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	Maximum sustainable yield - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In population ecology, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is the largest long-term average yield/catch that can be taken from a species' stock without depressing the species' ability to reproduce.
		The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield.
		The idea of maximum sustained yield is to decrease population density to the point of highest growth rate possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield (300 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Revision of Definitions of Overfishing, ...
		MSY, the MSY control rule, and MSY stock size are then used to determine the minimum stock size threshold (MSST) and maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT), which are used to determine whether a stock or stock complex is overfished.
		MSY represents the average of sustainable yield (SY) over a suitable period of time, where SY is a fraction of the total mature biomass (male and female) for a given year.
		The MSY control rule for king and Tanner crabs is the mature biomass of a stock, or proxy thereof, exploited at a fishing mortality rate equal to a conservative estimate of natural mortality, M, which is M=0.2 for all king crab species and M=0.3 for all Tanner crab species.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/1998/December/Day-01/e31997.htm (3036 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Drama of the Commons (2002)
		Beyond the “maximum sustainable yield,” however, further increases in harvesting would result in a decrease of total harvest and revenue because replenishment of the fish stock was presumed to depend on the size of the current fish stock, which falls below the level necessary for full replacement once fishing extracts more than this yield.
		By including the revenue occurring from fishing (yield times the fish price) and the costs of fishing effort, they defined the “maximum economic yield,” that is, the fishing effort at which the difference between fishing revenue and costs is maximum, and the level of the fishing effort under open access.
		Yield increases with effort until the maximum sustainable yield is reached; beyond that, the fish stock can replenish only at a lower rate—the population is simply drawn down.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309082501/html/9.html (865 words)

	Understanding the Biolological Basis for Sustainable Harvesting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		If harvested sustainably, a population will tend to remain stable, and each year the same increment of growth can be taken as a sustainable yield.
		Sustainable yields produced by populations at other densities, either higher or lower, are always less than the MSY, so wildlife managers often try to hold populations at this most productive density.
		Wildlife managers are justifiably leary of harvesting the maximum sustainable yield from a population.
	wildlife.wisc.edu /courses/360a/sustharv.htm (919 words)

	Urgent Problems with 1996 Fisheries Act
		Maximum Sustainable Yield is a good guide in most cases but that it is a mistake to make it the rule for all cases.
		Maximum sustainable yield is more properly applied to the ecosystem as a whole, over a number of years.
		If MSY is to be used as the primary tool, it must allow species which associate together to be grouped together for the purposes of establishing a group MSY (always assuring sustainability of the individual stocks) before setting individual TACs.
	www.fishnet.co.nz /gen/ACE973.htm (4920 words)

	Dictionary of Ichthyology
		= maximum sustainable yield (the average or maximum catch that can be removed under existing environmental conditions over an indefinite period without causing the stock to be depleted, assuming that removals and natural mortality are balanced by stable recruitment and growth.
		= the yield in weight taken from a fish stock when it is in equilibrium with fishing of a given intensity, and (apart from effects of environmental variation) its biomass is not changing from one year to the next (Ricker, 1975).
		The sustainable yield is the quantity of fish which can be taken from a stock (usually on an annual basis) without severely depleting or eliminating that stock.
	www.briancoad.com /Dictionary/Y.htm (1275 words)

	Page 32-Maximum Sustainable Yield
		Those concerned with wildlife management have identified the concept of a "maximum sustainable yield" with respect to the harvest of the resource.
		The idea is that there will be some particular level of harvest of the resource that is the maximum possible consistent with the self-regeneration ability of the resource to maintain the stock high enough to allow this level of harvest to continue indefinitely.
		Higher levels of harvest are not sustainable, and will lead to declines in future harvests because the self-regeneration abilities of the species is not great enough to replace the quantities of the stock that are harvested.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~lsmall/Resources/MaxSustainYield.htm (134 words)

	Stock Staus of New Zealand Orange Roughy - Deep Water Fishing.
		The long term target yield or MSY is estimated to be 7,700 tonnes while the 2001/02 catch limit is 7,000 tonnes.
		The target yield or MSY is 1,800 tonnes and the 2001-02 catch limit is 1,400 tonnes.
		The target yield or MSY is estimated to be 380 tonnes.
	www.orangeroughynz.com /stockstatus.html (3817 words)

	Guide to California's Marine Life Management Act ~ Maximum Sustainable Yield
		Although the maximum sustainable yield, or MSY, of most California fisheries has not been estimated, MSY is such a common standard in fisheries management that it is worth describing.
		An MSY model, which was developed in the 1950s, assumes that a typical population of fish will produce the largest amount of new fish for a fishery when the population has been reduced well below its unexploited size.
		The MSY and OY concepts were included in the MLMA because they are traditional management tools and may become more useful in state fisheries management in the future as enough information is acquired to estimate MSY.
	www.fgc.ca.gov /mlma/msy.html (295 words)

