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Topic: Maximize Affirmed Majorities

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	Affirmed
		Maximize Affirmed Majorities - Maximize Affirmed Majorities (MAM) is a voting method developed by Stephen Eppley that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences.
		Affirmed - Affirmed, a chestnut colt born February 21, 1975, at Harbor View Farm, Ocala, Florida â“ died January 12, 2001 at Jonabell Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, was an American thoroughbred race horse that won the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in 1978, only the 11th horse to accomplish the feat.
		Affirmative Action in Higher Education Affirmative Action in Higher Education Affirmative Action's Testament of Hope: Strategies for a New Era in Higher Education by Mildred Garcia, Focuses on affirmative action and its impact on colleges and universities since its inception in 1965.
	www.tmadata.com /Affirmed.html (806 words)

	JOHNSON v
		But reading the first Gingles condition in effect to define dilution as a failure to maximize in the face of bloc voting (plus some other incidents of societal bias to be expected where bloc-voting occurs) causes its own dangers, and they are not to be courted.
		Each such district could be drawn with at least 51 members of the minority group, and whether the remaining minority voters were added to the groupings of 51 for safety or scattered in the other three districts, minority voters would be able to elect candidates of their choice in all seven districts.
		2 claim, it would confine proportionality to an affirmative defense, and one to be made only on a statewide basis in cases that challenge districts for electing a body with statewide jurisdiction.
	web.utk.edu /~scheb/DeGrandy.html (6943 words)

	Maximize Affirmed Majorities - Electowiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Maximize Affirmed Majorities (MAM) is a voting method developed by Stephen Eppley that selects a single winner using votes that express preferences.
		MAM is a variation of the Ranked Pairs (RP) voting method, with additional refinements to break ties using as much information as available from a set of votes.
		Affirm each pair, starting with the one with the largest number of winning votes, and add one in turn to a graph as long as they do not create a cycle (which would create an ambiguity).
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Maximize_affirmed_majorities (1192 words)

	case template
		A majority of the court held that the plan was constitutional, nonetheless, because it was narrowly tailored to further the State's compelling interests in [1900] complying with [*218] § § 2 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § § 1973, 1973c.
		To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must prove that the minority group "is sufficiently large and geographically compact to constitute a majority in a single-member district"; that the minority group "is politically cohesive"; and that "the white majority votes sufficiently as a bloc to enable it.
		A majority's attempt to enable the minority to participate more effectively in the process of democratic government should not be viewed with the same hostility that is appropriate for oppressive and exclusionary abuses of political power.
	www.poynerspruill.com /Attorneys/Speas_case2.asp (14143 words)

	Election methods and criteria
		That is, if there are two major candidates, everyone's optimal strategy is to rank their preferred of the two at the top, and the other candidate at the bottom.
		Majority is somewhat limited in protecting majority rule, since it only protects a majority who rank each of their common candidates uninterrupted in the top positions: That is, they must make up a solid coalition.
		Specifically, IRV would have to sacrifice either Majority (as Plurality does), or some of its truncation resistance (as DSC does), for it to be mathematically possible to satisfy Monotonicity.
	nodesiege.tripod.com /elections (7972 words)

	Johnson v. DeGrandy, 512 U.S. 997 (1994)
		The court imposed a remedial plan with 11 majority Hispanic House districts but, concluding that the remedies for fls and Hispanics in the senatorial districts were mutually exclusive, left SJR 2-G's Senate districts in force.
		There is no violation of §2 in SJR 2-G's House districts, where in spite of continuing discrimination and racial bloc voting, minority voters form effective voting majorities in a number of House districts roughly proportional to their respective shares in the voting age population.
		While such proportionality is not dispositive, it is a relevant fact in the totality of circumstances to be analyzed when determining whether minority voters have "less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice," 42 U.S.C. (b).
	supct.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/92-519.ZS.html (725 words)

	majorities - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 5 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word majorities:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "majorities" is defined.
		Example: "The majority of his customers prefer it"
	www.onelook.com /?w=majorities (137 words)

