, Red Sand and the Great Nore were completely different in style to the Navy forts, being similar in layout to a shore based anti-aircraft site.
		The forts were to remain disused for nearly twenty years, until one day in May 1964, when pop singer Screaming Lord Sutch sailed alongside.
	www.offshoreechos.com /forts/sea_forts.htm (447 words)

	Sealand - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		In 1942 during World War II, HMS Fort Rough was constructed in England as one of the Maunsell Sea Forts.
		On September 2, 1967, the fort was occupied by Paddy Roy Bates, a British subject and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected a competing group of pirate broadcasters and claimed it as his own.
		The Sea Forts – The history of Britain's World War II sea fortresses and their later use by 1960s pirate radio broadcasters.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=28667 (2928 words)

	MAUNSELL SEA FORTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The designer of all the forts was Mr.
		Four were built for the Navy and were situated at Knock John, Tongue Sands, Sunk Sand and the Roughs and consisted of two hollow concrete legs in which one hundred men lived, with a gun platform on top.
		Tongue Sands Fort succumbed to the sea in 1996 and Sunk Sands Fort was destroyed by the Army in 1967.
	www.ecastles.co.uk /sealand.html (147 words)

	Fort Fanatics
		All of the Thames Naval and Army Forts were built at Red Lion Wharf on the lower reaches of the Thames at Gravesend in Kent by Posford and Co. all had a set of 3 Gardner LW 30KvA generator sets.
		The Fort was at 51 19.18' N and 0 51.77' E. The Nore was the first set of the Army Forts floated out between 20th May and 3rd July 1943 positioned at approximately 2.5 nautical miles (2.87) from from the nearest land at Sheerness
		Tongue Forts damaged flooded southern leg continued to distort, resulting in collapse and loss of the whole fort in overnight storms into the underscouring on February 21st and 22nd 1996 all that remains is a single stump of the eastern leg
	www.bobleroi.co.uk /ScrapBook/CityReunion/FortFanatics.html (3873 words)

	New Brass Band Music Celebrates Kent Landmarks
		The competing bands' new test piece is entitled The Maunsell Forts, and was commissioned by the BBC from John McCabe, who came to live in the Swale area of Kent two years ago.
		The Maunsell Sea Forts are military defence structures from the Second World War, designed and built under the supervision of engineer Guy Maunsell.
		After the visit to the forts, McCabe purchased the three fine books about them, by Frank R. Turner (published by the author), which are extensively illustrated by photographs both of the time when the forts were constructed and placed in situ, and from more recent days.
	www.johnmccabe.com /news/kent.htm (529 words)

	Hweb
		The Maunsell Army Sea Forts came about as a direct result of German aircraft attacking Liverpool Docks from the Irish Sea via the undefended Mersey Estuary.
		Fearful that the German air force would use the Thames as a means of navigation to the centre of London and the London Docks, then the busiest in the World, it was decided to build a number of gun towers for the Mersey and the Thames.
		These Forts were built at the Red Lion Wharf site and towed down river to be lowered onto the sea bed.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /mark.horobin/index.htm (210 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The Principality of Sealand is a man-made off-shore installation named HM Fort Roughs, a former Maunsell Sea Fort located in the North Sea 10 kilometres (six miles) off the coast of Suffolk, England, as well as territorial waters in a twelve-nautical-mile radius.
		HM Fort Roughs, also called Roughs Tower, is one of several World War II installations that were designed by Guy Maunsell and known collectively as His Majesty's Forts or the Maunsell Sea Forts.
		However, HM Fort Roughs was occupied by staff representing Ronan O'Rahilly who represented the two Radio Caroline ships which formed a British network.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Sealand (3098 words)

	4barsrest.com \| news \| > British Open test piece announced
		The Maunsell Sea Forts are military defence structures from the Second World War, designed and built under the supervision of Guy Maunsell.
		Of these last, one was dismantled in the early 1960s, but the other four still stand, buffeted by the sea and the winds, as a reminder both of great engineering inventiveness and of the grim circumstances which necessitated the use of that skill.
		The Maunsell Forts was commissioned by the BBC for the 2002 Open Brass Band Championships.
	www.4barsrest.com /news/detail.asp?year=2002&offset=300&id=309 (540 words)

	forts - Webled.com
		[ The Saxon Shore forts were built by the Romans in the late 3rd century ]...
		[ The forts were equipped with towers and gates, from which artillery ]...
		[ Cherokee forts are built Earliest of the forts in Georgia, known as ]...
	www.webled.com /forts.htm (563 words)

	Maunsell Army Sea Forts
		The Fort was built between 1861 and 1874 and remained in service until 1956 when Coastal Defence was abolished.
		Landguard Fort is situated at the mouth of the River Orwell opposite Harwich Redoubt in Essex.
		Newhaven is a Palmerston fort built as a result of the 1859 Royal Commission and was the first to use a large ammount of concrete in its construction.
	coalhousefort-gallery.com /Maunsell-Army-Sea-Forts (1238 words)

	Simple Tricks and Nonsense: More on the Forts
		There are actually quite a few Web sites that mention the "Maunsell forts" -- so-called because they were designed by an engineer named Guy Maunsell -- although, curiously, most of these sites seem to be more focused on the "unofficial" radio stations the forts hosted in the '60s.
		Project Redsand is an organization working to restore Redsand Towers, one of the two remaining Maunsell forts in the Thames Estuary.
		...the Thames forts shot down 22 planes, 30 flying bombs, and were instrumental in the loss of one U-boat, which was scuttled after coming under fire...
	www.jasonbennion.com /2005/11/more_on_the_forts.html (456 words)

	Thames Maunsell Forts::The Journey Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		These are the Shivering Sands and Red Sands offshore forts that were built during the Second World War to counter attack enemy planes that were relying on the safety of the Thames estuary to come in to bomb London.
		The first plot taken from a GPS reciever that was plotting the journey shows the route taken from fort to fort.
		Firstly, thanks go to Bayblast who are the company who provided the transportation and who went the extra mile (well a few actually) to take us to Knock John Fort, something not normally included in their schedule.
	www.subterrain.org.uk /maunsell (309 words)

	Thames Maunsell Forts::The Journey Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		When originally built, Herne Bay Pier (one of three built for the town) was the second longest pier in the country, measuring 1147m in length, with South End on Sea being the only longer pier in the country.
		For about 20 minutes, we skimmed over the sea, which was incredibly calm.
		As there was a haze on the horizon, Knock John fort wasn't visible for a while but then, appearing like a pagoda designed during the industrial revolution, it appeared on the horizon and slowly loomed into view.
	www.subterrain.org.uk /maunsell/part1.html (486 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		This is a list for articles on notable historic forts which may or may not be under current active use by a military.
		There are also many towns named after a Fort, the largest being Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
		See also the list of castles, as many early forts were called castles, and many castle sites were reused for later fortifications.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=List_of_forts (263 words)

	[No title]
		It is not an issue at all if they are built out to sea, as many of the new ones will be, but that is complicated and expensive.
		The pleasure of looking out to sea, usually, is that the eyes can settle on a featureless horizon, a reminder of the true scale of things.
		The speed of rotation depends on the density of the air, the speed of the wind and the angle of the blade.
	www.ecoearth.info /articles/reader.asp?linkid=58385 (1975 words)

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