	The state of world fisheries and aquaculture PART 3
		It is based on the generally accepted notion that ensuring decent living conditions for fishing people is just as important an aim as sustaining healthy fish stocks or obtaining the maximum economic yield from fisheries resources, and that achieving this aim will require a greater understanding of and respect for fishers' cultures and social arrangements.
		The experiences of those who have tried to achieve sustainable and equitable fisheries in small-scale fishing communities, and have encountered a set of cultural characteristics that are common to many other small-scale fishing communities, are of particular relevance and importance to fisheries officials.
		As a measure of management and development performance, the proportion of stocks that are exploited beyond the MSY level (O + D + R) ranges from 0 percent (in the Southwest Pacific and Western Indian Ocean) to 57 percent (in the Southeast Pacific).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X8002E/x8002e06.htm (7546 words)

	fisheries
		Sustainable means that we can hope to catch this same number of fish every year, not just the first year.
		A sustainable yield would be the total harvest when the population is in steady state.
		Also find the maximum sustainable yield for the Ricker model with regulated catch size (this will be a bit of a challenge).
	www1.appstate.edu /~marland/math_bio/fisheries.htm (1199 words)

	P1a-Data Manipulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		is the sustainable yield from a population of density N
		It is, of course, possible to determine the exact MSY by using analytical methods to find the maximum of the surplus yield function.
		Notice that the maximum yield occurs at a harvest level below the MSY (i.e., the peak of the curve falls around 200 rather than 280) and that the number of "no harvest" years increases with increasing harvest rate.
	classes.entom.wsu.edu /526/MSY.htm (270 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries (1994)
		It is clear that there are two often mutually exclusive issues involved in trying to achieve “optimum yield.” One issue is a concern for biological overexploitation of fishery resources; the second is a concern for attaining economic efficiency as moderated by social concerns.
		Each council is required by law to assess and specify the maximum sustainable yield and the optimum yield in any fishery management plan under its jurisdiction.
		Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) from a fishery is the largest annual catch or yield in terms of weight of fish caught by both commercial and recreational fishermen that can be taken continuously from a stock under existing environmental conditions.
	www.nap.edu /books/NX004009/html/19.html (551 words)

	EPAT: Urban Income & Renewable Resource Degradation in Rural Agriculture
		Hmsy is the conventional maximum sustainable yield harvest level.
		K represents the maximum total amount of biomass, K/2 is the biomass level with maximum harvestable, sustainable yield, which is Hmsy in the figure.
		The maximum sustainable yield would be a Hmsy of 937.5 tons annually at a biomass stock level Mmsy of 3750 tons.
	www.wisc.edu /epat/.energy/.env-inc/.format/.income.html (880 words)

	Ch12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is a mathematical model based on the logistic equation for a population; K is estimated from population growth data.
		Harvest limits are determined by assuming that the population is growing at its maximum rate at one half of the carrying capacity or K/2, and using the growth rate of the population at K/2 as the harvest amount.
		Another way to visualize the MSY model and the underlying logistic is to plot the population growth rate or the potential sustainable harvest (also called the surplus of recruitment over loss, yield per recruit, annual percentage increase in population) versus population size (N) (Figure 12.14).
	drjoe.biology.ecu.edu /ch12/ch12.htm (4044 words)

	9. ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD USING SURPLUS PRODUCTION MODELS
		The yield curve is determined by a and b (Eq.
		The yield per unit area was based on the area of the shelf and the proximal banks of each parish.
		The first gear in Table 9.6.1, the purse seine, is the important one, in the sense that the trend in the yield of this gear is the same as the trend for the normalized relative effort.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W5449E/w5449e0b.htm (5420 words)

	Build Sustainable Fisheries
		Overfishing is a rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes the capacity of a fishery to produce the maximum sustainable yield on a continuing basis.
		Optimum yield is defined as the amount of fish which will achieve the maximum sustainable yield, as reduced by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factor.
		In the case of an overfished fishery, optimum yield has been defined as that amount of fish which will provide for rebuilding of the stock to a level which will support the maximum sustainable yield.
	www.noaa.gov /nmfs/vision/sustain_vision.html (1981 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is sustainable harvesting, because the same amounts are grown and cut on a continuing basis.
		The two broad choices under consideration are (a) cut everything now for a maximum value today, or (b) cut back the old growth to a less dense forest to encourage maximum physical sustainable yield.
		The concepts of profitability and sustainable yield are equally applicable to the forests of the Eastern U.S. as they are to the pacific Northwest.
	www.ag.unr.edu /davis/forestry.doc (1394 words)

	Targets vs Thresholds
		For a stock to produce either maximum sustainable yield, or maximum economic yield, the fishing mortality rate must generally be reduced to a level significantly lower than the recruitment overfishing reference point.
		The most recent amendments to the Sustainable Fisheries Act made it clear that federally managed fisheries are to be managed in a way that maintains the stock biomass at a level that is capable of producing maximum sustainable yield on a continuing basis.
		The next goal may be similar to that expressed in the Sustainable Fisheries Act -- to maintain a stock biomass that can produce the maximum yield from the fishery on a continuing basis.
	dwp.bigplanet.com /dickallen/targetsvsthresholds (885 words)