	Johnson v. DeGrandy, 512 U.S. 997 (1994)
		As to the Senate, the court found that a fourth majority Hispanic district could be drawn in addition to the three provided by SJR 2-G, but only at the expense of fl voters in the area.
		Because in its simplest form the State's rule would shield from § 2 challenge a districting scheme in which the number of majority minority districts reflected the minority's share of the relevant population, the conclusiveness of the rule might be an irresistible inducement to create such districts.
		Sixty percent of the districts are Hispanic majority (three out of five), and 20 percent are fl majority (one out of five), so that each minority group protected by § 2 enjoys an effective voting majority in marginally more districts than proportionality would indicate (60 percent over 53.9; 20 percent over 13.5).
	supct.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/92-519.ZO.html (6207 words)

	Court TV Library
		A majority of the court held that the plan was constitutional, nonetheless, because it was narrowly tailored to further the State's compelling interests in complying with Sections 2 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act, 42 U. Sections 1973, 1973c.
		De Grandy, 512 U. ___ (1994) (slip op., at 20) ("Failure to maximize cannot be the measure of Section 2").6 With respect to Section 2, appellees contend, and the District Court found, that failure to enact a plan with a second majority-fl district would have left the State vulner-able to a lawsuit under this section.
		The majority's implicit equation of the intentional consideration of race in order to comply with the Voting Rights Act with intentional racial discrimination reveals the inadequacy of the framework it adopts for considering the constitutionality of race-based districting.
	www.courttv.com /archive/legaldocs/supreme/shaw.html (13952 words)

	Elections 1999 -- Character, Political Culture, and Centrism
		He captured a majority of the Jewish vote as he rejected the perceived "post-Zionist" agenda of some associated with the Labor party, and Meretz.
		His major assets were his formidable political acumen and powerful media skills which he apparently developed and perfected during his years in the United States as Israel's ambassador to the United Nations.
		However, early on Netanyahu broke a sacred taboo connected to the ideology of the Likud and the Revisionist movement by implementing the Hebron accord negotiated (but not implemented) by the Peres government, in which he ceded a portion of the historic Land of Israel.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles3/elect99.htm (5323 words)

	MAM Calc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		MAM is also similar to Nicolaus Tideman's Ranked Pairs method; the most important difference is that Ranked Pairs measures the size of each majority by subtracting the size of the opposing minority.
		MAM also satisfies all but one of the criteria that Nobel prizewinner Kenneth Arrow proved cannot all be satisfied: Steve Eppley's presentation of Arrow's theorem calls them prime directive, universal domain, unanimity, non-dictatorship, weak independence of irrelevant alternatives, ordinality, and choice consistency.
		MAM satisfies all of these except choice consistency (which is failed by most voting methods) but MAM may come closer than other methods since it satisfies ICA and LIIA.
	www.duniho.com /remote-mamcalc.php (407 words)

	How to Draw Redistricting Plans
		It is a fact of life in redistricting that the district lines are always going to be drawn by the majority in power, and that the majority will always be tempted to draw the lines in such a way as to enhance their prospects for victory at the next election.
		Modern technology, while making it practicable to draw districts that are mathematically equal, has also allowed the majority to draw districts that pack and fracture the partisan minority in such a way as to minimize the possibility of their ever becoming a majority.
		If the members of the majority party in your State are prepared to let the minority party participate fully in the process of drawing redistricting plans, and simply out vote them when necessary, your State should be prepared to withstand a challenge that the plans unconstitutionally discriminate against the partisan minority.
	www.senate.leg.state.mn.us /departments/scr/redist/Draw/DRAW77.HTM (10360 words)

	LEXIS-NEXIS® Academic Universe - Document
		In my view, it means that the legislature affirmatively undertakes to create a majority-minority district that would not have existed but for the express use of racial classifications -- in other words, that a majority-minority district is created "because of," and not merely "in spite of," racial demographics.
		To determine whether the Court correctly affirms that decision, I begin, as does the plurality, by asking whether "strict scrutiny" should be applied to the State's [**1977] consideration of race in the creation of these majority-minority districts.
		Aware of this distinction, a majority of this Court has endorsed a position crucial to a proper evaluation of Texas' congressional districts: Neither the Equal Protection Clause nor any other provision of the Constitution was offended merely because the legislature considered race when it deliberately [*1009] created three majority-minority districts.
	faculty.maxwell.syr.edu /tmkeck/Cases/BushvVera1996.html (17089 words)

