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Topic: Maxwell Atoms

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	Theoretical Principles of Plasma Physics and Atomic Physics
		As the latter is proportional to the velocity of the atom, the Doppler broadening reflects therefore directly the velocity distribution function of the atoms.
		For collisionally dominated plasmas, this can be taken as identical with the Maxwell Distribution, but in general it can depart considerably from this situation and one would need to solve the Boltzmann Equation for the correct distribution function (see /research/#A6 for the problem of the ion velocity distribution function in the earth's ionosphere).
		Saha Equation: The Saha equation describes the ratio of different stages of ionization of an atom under the assumption of LTE and, like the latter, suffers therefore from the limitation that it is strictly only applicable if elastic collisions are responsible for establishing the energetic distribution of particles.
	www.plasmaphysics.org.uk (7930 words)

	James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian Proposition
		Maxwell went on to work out concrete predictions that could be obtained from this kinetic theory of gases, for example concerning the behavior of the viscosity, and he performed experiments to confirm the predictions.
		Maxwell's formulation of electromagnetic theory in differential form and his championing of the fundamental nature of the field in contrast to the action-at-a-distance theories of his day is, of course, the basis of essentially all of modern physics.
		Maxwell had become a public figure, even though his science was still greatly under-appreciated, and so it was not surprising that he was consulted for example by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, about his ideas relating his faith and science[19].
	silas.psfc.mit.edu /Maxwell/maxwell.html (5814 words)

	Maxwell
		Of Maxwell, Hopkins is reported to have said that he was the most extraordinary man he had met with in the whole course of his experience, that it seemed impossible for him to think wrongly on any physical subject, but that in analysis he was far more deficient.
		Though Maxwell did not originate the modern kinetic theory of gases, he was the first to apply the methods of probability and statistics in describing the properties of an assembly of molecules.
		Maxwell's analytic treatment of speed governors is generally regarded as the founding paper on cybernetics, and his "equal areas" construction provided an essential constituent of the theory of fluids developed by Johannes Diederik van der Waals.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/maxwell.html (1619 words)

	INDUCED SPAWNING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In an ideal gas, the Maxwell distribution of velocity is attained due to ‘thermalization’ or frequent collisions among the atoms.
		Atoms moving in the upward direction move with a decreasing velocity upwards and after reaching a certain height (determined by their initial velocity and the deceleration due to gravity), begin their descent.
		While in the direction of the probe the atoms experience a retarding force, no such force is experienced in the transverse directions, and the atoms may be expelled from the probe region before they have scattered many photons to contribute to the fluorescence signal.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/jan25/articles27.htm (1528 words)

	Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect - David Cassidy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Maxwell and Lorentz had firmly established the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation in electromagnetic theory.
		The duality consisted of the well-known distinction between material atoms and continuous ether, or, as Einstein wrote in the opening sentence of his light quantum paper, "between the theoretical conceptions that physicists have formed about gases and other ponderable bodies and the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic processes in so-called empty space."
		The continuous waves of Maxwell's equations, which had been confirmed experimentally, could be considered only averages over myriads of tiny light quanta, essentially "atoms" of light.
	www.aip.org /history/einstein/essay-photoelectric.htm (1171 words)

	Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1997
		Since the atoms are not trapped but fall slowly in the gravitational field, the cloud of cold atoms has a finite lifetime which in the original experiment was 0.1 s.
		Cooled and trapped atoms are there launched upwards in the gravitational field, in trajectories with turning points inside a microwave cavity, in which the slow atoms are resonantly excited by a succession of two microwave pulses.
		For sodium atoms the recoil temperature is 2.4 µK while for cesium atoms it is as low as 0.2 µK. The experimental results quoted above thus seemed to indicate that it is possible to reach a temperature of about ten times the recoil limit using polarization gradient cooling of a disordered cloud of atoms.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/back.html (2645 words)

	(S-5) Waves and Photons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The electromagnetic nature of x-rays became evident when it was found that crystals bent their path in the same way as gratings bent visible light: the orderly rows of atoms in the crystal acted like the grooves of a grating.
		The process also works the other way around: when "excited" atoms give up their excess energy to an electromagnetic wave (energy they might have received, say, through a collision with some fast atom in a glowing gas) they can only do so in photon-sized amounts.
		The fact that atomic emissions appear in narrowly defined "spectral lines" suggests that "excited" atoms cannot contain extra energy in arbitrary amounts, but must be in one of their "energy levels" which resonate with their structure, each associated with a precisely defined amount of energy.
	www.phy6.org /stargaze/Sun5wave.htm (1946 words)

	Modern Physics
		Maxwell's Electromagnetic wave theory was one of the crowning achievements of 19
		He believed the atom was a sphere of p______________ charge with negatively charged electrons embedded throughout, analogous to a positively charged d________ chock full of negatively charged r__________ (R__________ B______ Model).
		It is known that atoms have tens, even a hundred electrons, but atoms with thousands of electrons are not seen in nature.
	www.crcs.k12.ny.us /physics/notes/modern/modern_note.htm (1821 words)

