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Topic: Mauveine

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William Henry Perkin

Aniline

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Organic chemistry

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	William Perkin and Mauveine
		At the Royal Exhibition of 1862, Queen Victoria made an appearance in a silk gown dyed with mauveine.
		Essentially, its synthesis was remarkable because it was based on a one-pot (dichromate) oxidation of a simple (mixture) of aromatic (methyl)anilines, which are simple organic bases.
		a bow tie dyed with what is apparently a sample of the original mauveine made by Perkin himself, and is of course holding the journal named after Perkin.
	www.rzepa.dsl.pipex.com /motm/perkin.html (882 words)

	Mauveine - Definition, explanation
		Mauveine, also known as aniline purple, was the first synthetic organic dye.
		It was discovered serendipitously in 1856 by an 18-year old William Perkin, who was trying to synthesize the anti-malaria drug quinine as a challenge offered by his professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann.
		Incidentally, the actual molecular structure of mauveine proved quite difficult to determine and was not known with certainty until 1994.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/ma/mauveine.php (268 words)

	William Perkin
		Sir William Henry Perkin was a chemist born in Shadwell in 1838 and died in 1907.
		He is chiefly remmbered for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine[?].
		Named mauveine[?], this was the first synthetic dye.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/wi/William_Perkin.html (217 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mauveine
		Mauveine, also known as aniline purple, was the first synthetic organic dye.
		Incidentally, the actual molecular structure of mauveine proved quite difficult to determine and was not known with certainty until 1994.
		As Perkin showed in 1879, mauveine B is related to the Safranines by oxidative/reductive loss of the p-tolyl group.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mauveine (392 words)

	FROM PLANT TO FIBER
		When the first synthetic dye, mauveine, was manufactured in the mid 19th century, it sold readily at a higher price than platinum.
		The discovery of mauveine and fuchsine, coupled with the rapid development of organic chemistry, led to the introduction of many new dyes, but not all of them were of good quality, particularly the earlier and cheaper ones.
		It was when oxidising a crude sample of aniline that Perkin first obtained mauveine, although its formation depended on the presence of an impurity and not on aniline alone.
	www.ethnographica.com /oriental_carpet_dye_materials.htm (3975 words)

	Mauveine - Web Health Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It was discovered serendipitously in 1856 by an 18-year old William Perkin, who was trying to synthesize the anti-malaria drug quinine as a challenge offered by his professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann.
		A is built up from 2 molecules of aniline, one of p-toluidine and one of o-toluidine whereas B incorporates aniline, p-toluidine and o-toluidine one molecule each.
		, mauveine B is related to the safranines by oxidative/reductive loss of the p-tolyl group.
	www.erate.ws /search.aspx?search=Mauveine (335 words)

	Home
		According to the Fontana history of Technology, the beginning of "Industrial RandD" is attributed to the invention of mauveine dye by the great chemist W H Perkin in 1856.
		However in 1856 the discovery of the first aniline dye, mauveine, by an 18 years old chemist W H Perkin, a student of Prof A W Hoffmann, at the Royal College of Chemistry in London changed the whole concept and image of Industrial RandD itself.
		He was fortunate in that the market for his ‘mauveine’, the huge British textle industry, had am impressive record of willingness to innovate and had already shown that it readily accepted the new dyestuffs provided they met the technical requirements and satisfied the customers.
	www.patentmatics.org /pub2004/pub11h.htm (959 words)

	Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display
		Mauveine was the subject of the first "molecule-of-the-month" article in December 1995 [7]..
		A piece of silk dyed with an original batch of mauveine prepared by Perkin himself is attached to the bottom of a letter written in 1922 by William Perkin's son to Henry Armstrong, a Professor at the by then named Royal College of Science (Figure 4).
		A characteristic bow tie dyed with an original sample of mauveine was presented to Professor Rees by Professor Otto Meth-Cohn, who had recently corrected the molecular structure of mauveine (appropriately enough reporting the result in the journal named after Perkin) [8].
	www.mdpi.org /molecules/html/30300094/30300094.htm (1755 words)