	The American Voice 2004 - Ask Dr. Dave - Answer - Redistricting
		Four of the five justices in the majority said that they would overturn a 1986 decision that held that the courts could decide whether a redistricting map was too politically partisan.
		Rather than maximizing the number of seats a party can win by creating a large number of districts where that party would win by a small voting margin, parties try to maximize the number of safe seats by creating districts with large majorities in favor of one party.
		He agreed with the majority that correcting district boundaries drawn for partisan reasons "would commit federal and state courts to unprecedented intervention in the American political process." But he left the door open to judicial intervention in cases of redistricting that might be unconstitutional.
	www.americanvoice2004.org /askdave/12askdave.html (1199 words)

	More10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Using the Maximize Affirmed Majorities version of the Condorcet method for counting votes, here is how the options placed, listed from first to last.
		MAM sorts pairwise majorities by strength, the strength of each majority measured by the number of votes for the winner.
		This provides a maximal set of majorities that do not cycle with each other, and a Condorcet winner is determined from this set.
	cum-fetish.fetish-catalog.info /more10.html (459 words)

	The ILO and globalization - International policy developments 2003, No. 2
		greater efforts are needed to fight unemployment which is on the rise in a majority of countries, and is affecting vulnerable workers and their families disproportionately.
		affirmed that development should be an important aspect of the Round, and noted that differences in the levels of development should not be ignored.
		Therefore, they underscored that the commitment of countries to integrate trade into their national development plans, such as Poverty Reduction Strategies, is central to ensuring the role of trade in development and securing increased trade-related assistance in the region.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/bureau/exrel/global/g-events_2004-01.htm (9163 words)

	Not Dead Yet: Social Conservatism [Free Republic]
		A growing body of evidence suggests that the stability in such relationships offered by marriage is generally the best way to maximize the resultant benefits to the man and woman involved, their children and society generally.
		People want to see a revival of the traditional family, but are unsure of their ability to revive it themselves and reticent about using public policy to achieve this goal.
		With divorce touching the personal experiences of so many people, majorities see family values as truly valuable but fear being seen as hypocritical themselves or judgmental towards their friends and loved ones.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b49d3b07c4e.htm (2757 words)

	No. 02-182: Georgia v. Ashcroft - Brief (Merits)
		Overall, the proposed senate plan reduced the number of BVAP majority districts from 12 to 11, and the number of districts with majority fl registered voter populations (BRVPs) from 13 to 8.
		The court observed, with respect to the revised plan, that "[w]hile there are thirteen districts with majority BVAP according to the State's calculations of BVAP, the BVAPs in eight of these proposed districts would decrease as compared with the benchmark plan." Id. at 13a.
		In that case, a three-judge district court found that slight differences in the number of districts with majority BVAPs in the benchmark and proposed plans were "insubstantial," and that the proposed plan therefore was "not retrogressive in overall fl voting strength." Mississippi v.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/2002/3mer/2mer/2002-0182.mer.aa.html (10015 words)

	Ranked Pairs - Wikipedia Mirror US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The pairs of winners, called the "majorities", are then sorted from the largest majority to the smallest majority.
		For this example, suppose that the entire electorate live in one of these four cities, and that they would like the capital to be established as close to their city as possible.
		Of the formal voting system criteria, the Ranked Pairs method passes the majority criterion, the monotonicity criterion, the Condorcet criterion, the Condorcet loser criterion, and the independence of clones criterion.
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/Ranked_pairs (1044 words)

