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Topic: Maurice Duverger

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	Duverger's law
		Duverger's Law is a principle which asserts that a first-past-the-post voting system naturally leads to a two-party system.
		This was originally asserted by Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed this effect in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.
		A frequent consequence of Duverger's law is the spoiler effect, where a third-party candidate takes votes away from one of the two leading candiates.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/du/Duvergers_Law.html (163 words)

	Duverger's law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Duverger's Law is a principle which asserts that a first-past-the-post election system naturally leads to a two-party system.
		The discovery of this principle is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.
		Duverger himself did not regard his principle as absolute: instead he suggested that first-past-the-post would act to delay the emergence of a new political force, and would accelerate the elimination of a weakening force - proportional representation would have the opposite effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duverger's_law (784 words)

	DUVERGER'S LAW Articles Duverger's law is a principle which
		Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that a majority voting election system naturally leads to a two-party system.
		The discovery of this principle is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.
		Maurice Duverger [1] suggested an election in which 100,000 moderate voters and 80,000 radical voters are voting for a single official.
	www.amazines.com /Duverger's_law_related.html (670 words)

	Duverger's law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This was originally asserted by Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed this effect in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.
		It eventually became referred to as a "law" in works by other political scientists, who applied further research to the proposition, and devised alternative voting systems which do not appear to be subject to the same characteristics as first-past-the-post.
		A frequent consequence of Duverger's law is the spoiler effect, where a third-party candidate takes votes away from one of the two leading candiates.
	encyclopedia.jigyasa.in /wikipedia/d/du/duverger_s_law.html (174 words)

	Anti Essays : : Electoral Basis of the Two-Party System
		According to this statement, Duverger expresses that “the general development of parties tries to emphasize their deviation from the democratic regime [which is a mode of system of rule or government].” The electoral processes are gradually losing ground in the appointment of leaders by nomination or co-option.
		Duverger states that all governments are oligarchic, which means the domination of many by the few.
		Duverger writes in a style that is understandable and informative on these various forms of political party systems that surround us as we live our every day lives and perform our every day duties.
	www.antiessays.com /print.php?eid=996 (646 words)

	Duverger's law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are counterexamples: Scotland has had until recently first-past-the-post and similar systems but has seen the development of several significant competing political parties.
		Malta has a single transferable vote system and what seems to be stable two-party politics.
		Australia uses single transferable vote as well, and though not strictly a two-party system, is dominated by a major party (the Labor Party) and a major coalition (the Liberal/National coalition).
	www.uncover.us /en/wikipedia/d/du/duverger_s_law.html (394 words)

	Duverger's Law and the Libertarian Party
		Maurice Duverger wrote that there were two kinds of political activists, one whose motto might be "Fight to win" and another whose motto might be "Fight to feel good about losing." Duverger's Law may not be a problem if your objective is self-expression rather than influence.
		As Maurice Duverger wrote, all political parties are inherently at least somewhat oligarchic.
		Duverger's Law is a rare example of a political problem that has an actual technical solution, and it is too serious a problem for minor parties to ignore.
	home.earthlink.net /~peter.a.taylor/duverger.htm (1711 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - A future for Jamaica's third parties? - Sunday \| July 7, 2002
		French political scientist, Maurice Duverger, became famous for discovering some 40 years ago that, First-Past-The-Post (FTP) systems and plurality voting (typical of Anglo-American democracies like Jamaica, the United Kingdom and the United States), have a strong tendency to produce two dominant parties.
		Duverger actually said this association was the nearest thing to a law of politics that his study had discovered.
		Duverger noticed a psychological element associated with the mechanics of the voting system too.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20020707/focus/focus1.html (1591 words)

	RangeVoting.org - Duverger's law, two-party domination
		Political scientists call this 2-party jammed-domination "Duverger's law" after Maurice Duverger, a French political scientist.
		In any voting system in which Duverger's law holds, third parties are going to be permanent doormats.
		Duverger's law is an experimental fact supported by vast amounts of data from governments around the world throughout time.
	www.rangevoting.org /Duverger.html (761 words)

	Duverger's law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Many commentators regard the United Kingdom's Liberal Democrat party, since the 2005 General Election, as forming a 'third party' and creating a three-party system.
		Maurice Duverger, "Factors in a Two-Party and Multiparty System (http://www.janda.org/c24/Readings/Duverger/Duverger.htm)," in Party Politics and Pressure Groups (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972), pp.
		William H. Riker, The Two-party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science (http://www.jstor.org/cgi-bin/jstor/printpage/00030554/di961007/96p0002q/0.pdf?userID=9803f96d@duke.edu/01cc99331a00503f125fandbackcontext=resultsandconfig=jstoranddowhat=Acrobatand0.pdf) American Political Science Review, 76 (December, 1982), pp.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Duverger's_law (580 words)

