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Topic: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was one of the most important German physicists of the late 19th and early 20th century; he is considered to be the inventor of quantum theory.
		Max Planck was born in Kiel on April 23, 1858 to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig.
		In 1938, Planck celebrated his 80th birthday; the DPG held an official celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie - one year before the outbreak of a new war between France and Germany.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/MaxPlanck.html (2570 words)

	Max Planck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was one of the most important German physicists of the late 19th and early 20th century; he is considered to be the inventor of quantum theory.
		Max Planck was born in Kiel on April 23, 1858 to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig.
		In 1938, Planck celebrated his 80th birthday; the DPG held an official celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie - one year before the outbreak of a new war between France and Germany.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Max_Planck (2727 words)

	Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig
		Planck was able to combine these two radiation laws, arriving at a formula for the observed energy of the radiation at any given frequency and temperature.
		Planck's idea that energy must consist of indivisible particles, not waves, was revolutionary because it totally contravened the accepted belief that radiation consisted of waves.
		Planck's constant, a fundamental constant (symbol h), is the energy of one quantum of electromagnetic radiation divided by the frequency of its radiation.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0002496.html (462 words)

	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
		Planck was particularly attracted to the formula found in 1896 by his colleague Wilhelm Wien at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, and he subsequently made a series of attempts to derive "Wien's law" on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics.
		Ironically, Planck himself was one of the last to struggle for a return to classical theory, a stance he later regarded not with regret but as a means by which he had thoroughly convinced himself of the necessity of the quantum theory.
		Planck became permanent secretary of the mathematics and physics sections of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1912 and held that position until 1938; he was also president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now the Max Planck Society) from 1930 to 1937.
	physics.nobel.brainparad.com /max_karl_ernst_ludwig_planck.html (2322 words)

	Biography of Max Planck
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on April 23, 1858, in Kiel, Germany.
		Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874 and transferred to the University of Berlin in 1877 where his intellectual capacities were brought to a focus as the result of his independent study of Rudolf Clausius' writings on thermodynamics.
		Planck's oldest son, Karl, was killed in action in 1916, his daughter Margarete died in childbirth in 1917, and another daughter, Emma also died in childbirth in 1919.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /chem3070/Raul1.htm (801 words)

	Max Planck
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on 23 April in Kiel Germany.
		Planck was deeply impressed by the law of conservation of energy and he became convinced that the second law of termodynamics was an absolute law of nature.
		Planck was very reluctant to introduce his revolutionary idea on the quantisation of energy, and only by being forced by pure logic did he do so.
	www.crystalinks.com /planck.html (792 words)

	Anthroposophie Forum - Bibliothek: Max Planck
		Planck was able to deduce the relationship between the ener gy and the frequency of radiation.
		Planck faced a troubled and tragic period in his life during the period of the Nazi government in Germany, when he felt it his duty to remain in his country but was openly opposed to some of the Government's policies, particularly as regards the persecuti on of the Jews.
		Planck was born in Kiel on April 23, 1858, and educated at the universities of Munich and Berlin.
	www.anthroposophie.net /bibliothek/nawi/physik/planck/bib_planck.htm (2767 words)

	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on 23 April, 1858, the son of Julius Wilhelm and Emma (née Patzig) Planck.
		Planck's law states that the energy of each quantum is equal to the frequency of the radiation multiplied by the universal constant.
		Planck was an extremely successful physicist, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1919, but his personal life was marked by tragedy.
	www.whystudyscience.com /planck.html (586 words)

	Max Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In 1899, he discovered a new fundamental constant, which is named Planck's constant, and is, for example, used to calculate the energy of a photon.
		Planck's son Erwin was executed on July 20, 1944, for treason in connection with an attempted assassination of Hitler.
		After Max Planck's death on October 4, 1947 in Göttingen, the KWG was renamed as the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften (MPG, Max-Planck-Society for the advancement of science).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/max_planck (382 words)

	Planck, Max
		Max Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame rests primarily on his role as originator of the quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918.
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on April 23, 1858, in Kiel, Germany, the sixth child of a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the University of Kiel.
		When Planck was nine years old, his father received an appointment at the University of Munich, and Planck entered the city's renowned Maximilian Gymnasium, where a teacher, Hermann Müller, stimulated his interest in physics and mathematics.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/macro/5005_7.html (2387 words)

	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck is ranked with Albert Einstein as one of the two founders of 20th-century physics.
		Planck was fascinated with absolutes in nature, which led him to the laws of thermodynamics and which in turn to the problem of flbody radiation.
		Planck’s radiation law was expressed as E = nhv, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. According to this formula the energy of each quantum is proportional to the frequency.
	www.vigyanprasar.gov.in /scientists/MKELPlanck.htm (3159 words)

	SJSU Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Eventually he became the director of the Planck Institute of Theoretical Physics.
		For his work in physics he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1918.
		Planck also worked in thermodynamics and electrodynamics during his career.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/pla.html (169 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Planck began studying flbody radiation in 1897 and discovered that at long wavelengths it did not obey the distribution laws given by Wilhelm Wien.
		The quantum theory--which gained Planck the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918--was used by Albert Einstein to explain (1905) the photoelectric effect and by Niels Bohr to propose (1913) a model of the atom with quantized electronic states; the theory was later developed into quantum mechanics.
		Planck mastered every aspect of physics from thermodynamics and electrodynamics to relativity and also wrote extensively on the philosophy of science.
	sirius.phy.hr /~dpaar/fizicari/xplanck.html (193 words)

	MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Planck Returned to munich and recieved his college degree at the age of 21 with a thesis on the second law of thermodynamics.He was then appointed to teaching post at the University of Munich in 1880 and he taught their until 1885.
		In 1885 Planck was appointed to a chair in Keil and held this chair for four years,Planck succeeded him in the chair of theoreticial physics at the University of Berlin in 1889.He was to hold the Berlin chair for 38 years until he retired in 1927.
		Planck was president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft from 1930-1937.After world war II Planck agian became president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft in 1945-1946 for the second time defending German science through another period of exceptional difficulty.
	expage.com /maxkarlernstludwigplanck (213 words)

	Planck and Quantum of Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) was born on October 4, 1858 and was the fourth child of Johann Julius Wilhelm von Planck of G”ttingen, professor of civil law at Kiel, and Emma Patzig.
		Planck was appointed on 29 November 1888 to be the successor of Kirchhoff, as assistant professor at the University of Berlin and director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics (Newly founded for him).
		Planck then affirmed that the spacing between the rungs of the ladder was not the same for all resonators but must be proportional to the frequency of the resonator in each case.
	www.vigyanprasar.com /dream/june2001/article-1.htm (9319 words)

	Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary (December 2000) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Born in 1858 as the son of a professor of jurisprudence, Planck was appointed professor of physics at the University of Berlin in 1889.
		Planck's thoughts centred on the concept of entropy and how to understand "irreversibility" on the basis of the absolute validity of the entropy law - the version of the second law of thermodynamics formulated in terms of the entropy concept.
		Planck did not emphasize the discrete nature of energy processes and was unconcerned with the detailed behaviour of his abstract oscillators.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/13/12/8 (3560 words)

	Max Planck Gesellschaft
		Planck, who was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 1900 discovery, became the president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1930-1937), the prestigious and influential organization established in 1911 by the German government and industry for the promotion of research.
		The Max Planck Society should undertake, together with institutions providing care to Holocaust survivors, a study of the impact of the Holocaust and the trauma of experimentation and scientific abuse on the surviving victims.
		Max Planck, having come from a family of theologians would have probably been acquainted with the source of the title of this journal (If Not Now an e-journal) which is taken from The Ethics of the Fathers by the great sage Hillel.
	www.doew.at /thema/planck/planck1.html (4530 words)

	Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Planck came from an academic family, his father being professor of law at Kiel and both his grandfather and great-grandfather had been professors of theology at Göttingen.
		Planck returned to Munich and received his doctorate at the age of 21 with a thesis on the second law of thermodynamics.
		Planck was president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, the main German research organisation, from 1930 until 1937.
	physics.rug.ac.be /fysica/Geschiedenis/Mathematicians/Planck.html (774 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German physicist and Nobel laureate, who was the originator of quantum theory.
		Pechstein, Max (1881-1955), German Expressionist painter, born near Zwickau.
		Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880-1938), German painter, who was one of the leading exponents of Expressionism.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Planck_Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig.html (134 words)

	Max Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Planck began studying fl body radiation in 1897 and discovered that at very short wavelengths it did not obey the distribution laws given by Wilhelm Wien.
		Initially Planck was not comfortable with this explanation and fully expected the idea to be disproved by further research.
		Instead quantum theory, which gained Planck the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918, was used by Albert Einstein to explain (1905) the photoelectric effect and by Niels Bohr to propose (1913) a model of the atom with quantified electronic states; the theory was later developed into quantum mechanics.
	www.electro-optical.com /bb_rad/mplanck.htm (314 words)

	Max Planck - Biography
		Planck's earliest work was on the subject of thermodynamics, an interest he acquired from his studies under Kirchhoff, whom he greatly admired, and very considerably from reading R. Clausius' publications.
		Planck was able to deduce the relationship between the ener gy and the frequency of radiation.
		Planck faced a troubled and tragic period in his life during the period of the Nazi government in Germany, when he felt it his duty to remain in his country but was openly opposed to some of the Government's policies, particularly as regards the persecuti on of the Jews.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html (699 words)

	MSN Encarta - Max Planck
		In 1900 Planck postulated that energy is radiated in small, discrete units, which he called quanta.
		Planck's discoveries, which were later verified by other scientists, were the basis of an entirely new field of physics, known as quantum mechanics, and provided a foundation for research in such fields as atomic energy.
		In 1930 Planck was elected president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science, the leading association of German scientists, which was later renamed the Max Planck Society.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566401/Max_Planck.html (333 words)

	Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858, the son of Julius Wilhelm and Emma (née Patzig) Planck.
		Planck studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin, where his teachers included Kirchhoff and Helmholtz, and received his doctorate of philosophy at Munich in 1879.
		Planck's work on the quantum theory, as it came to be known, was published in the Annalen der Physik.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Planck/Planck.htm (636 words)

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