	Maxwell Atoms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maxwell Atoms (birth name: Adam Burton) is an American animator, the creator of Cartoon Network's animated television series The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy and Evil Con Carne.
		Atoms, a graduate of the University of the Arts, Philadelphia, has been recognized several times for innovation and creativity in his work.
		The fun of cartoons, as Atoms has related to interviewers, is that anything is possible in a cartoon, and the only limit is the imagination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maxwell_Atoms (305 words)

	"Maxwell, Molecules, and Evolution" by Charles Petzold
		Maxwell certainly believed that God created the universe, but based on this lecture, it's simply not possible to label him as a âcreationistâ in the modern sense of the word, that is, someone who believes this creation took place relatively recently in accordance with the book of Genesis.
		Maxwell so successfully separated his science and his religion that the few tiny connections are pounced upon by creationists with squeals of delight, treasured without comprehension, and worshipped as if they provide a full-view window into Maxwellâs beliefs.
		Maxwell proved that such a condensation could not have taken place unless the total mass of the gaseous ring was about a hundred times larger than the combined mass of all the planets.
	www.charlespetzold.com /etc/MaxwellMoleculesAndEvolution.html (10391 words)

	AnimatedBliss.com - An Interview with Maxwell Atoms
		Maxwell Atoms is the Creator and Executive Producer of "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy" and we now present an exclusive interview conducted by the one and only, James Kustes.
		Maxwell Atoms: I don't think that there's a single artist in the country that will tell you they think it's a great idea to ship animation out of the country.
		Maxwell Atoms: I moved to Los Angeles in 1996 when I was 22 for my internship at Film Roman and I'm still not terribly professional.
	www.animatedbliss.com /news.asp?TID=634 (1677 words)

	Displacement Current
		The larger the electric field, the more the atoms were stretched, and when the electric field was removed, the atoms snapped back to their original state, giving up the energy that was stored in them.
		Taking this as a hint, Maxwell made the hypothesis that the vacuum was not really empty at all, but was instead filled with atoms of a very fine and insensible material which he called the ether.
		This must be so because when an atom becomes more stretched by the increasing electric field, its positive charge moves in the direction of the applied electric field while its negative charge moves in the opposite direction.
	maxwell.byu.edu /~spencerr/websumm122/node72.html (551 words)

	CERN Courier - Bookshelf - IOP Publishing - article
		Among the proponents are Constantine the African, a physician from Carthage who explicitly defined atoms as the fundamental constituents of substances; William of Conches; and William of Ockham.
		Pullman also discusses Maupertuis and Diderot, with their sensitive and intelligent atoms; Holbach, with his materialistic atoms; and Maxwell, who believed that atoms exist due to the action of a creator.
		Covalent bonding, where electrons are shared between atoms, leads Pullman to an interesting analogy developed in the chapter "Society of atoms: marriage", where he concludes that "as always in life, this implies the ability and even obligation both to give and to receive".
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/42/6/21 (1963 words)

	N C N R
		Maxwell used this idea to explore how sorting molecules by size would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
		However, this does not allow what Maxwell might envision, where the pore size can be adjusted over a wide range to suit the desired process, in effect a Maxwell’s demon for size separations.
		Since accurate determination of oxygen atom siting is needed, and since E T S - 4 does not form single crystals, neutron powder diffraction measurements are the only way to obtain accurate measurements of the ring openings as a function of dehydration temperature.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov /AnnualReport/FY2001_html/maxwells_zeolite.htm (804 words)

	Maxwell's Demon free download by Absolutist.com: A nice and entertaining game that has a bit of science behind it. It ...
		Maxwell's Demon free download by Absolutist.com: A nice and entertaining game that has a bit of science behind it.
		Maxwell's Demon has been around when our Universe was born, and will still be there at the very end of everything, till he finishes his arduous labor of resisting the Great Law of Creation - The Law of Growing Chaos.
		Demon's job is to sort out the atoms of different kind into separate compartments.
	www.softpile.com /Games/Arcade/Review_37186_index.html (278 words)

	[No title]
		Portable Application Description, or PAD for short, is a data set that is used by shareware authors to disseminate information to anyone interested in their software products.
		When all the atoms of some color are collected in one room, the room's doors will be closed.
		It gets harder with every level - more rooms, more atoms - it is not an easy task to order the Chaos, not even for a demon, that is why our Universe is still here.
	absolutist.com /demon/maxwelld.xml (1234 words)

	Atoms in Motion
		Variable parameters include the number, diameter, mass, color, charge, and bond strength of each atom; the position and velocity of each atom; the size and temperature of the box; and any external pressure, such as a piston.
		Atoms in Motion adopts a multilevel approach to its subject matter, making it widely suitable for introductory high school students through upper division college undergraduates.
		At a beginner's level, Atoms in Motion presents a "moving picture" of how different substances would look as they undergo change; for example, how a solid would appear at an atomic level as it melts.
	webassign.net /pas/atoms_in_motion/atoms_in_motion.html (459 words)