	Mauveine
		The list includes a number of 1,3,5-triazenes, which are represented in the modern cyclohexatriene manner of benzene, and of course are structurally not dissimilar to the central mauveine ring system.
		From this it is apparent that Mauveine cannot be directly converted to Safranine, since that would result in a methyl group in the wrong position.
		By combining "free mauveine" (we would nowadays say this was the zwitterion) with HCl, and observing the change in mass, he calculated a molecular weight of 406.7 (406.4 using modern weights); the formula C
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /motm/perkin.html (1419 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Mauveine Reveals A More Colorful Secret
		In 1856, William Henry Perkin accidentally invented mauveine while working on a synthesis of quinine, the antimalarial drug that was critical to British colonial interests at the time.
		The four mauveine compounds now known differ from one another in the number of methyl groups (two, three, or four) and their location.
		The original purpose of the research, which is ongoing, was to obtain pure compounds in order to study the spectroscopic properties and the photostability of mauveine, Seixas de Melo tells CandEN.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/85/i18/8518news6.html (264 words)

	Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display
		Mauveine was the subject of the first "molecule-of-the-month" article in December 1995 [7]..
		A piece of silk dyed with an original batch of mauveine prepared by Perkin himself is attached to the bottom of a letter written in 1922 by William Perkin's son to Henry Armstrong, a Professor at the by then named Royal College of Science (Figure 4).
		A characteristic bow tie dyed with an original sample of mauveine was presented to Professor Rees by Professor Otto Meth-Cohn, who had recently corrected the molecular structure of mauveine (appropriately enough reporting the result in the journal named after Perkin) [8].
	www.unibas.ch /mdpi/molecules/papers/30300094/30300094.htm (1755 words)

	C&EN: BOOKS - THE FORGOTTEN CHEMIST WHO CHANGED THE WORLD
		William Henry Perkin, a 19th-century English chemist, serendipitously discovered the synthetic dye mauveine, also known as Perkin's mauve or aniline purple, while carrying out research on coal-tar extracts in a laboratory he had set up in his family home in London.
		A few years ago, analysis of the original samples of mauveine produced by Perkin in his factory showed that the dye is primarily a mixture of two phenazinium dyes: 3-amino-2-methyl-5-phenyl-7-(
		Although mauveine was the first synthetic dyestuff to be produced commercially from coal tar, it was not the first artificial dye.
	swampfox.fmarion.edu /web/chem/aclabo/cen/cen_7201_mauve.htm (1873 words)

	William Perkin Summary
		William Henry Perkin was born in East End of London, the youngest of seven children.
		They satisfied themselves that they might be able to scale up the discovery and commercialize it as a dye, which they called mauveine.
		The Perkin Medal was established in 1906 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of mauveine.
	www.bookrags.com /William_Perkin (1789 words)

	Science: The truth about the colour purple - 24 July 1993 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mauveine is made by using potassium dichromate to oxidise the organic molecules aniline and toluidine.
		It became very popular as a colour for clothes in the past century, and was even used to colour the first postage stamp.
		The discovery of mauveine by William Henry Perkin in 1856 is widely regarded as the beginning of the organic chemicals industry.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg13918833.200.html (276 words)

	[No title]
		This report outlines three experimental procedures concerning dyes: natural dying with extract of blueberries, Perkin's classic synthesis of Mauve or Mauveine, and preparation of para red through diazotization.
		The new dye was called mauve or mauveine by the French.
		Any mauveine present was attempted to be collected through the use of extraction into isopropyl alcohol, water, and toluene.
	ed.augie.edu /~srmoeckl/hclab1b.htm (1768 words)

	Stainsfile - Mauveine
		Its accidental preparation by a student, named William Henry Perkin, eventually led to the modern chemical dye industry, thus indirectly to the way we practice histotechnology today.
		In 1967, Edward Gurr was given a small sample of mauveine which was 111 years old at the time, i.e.
		The structural formula was fully determined in 1994, and it was shown that mauveine is actually a mixture of two compounds, mauveine A and mauveine B above.
	stainsfile.info /StainsFile/dyes/mauveine.htm (222 words)

