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Topic: Maya Classic period

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	Maya Civilization, Classic Period
		Classic Maya civilization became more complex in about AD 300 as the population increased and centers in the highlands and the lowlands engaged in both cooperation and competition with each other.
		During the Classic period, warfare was conducted on a fairly limited, primarily ceremonial scale.
		Maya rulers, who were often depicted on stelae (carved stone monuments) carrying weapons, attempted to capture and sacrifice one another for ritual and political purposes.
	www.geocities.com /visit_chiapas/classic.htm (603 words)

	Classic Period in Mayan History Mexico
		For most of this period, the majority of the Maya population lived in the central lowlands of Mexico and Belize.
		Although human sacrifice was not as important to the Maya as to the Aztec, blood sacrifice played a major role in their religion.
		The Maya were warlike and raided their neighbors for land, citizens, and captives.
	www.cancunsouth.com /plan_hist_clas.html (534 words)

	Mesoamerican chronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Classic Era ended earlier in Central Mexico, with the fall of Teotihuacan around the 7th century, than it did in the Maya area, which continued for centuries more.
		In the early 20th century, the term Old Empire was sometimes given to this era of Maya civilization in an analogy to Ancient Egypt; the term is now considered inaccurate and has long been out of use by serious writers on the subject.
		Collapse of many of the great nations and cities of the Classic Era, although some continue, such as in Oaxaca, Cholula, and the Maya of Yucatán, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology (373 words)

	CULTUREFOCUS: Ancient Maya. Pictures and history of Tikal, Palenque, Chichen Itza.
		The Maya of central America reached remarkable intellectual and artistic heights during the Classic period of their great civilization, between around AD 250 and 900.
		During the Classic period of the Maya civilization, the great city of Tikal thrived in dense lowland jungle of what is now part of Guatemala.
		While Maya civilization was collapsing in the central and southern lowlands toward the end of the Classic period, it continued to flourish further north in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.
	www.culturefocus.com /guatemala.htm (1043 words)

	RedStar Productions Presents ..... Welcome to New Mexico, Nancy Red Star Web Site News Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Maya scholars such as Estrada-Belli view Cival and other Preclassic cities as having belonged to strategic geopolitical alliances, each vying for ultimate power in the manner of the Classic Maya cities of Tikal and Calakmul that came later.
		A cruciform is the shape of the Maya cosmos, with the Maya world-tree or maize plant at the center of the cross-shaped opening into the natural rock.
		Latest research on early Maya: Archaeologists are uncovering a sophisticated Maya culture from the Preclassic period that was thriving a full thousand years before the height of the Classic Maya civilization.
	www.nancyredstar.com /newslinks/masks.htm (3309 words)

	Pre Columbian Religions - III. Classic Maya Religion
		In the case of the Mayas, a few preconquest (before the 16th century) codices (bark-paper books) have survived, as has a relatively rich body of native literature starting from the beginning of the Spanish colonial era.
		The rulers of Maya city-states, as well as the temples built to honor deceased rulers, could be seen as embodiments of this tree, and thus as physical links between the earth and the supernatural world.
		For the Mayas, religious leadership was the responsibility of the kings and nobles.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/precolumbionrel3.htm (1073 words)

	BBC - History - Naachtun: A Lost City of the Maya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Maya of the Classic period, which begins at approximately AD 250, lived in an area that now includes Guatemala, Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, western Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador.
		However, the Classic period was also plagued by continuing warfare between the various kingdoms and their allies.
		Ultimately the endemic warfare was an important factor in the downfall of the Classic period Maya, that resulted in the abandonment of most cities and their surrounding territories by AD 900.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/archaeology/maya_naachtun_01.shtml (414 words)

	Classic Period
		The Classic Period is defined by the appearance and use of dated monuments.
		The seven centuries of the Classic Period exhibited tremendous civilizational developments that were certainly fueled by the steady increase in population.
		The Classic is often divided into two periods, the Early and the Late, separated by the "hiatus." The hiatus was a time when there was a marked decrease in building and the erection of dated monuments, particularly at Tikal.
	marc.ucsb.edu /elpilar/education/maya_history/classic.htm (548 words)

	Mexico History - The Classic Period Part 3, The Maya
		The Maya make up the largest homogenous group of Indians north of Peru, inhabiting a vast area that encompasses Mexico's Yucatan peninsula and parts of the states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as Guatemala, Belize and parts of western Honduras and El Salvador.
		The Maya's highly complex pantheon and multi-faceted cosmology continue to fascinate and perplex archaeologists and other students of the culture.
		There is a baroque quality to the artistic style of the Maya, as evidenced in their exotic murals, polychrome ceramics, finely detailed stelae, altars and other stone work.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/hclassic3.html (535 words)