	3a. Atoms That Share: Covalent Bonds [Beyond Books - Introduction to Chemistry Concepts]
		A molecule of water consists of an oxygen atom that is bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
		A hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom each donate one valence electron to form a chemical bond.
		The pieces of wood are the atoms, and the nails holding them together are the electrons that form the covalent bond.
	www.beyondbooks.com /psc92/3a.asp (451 words)

	RealTime Maxwell
		Conventionally, electric fields are depicted either as vectors or lines of force, but RealTime Maxwell displays the x and y components of the field instead.
		With RealTime Maxwell, students can explore more realistic and provocative problems than are accessible using analytic solutions to Maxwell's equations.
		This sort of experimentation, coupled with the early introduction of Maxwell's equations as discrete equations, will provide your class with an intuitive understanding of electrodynamics long before they have mastered the formal theory of partial differential equations.
	www.webassign.net /pasnew/realtime_maxwell/maxwell.html (337 words)

	quantum worlds notes 1
		It turns out that when physicists examined atoms and the particles that make up atoms, these particles behaved in ways that were complete unexpected and unexplained according to classical physics (Newton's mechanics and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism).
		Electrons are charged particles, and according to Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, charged particles should emit energy in the form of light when they are accelerated or move in curved paths.
		But atoms are stable and electrons do not in fact spiral into the nucleus.
	home.pacbell.net /stevepur/physics/qw/qw.1.html (1696 words)

	GameDaily BIZ: Animator brings popular toon to video game world
		Atoms is pleased with how the game turned out.
		Levity aside, Atoms said he has been more involved with developer High Voltage Software than he thought he would be when the deal first was reached.
		Atoms wrote a good portion of the dialogue, including many of the funniest lines, and said it was very important to him that the game characters be voiced by the same actors as the show.
	biz.gamedaily.com /industry/feature/?id=13077 (700 words)

	The Maxwell Program package
		The distinguishing feature of the package is the use of the formalism of Maxwell as described by Hobson [1], which computes the interaction energy of multipoles in the form of general directional derivatives.
		It is assumed that the atoms are in the same order as in the charge-distribution file, (i.e., O,H,H corresponding to the file attached for water).
		Two atoms are considered of identical types when they can be considered chemically equivalent and thus they contribute to the same inverse-distance power sums.
	inka.mssm.edu /endo/maxwell.html (10869 words)

	Professor Ph. M. Kanarev, Krasnodar
		The electron is considered to form the orbital movement in the atom, but the way, in which it connects the atoms in the molecules, remains unknown.
		The analysis of the spectra of multi-electron atoms and ions within the framework of the notions being described leads to empirical mathematical model of the spectrum formation, in which there is no orbital component of the electron energy.
		The new scientific information opens the formation principles of the atoms and the molecules and gives the opportunity to calculate binding energies of the electrons with the atomic nuclei and the electrons of the neighbouring atoms, which are united in molecules, for any energy level of the electron.
	guns.connect.fi /innoplaza/energy/story/Kanarev (12661 words)

	Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
		Roger Boscovich: excerpts from a 1763 treatise on atoms as point-like centers of force.
		Jean Charles de Marignac and Marcellin Berthelot on atoms, equivalents, and notation (1877): first an article by Marignac, then a response by Berthelot, and another brief response by Marignac.
		James Clerk Maxwell, on the kinetic molecular theory (including Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds) and its support for the molecular nature of matter (1875).
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/papers.html (1788 words)

	Welcome to the Rappe Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The next step is to evaluate the normalization constant C. Since P(u) is a continuous distribution, we must integrate over all values of u (from 0 to infinity).
		Run the JAVA applet for 10 atoms and a variety of temperatures.
		Thought question: Suppose that a gas of atoms is trapped in a two-dimensional region (a box with length and width, but just about zero height).
	lorax.chem.upenn.edu /Education/MB/MBmbsdist.html (453 words)

	a note on "Billy & Mandy" (for lovers and haters alike) - Animation Insider
		Maxwell Atoms should have done when he created the Grim and Evil franchise was to make it an adult cartoon, to be aired at night on [adult swim].
		That way, many of the things they've clearly wanted to do with the show could have been left intact, they wouldn't have needed to resort to fart jokes to keep the kiddies entertained, and the cartoon could have become a truly memorable mockery on death and human fears.
		Maxwell Atoms and his crew are a bunch of geniuses.
	www.animationinsider.net /forums/showthread.php?p=415077 (1292 words)

	Science Fiction Movie and TV Reviews
		The 30-minute series was created by Maxwell Atoms and is comprised of Evil Con Carne and The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy.
		Billy and Mandy decide they want to play hide and seek with the Reaper, but Billy's mom is the one who finds a big surprise.
		The winner of the Cartoon Network's "The Big Pick" last year was The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy, the second half of Atoms' new animated series Grim &; Evil.
	www.scifi.com /sfw/issue226/screen3.html (721 words)

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