	Stainsfile - Mauveine
		Its accidental preparation by a student, named William Henry Perkin, eventually led to the modern chemical dye industry, thus indirectly to the way we practice histotechnology today.
		In 1967, Edward Gurr was given a small sample of mauveine which was 111 years old at the time, i.e.
		The structural formula was fully determined in 1994, and it was shown that mauveine is actually a mixture of two compounds, mauveine A and mauveine B above.
	www.stainsfile.info /StainsFile/dyes/mauveine.htm (222 words)

	Perkin Legacy
		At 18 years of age, it was his failed attempt to synthesise quinine from aniline that led to the invention of the first synthetic dye (mauveine).
		Perkin's recognition of the potential of mauve as a dye, coupled with his iron determination to commercialise it, was the spark that launched the modern synthetic chemical industry.
		Nowadays, Perkin is commemorated in a number of ways by several bodies involved in the chemical industry, including the Society with its Perkin House headquarters and its prestigious Perkin Medal.
	www.sdc.org.uk /general/perkin.htm (177 words)

	Making the Modern World - New science, new materials, new power
		He patented mauveine and with the financial backing of his father built a factory on the banks of the Grand Union Canal in Greenford, West London.
		At the Royal Exhibition of 1862 Queen Victoria gave it her seal of approval when she appeared in a silk gown dyed with mauveine.
		The birthplace of the synthetic dye industry was Britain where William Perkin discovered mauveine in 1856.
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /stories/the_second_industrial_revolution/05.ST.01/?scene=2&tv=true (1181 words)

	Dye
		By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, BARK, leaves and Wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
		The first man-made Organic dye, Mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856.
		Many thousands of dyes have since been prepared and, because of vastly improved properties imparted upon the dyed materials, quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/dy/Dye.htm (904 words)

	UK : Perkin Medal of SDC awarded for discoveries of work - Textile Fashion News Fibre2Fashion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Perkin Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC) is awarded for discoveries of work of outstanding importance in connection with the tinctorial arts.
		This is the most prestigious medal that the Society awards and over the years numerous outstanding and inspiring scientists have received this medal and been honoured in Perkinâs name.
		It is particularly fitting that in this, the 150th anniversary of the discovery of mauveine, the Society awarded the Perkin Medal to three eminent scientists at the SDC Day of Celebration on 28 April 2006 in Cartwright Hall, Bradford.
	www.fibre2fashion.com /news/textile-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=17770 (358 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		right200pxMolecular structure of mauveine A right200pxMolecular structure of mauveine B
		Charles Rees wearing a bow tie dyed with an original sample of mauveine, and holding the Society of ChemistryRSC">thumbrightProf Charles Rees wearing a bow tie dyed with an original sample of mauveine, and holding the [[Royal Society of ChemistryRSC journal named after Perkin]
		The InChI identifier for mauveine A is InChI=1/C26H22N4/c1-17-8-10-19(11-9-17)28-20-12-13-23-25(15-20)30(21-6-4-3-5-7-21)26-16-22(27)18(2)14-24(26)29-23/h3-16H,1-2H3,(H2,27,28)/p+1
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=mauveine (457 words)

	William Henry Perkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Extraction of the precipitate with alcohol gave a purple dye he named Tyrian Purple, and later named mauve (mauveine) by the French.
		Thus, nitration (sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid) and reduction (iron and acetic acid) gave a mixture of aniline, o- and p-toluidine.
		The structure of mauve was corrected in 1994 and found to be a mixture of mauveine A (major component) and mauveine B (minor component).
	classes.yale.edu /02-03/chem220a/studyaids/history/chemists/perkin.html (512 words)

	The Right Chemistry: Colors in Fashion, 1704-1918
		Even with the 1856 discovery of the aniline dye, mauveine -- a compound that did not exist in nature -- theoretical understanding came after the fact and the discovery was purely accidental.(1)
		Among the earliest discoveries that would initiate the progressively artificial ways to process natural dyestuffs was the isolation in 1820 or 1827 (2) of alizarin, the compound in the madder root that produces the color red.
		Although Perkin would become famous in 1856 for his mauveine aniline dye, it was Frédéric Crace Calvert, educated in France and appointed as a professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in Manchester in 1846 that cracked the code to create the first purple and red aniline dyes in 1854.(6)
	dept.kent.edu /museum/exhibit/colors/3.htm (601 words)

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