	Read about Duverger's law at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Duverger's law and learn about Duverger's law here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The discovery of this principle is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the
		Duverger himself did not regard his principle as absolute: instead he suggested that first-past-the-post would act to delay the emergence of a new political force, and would accelerate the elimination of a weakening force -
		U.S. presidential election of 1860, as examples of often temporary regional instability that occurs from time-to-time in otherwise stable two-party systems (Riker, 1982).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Duverger's_Law (516 words)

	[EM] Re: British Election and Duverger's Law
		Duverger's Law is a principle which asserts that a
		The discovery of this principle is attributed to Maurice
		Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded
	lists.electorama.com /pipermail/election-methods-electorama.com/2005-May/015821.html (702 words)

	Maurice Duverger -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maurice Duverger (born June 5, 1917) is a French (A legal scholar versed in civil law or the law of nations) jurist.
		He was born in (Click link for more info and facts about Angoulême) Angoulême, (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France.
		He devised a theory which became known as (Click link for more info and facts about Duverger's law) Duverger's law, which identifies a correlation between (A legal system for making democratic choices) voting systems and the formation of a (Click link for more info and facts about two-party system) two-party system.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/maurice_duverger.htm (121 words)

	Not Quite a Blog 2.0 - I learned something today...
		In 1951, the French political scientist, Maurice Duverger, formulated what he called "a true sociological law" concerning the effects of different electoral systems on the structure of politics.
		This "law" was that systems in which office is awarded to a candidate who receives the most votes (with two candidates, a majority, but with more than two, a plurality) in a single ballot election will produce a two-party political system, rather than a multi-party one.
		Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (1954).
	josephhall.org /nqb2/index.php/2005/08/20/duverger_law (274 words)

	Online NewsHour Election 2000: North Carolina Background
		Duverger gave us, after all, some manner of assessing the likely outcomes which will once again bind most American voters to one of two candidates who represent two leviathan parties in our two-party dominant electoral system this November.
		It is in knowing how Super Tuesday has fallen so greatly apart in the 1990s that the importance of Duverger re-enters the discussion of the 2000 primaries.
		Applying Duverger's principle, it is not necessary that these two candidates lay any further groundwork in support of an activist attempt to win the hearts and minds of voters within their respective parties.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/election2000/states/north_carolina/supertuesday.html (947 words)

	Duverger: The Electoral System
		Maurice Duverger, "Factors in a Two-Party and Multiparty System,"
		To these socio-economic and historical factors a technical factor must be added: the electoral system.
		Above all, it would prevent any move in the opposite direction by posing a serious obstacle to possible splits within the two major parties, and would also discourage the revival of small political parties.
	www.janda.org /c24/Readings/Duverger/Duverger.htm (1502 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maurice Duverger said that the tendency for SMP to produce two-party elections is so strong that it comes as close as anything does in the field of sociology to being a natural law.
		Duverger rejected this analogy, and argued that enabling fringe factions to form their own viable political parties changes the way these movements evolve.
		Duverger was more concerned with the tendency of partial success at the ballot box in rewarding people for clinging to and propagating irrational beliefs.
	www.ghg.net /redflame/irv.htm (5971 words)

	IngentaConnect Maurice Duverger and the Study of Political Parties
		His explanations for the numbers of parties survives as Duverger's Law, while his predictions for the development of the `membership party' have not.
		Duverger's explanation of the numbers of parties understands free elections as markets in which candidates and voters alter their behavior as they try to get as close as possible to their preferred outcome.
		Given that the latter never developed, we argue that the logic Duverger applied to the numbers of parties also applies to their organization.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/pal/14763427/2006/00000004/00000001/art00003 (238 words)

	Robert G. Moser - Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Postcommunist States - World Politics 51:3
		After decades of empirical testing, the essence of the major hypotheses made famous by Maurice Duverger--namely, that single-member plurality elections tend to constrain the number of significant parties operating in a polity to a much greater extent than multimember proportional representation (PR) systems--has remained remarkably intact.
		It remains to be seen, however, whether the hypotheses regarding the effect of electoral systems, based for the most part on the experience of Western democracies, will actually hold in new democracies, particularly in the very different social and political context of postcommunist states.
		The weakly institutionalized party systems of postcommunist states present a set of cases in which plurality and majoritarian electoral systems are used (independently or as part of a mixed electoral system), providing a unique opportunity to test hypotheses regarding strategic voting and the reductive effects of these systems.
	www.la.utexas.edu /~seant/moser.html (9640 words)

	Two Political Parties? Why Not 50? - MSN Encarta
		Way back in the 1950s, sociologist Maurice Duverger studied a variety of political systems and came up with a proposition now known as Duverger's Law.
		And when the voting's over, in our system, one candidate has the seat and all the others can go back to washing dishes.
		Measured against real life, Duverger's Law holds up.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/Columns/?Article=TwoPartiesWhy (752 words)