	Pulse of the Twin Cities - Locally Grown Alternative Newspaper
		IRV is a reform that allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference, so that in cases where there is no initial majority winner, a runoff recount can be conducted without a new election to determine which candidate is actually preferred by a majority of voters.
		The ballots are recounted, and candidates are eliminated in this fashion until one winner emerges with a majority of the vote.
		But a second choice (or many choices) allows for preferences in voting, establishing a true majority (as opposed to a plurality) that is more reflective of the people’s will.
	www.pulsetc.com /article.php?sid=960 (853 words)

	Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U.S. 109 (1986) - U.S. Supreme Court - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If members of the major political parties are protected by the Equal Protection Clause from dilution of their voting strength, then members of every identifiable group that possesses distinctive interests and tends to vote on the basis of those interests should be able to bring similar claims.
		More generally, each major party presumably has ample weapons at its disposal to conduct the partisan struggle that often leads to a partisan apportionment, but also often leads to a bipartisan one.
		Because a statewide majority for a party's candidates will frequently result only if the "winning" party attracts independent voters and voters from the other party, under the plurality's approach a great deal will turn on whether the support of these voters is included as part of the party's voting strength.
	www.vlex.us /generic/dispatch.asp?vid=1.19975761.3 (15951 words)

	Redistricting in the post-Shaw world
		No bashful bunch, the proponents of the maximization agenda wielded the blunt instrument of Section 5 preclearance authority against city and county governmental entities and ultimately browbeat a number of states into creating bizarrely shaped, racial gerrymandered electoral districts in order to avoid the cost and disruption of Voting Rights Act litigation.
		The Justice Department's racial maximization policy was justified by many on the basis of the low numbers of fl elected officials in these covered jurisdictions, most of whom were in the southern states that comprised what was once the Confederacy.
		Hunt, where the Justice Department had exerted pressure to maximize majority-minority districts and that pressure had been the sole and predominant reason for drawing boundary lines as they were, nor was it similar to the situation in Bush v.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/legismgt/redmtg/Post-Shaw.htm (9068 words)

	Radical Centrism: Maximum Majority Voting
		Voter participation and majority rule are often considered the heart of democracy.
		Maximum Majority Voting is based on the latest research into election reform, but is still designed to be as simple as possible to use and understand.
		MMV can be considered a deterministic variation of Steve Eppley's Maximize Affirmed Majorities (MAM) system, which in turn is based of Tideman's well-studied Ranked Pairs algorithm for finding the pairwise winner (also known as the Condorcet winner).
	radicalcentrism.org /majority_voting.html (1880 words)

	Sample Chapter for Barber, S.A.: Welfare and the Constitution.
		The dominant view at present is that affirmative rights--even to police protection--are alien both to the constitutional text and to a constitutional tradition dominated by free-market ideology.
		Talk of affirmative substantive rights is supposed to undermine negative rights like the freedoms of speech and religion and blur the distinction between totalitarian and free-world constitutions.
		The current lack of a prescription drug benefit under Medicare can thus be seen as an imposition on the majority of the population whose taxes help pay for the legal, physical, and social preconditions of the pharmaceutical industry that, so far, has successfully opposed the proposed entitlement.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s7647.html (6402 words)

	Law.com: Redistricting Case Divides U.S. High Court
		Walbert countered that even the lower court majority had conceded that simply reducing the fl population in a particular district was not necessarily retrogression.
		Why wouldn't it be acceptable, Souter asked Walbert, if the Court simply affirmed the lower court but left open the major issues pending Congress' debates over the act in a few years.
		The state's brief said that in the 2001 plan the number of state legislative districts with a majority fl voting-age population increased from 49 to 52.
	www.law.com /jsp/law/LawArticleFriendly.jsp?id=1051121808483 (1234 words)

	File: icl\EC05
		Supporters cite the concept of concurrent majorities, the grand design by the founding fathers to prevent trampling of minority rights by a majority of the moment.
		A majority of authorities who have studied the two-party system feel not enough is understood to make any judgment, let alone one that says minor parties will flourish and threaten the two-party system if the electoral college is abolished.
		A major factor is that the electoral college is not a partisan issue.
	www.icl.ucsd.edu /PresidentialElectionReform.htm (5972 words)

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