	Fishmojo Forums - anyone have thoughts on this bill??? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Changes the way the DMF manages fish populations from planning based on “maximum sustainable yield” or “optimal yield” to “sustainable harvest”; specifies that fisheries management plans for overfished populations must provide for rebuilding of the stock within 10 years.
		“maximum sustainable yield” or “optimal yield” and “sustainable harvest” are technical terms and I believe have precise meanings.
		But it hard to manage multiple species to optimal yield expecially when they share habitat, forage, etc. And sometimes factors other than harvest control yield, i.e., poor year classes due to environmental conditions.
	www.fishmojo.com /forums/showthread.php?t=5981 (446 words)

	Untitled
		Theoretically, if the stock is maintained at the level which is associated with the maximum rate of regeneration of the species, we can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), provided the rate of harvest equals the rate of regeneration of the species.
		The concept of sustainability is slightly different for economic agents in the case of renewable resources than in the case of exhaustible resources as described in activity 2.
		In that case the yield would be the same in every year and the scarcity rent would not change.
	www.staffs.ac.uk /schools/sciences/geography/dlearn/ma_folder/Econfsd05/activity_5/activity_4/activity4_intro.html (747 words)

	COAST - Marine & Aquatic Resources Activities - Maximum Sustainable Yield
		Also, the amount of fish that can be removed from a population, without having a negative effect on the size of that population, must be determined.
		This is known as the maximum sustainable yield (MSY).
		The federal government of the United States is currently in the process of determining the MSY for many of the large fisheries.
	www.coast-nopp.org /resource_guide/elem_mid_school/ma_resources_acts/yield.html (632 words)

	Management
		According to the legislation, the goal of marine mammal management was to "obtain an optimum sustainable population keeping in mind the carrying capacity of the habitat." Violations of this act are punishable by fines of up to $20,000 or imprisonment up to one year.
		The former was based on economic, not ecological, interests and was the maximum that could be taken from the population without the population becoming endangered.
		Optimum sustainable yield combines the maximum sustainable yield with biological, ecological, and socioeconomic data (Reynolds et al., 2000).
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/h/k/hkl115/management.htm (1069 words)

	Environmental Economics: Economists are better fish conservationists than biologists
		Optimum yield is based on the maximum sustainable yield a fishery can produce, as reduced by ecological, economic and social considerations.
		Economists promote the "optimal sustainable yield" (OSY) where the effort level is set where the difference between revenues and costs is maximized.
		Both sustainable harvest and steady state biomass are therefore independent of the average life span.
	www.env-econ.net /2005/08/optimum_sustain.html (2539 words)

	IUCN SSC SUSG - North American SUSG Planning Meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As to which elements of a fishery should be the focus of research was also examined and consensus was reached that analyses would involve examination of the industrial, recreational (sport and ecotourism) and individual/subsistence elements of a fishery.
		This concept of insurance implies that there is a specified time period for management and a level of acceptable risk, an approach that is risk averse and in contrast to the traditional maximum sustainable yield approach.
		The biological constraints include effects of harvests on populations and on the ecosystem, and will require a sufficiently high probability that future populations be large enough to sustain harvests of similar magnitude, and also that the harvests are not too variable.
	www.iucn.org /themes/ssc/susg/susgs/namplanning.html (602 words)

	Yield - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Crop yield, a measure of the output per unit area of land under cultivation
		Maximum sustainable yield, the largest long-term fishery catch that can be safely taken
		Terminal yield, in formal language theory is the sequence of leaves encountered in an ordered walk of a tree structure
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Yield (287 words)

	BSAI Groundfish FMP Summary (3/97)
		OY is based upon the maximum sustainable yield for a given fishery, as reduced by relevant economic, social or biological factors.
		MSY for the complex, including the target and other species categories, was estimated to be 1.7 to 2.4 million mt based on groundfish catches for 19681977.
		OY is set lower than MSY to reduce the risk associated with relying on incomplete data and questionable assumptions in assessment models used to determine stock conditions.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /npfmc/fmp/bsai/BSAIFMP/bsfmp97.htm (4164 words)

	Environmental Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Somewhere around 90% of fisheries that are regulated by governments are regulated towards a maximum sustainable yield based upon a simple carrying capacity model, using basic data gathered about the fish's lifecycle, growth rate and natural mortality rate.
		You might even lose money trying to harvest down to the maximum sustainable yield density, because you spend so much on fuel trying to catch the fish when they are less common that it is never repaid in terms of the greater total amount of fish you can sell.
		A combination of the effects of sustained hunting pressure and a rapidly shifting climate might have a significant effect under future greenhouse warming if management policies are not adjusted to allow for the changing carrying capacity of the environment.
	www.providence.edu /bio/faculty/adams/LectureProvCollegeHarvestingEB.htm (4058 words)

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