	Janda, Political Parties: Preface, p. ix
		This work starts from a basic contradiction: it is at the present time impossible to give a valid description of the comparative functioning of political parties; yet it is essential to do so.
		The aim of this book is to break out of the circle and to sketch a preliminary general theory of parties, vague, conjectural, and of necessity approximate, which may yet serve as a basis and guide for detailed studies.[1]
		I believe that a major factor retarding theoretical development in the comparative study of political parties is the failure to embrace comparative analysis in a comprehensive sense.
	www.janda.org /PoliticalParties/Ch.00_TOC/Ch.00p11.htm (512 words)

	Election Law: 135 candidates, Duverger's Law, and Rationality of McClintock's and Bustamante's candidacies
		As a matter of substance, I think the answer is no. Political scientists have long noted that first-past-the post voting rules tend to lead to the emergence of two parties.
		This idea is named "Duverger's Law," after a French political scientist Maurice Duverger, though the idea predates Duverger.
		At least on Part 2 of the ballot, the dynamic has been for people to coalesce around just a few candidates with a chance of winning.
	electionlawblog.org /archives/000027.html (616 words)

	750 Volts » Duveger’s Law
		The tendency of winner-take-all systems of turning to a monolithic two-party system was outlined by French political scientist Maurice Duverger, in a principle named Duveger’s Law.
		Too soft!Unless a massive change happens and IRV or proportional systems are instituted to allow for a diversity of voices, Duverger’s law intones that the Democrats must be the mirror of the Republican’s rabid conservatism.
		If the Democrats are not a viable alternative, and Duverger’s Law prevents third parties from having a serious impact, the moderates and the liberals both will leave it to wither.
	www.kentonngo.com /750volts?p=321 (686 words)

	eBay.co.uk - maurice, Non-Fiction Books, Watches, Records items at low prices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MAURICE GENDRON- Dvoral Cello Concerto sal 3675 ex
		Maurice Andre - Trumpet CD - Bach Purcell Mozart.....
		MAURICE HASSON / BRAHMS VIOLIN CONCERTO / LP.
	search.ebay.co.uk /maurice_W0QQfrtsZ150QQfsooZ1QQfsopZ1 (422 words)

	RangeVoting.org - Duverger's laws, verbatim
		The following is a verbatim French→English translation of Duverger's own words (a 1980 statement by Maurice Duverger):
		The 2-ballot majority system [top-2 (delayed) runoff] tends to lead to multipartism moderated by alliances.
		Review 76 (December 1982) 753-766] argued that actually, the theoretical link between the single-seat district plurality (winner-take-all) rule used in the US and UK, and a two-party system, really was first put forward by Henry Droop almost 90 years before.
	www.rangevoting.org /DuvTrans.html (116 words)

	hss_roskin_political_8\|Political Parties and Party Systems\|PoliSciPrimer
		To create paragraphs in your essay response, type at the beginning of the paragraph, and at the end.
		French political scientist Maurice Duverger developed three descriptive categories for classifying political parties: mass, cadre and devotee.
		Read more about French political scientist Maurice Duverger at this website.
	wps.prenhall.com /hss_roskin_political_8/0,5601,180678-,00.utf8.html (858 words)

	Imagine the Quaker
		At all levels—local, state, federal—it is getting harder to make firm distinctions between the top candidates in what almost always results in a two-party race.
		The typical complaint about third-party candidacy is that the third party becomes a throw-away vote, and so in the US we keep on confirming Duverger's Law: "the simple-majority single-ballot system favours the two-party system." (See Maurice Duverger's Political Parties: Their Organisation and Activity in the Modern State.
		London: Methuen, 1956.) Even our electoral college fails to defeat Duverger's Law, thus rendering it inevitable that voters will go down the path of least resistance, often toward a choice between two undesirables.
	imaginethequaker.blogspot.com /2003_08_10_imaginethequaker_archive.html (1183 words)

	Paris Journal: 1956-1964 (Paris Journal)
		For example, Flanner quotes Maurice Duverger, a professor at the Sorbonne in an interview in the magazine L'Express on pp.
		It was built by pioneers who for their cultural baggage had the bible and a sense of adventure." Duverger goes on to compare the Soviet Union and the U.S.A. as two evolving societies and concludes that in the long run the U.S.A. will be the greater threat to the French way of life.
		Flanner concludes: "Painful as many of Professor Duverger's conclusions are for many Americans, he has academically touched on basic, alarming truths for many of the French, who, even in their awareness, seem unable to do anything about them except complain--while continuing their American way of life "à la française."
	www.onlinemerchantaccountnow.com /BookStore/isbn015670949X.html (283 words)

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