	Northern Belize - The Classic Period for the Maya within the present-day boundaries of Northern Belize.
		Classic Period (300 A.D. The Classic Period is the intellectual and artistic highpoint of the Maya Civilization in Belize and the region.
		Cerros, once an important trading center during the Preclassic period, experienced an early decline during the Classic, probably due to shifting trade routes and the growth of Santa Rita and Lamanai.
		The end of the Classic Period - known as the Terminal Classic (800 - 900 A.D.) - has been traditionally known as the beginning of the end of the Maya Civilization.
	www.northernbelize.com /hist_maya_classic.html (398 words)

	The Construction of the Codex In Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization
		The Maya named their paper huun, and saw it as a writing surface when they appropriated their bark-cloth tunics as a possible means of transmitting information: “early in their history the Mayas produced a kind of tapa cloth from the inner bark of certain trees.
		As in European cabalistic thinking during the same time period, the Maya believed that to name a thing was to have power over it; likewise, the ability to keep records that encompassed learning beyond the span of one lifetime allowed the Maya to profit from their past.
		In his 1977 study of the patron gods of Maya scribes, the present writer was able to recognize that these supernaturals sometimes held a writing implement in one hand and in the other an ink or paint container consisting of a conch shell cut in half lengthwise.
	www.mathcs.duq.edu /~tobin/maya (15467 words)

	Classic Period
		The Classic Period is defined by the appearance and use of dated monuments.
		The seven centuries of the Classic Period exhibited tremendous civilizational developments that were certainly fueled by the steady increase in population.
		The Classic is often divided into two periods, the Early and the Late, separated by the "hiatus." The hiatus was a time when there was a marked decrease in building and the erection of dated monuments, particularly at Tikal.
	www.marc.ucsb.edu /elpilar/education/maya_history/classic.htm (548 words)

	Introduction to the Maya via Hyperlinks
		Maya occupation in Mesoamerica in the pre-classic period from 2000-100 BCE shows agriculture leading to growth in population as well as development of civilization.
		In the Early Classic period from 300-600 C. E, there was interaction with Teotihuacán, to the north.
		The last date in the Maya lowlands was recorded on a monument around 900 CE at Toniná.
	www.mostlymaya.com /IntrototheMaya.html (672 words)

	The History of Chocolate Reprinted from www
		The first people clearly known to have discovered the secret of cacao were the Classic Period Maya (250-900 C.E. The Maya and their ancestors in Mesoamerica took the tree from the rainforest and grew it in their own backyards, where they harvested, fermented, roasted, and ground the seeds into a paste.
		Many people in Classic Period Maya society could drink chocolate at least on occasion, although it was a particularly favored beverage for royalty.
		Maya couples even drank chocolate as part of their betrothal and marriage ceremonies.
	www.1worldglobalgifts.com /historyofchocolate.htm (4866 words)

	clcont.com Maya civilization
		The Maya civilization is a historical Mesoamerican civilization, which extended throughout the northern Central American region which includes the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and El Salvador, as well as the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán.
		During the succeeding Post-Classic period (to the early 16th century), development in the northern centers persisted, characterized by an increasing diversity of external influences; however by the time of the Spanish arrival in 1519 most of these centers had substantively declined.
		Contrary to popular perception, the various Maya peoples themselves had not "disappeared", neither at the time of the Classic period decline nor with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores and the subsequent colonization of their lands.
	www.clcont.com /maya-civilization.htm (896 words)

	South-Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Colonists were sent out to found new sites, particularly during the great periods of expansion AD 534-633 and AD 731-90 but this declined after around 850 and eventually stopped altogether when society reverted, for unclear reasons, to a lower cultural level in the C10th.
		Their 'New Empire' returned to the high civilisation of the Classic period until the civil war between Mayas of Chichen Itza and the Mayapan Indians who were helped to victory by mercenaries from their original homeland in the central plateau.
		The northern cities were subdued by 1546 with tremendous slaughter and half a million Mayas were sold as slaves, leaving only the Itza in their small independent state which fell to Martin de Ursaa in 1697.
	www.gaminggeeks.org /Resources/KateMonk/America/South-Central/Maya.htm (1305 words)

	Maya Civialization - III. Classic Period B. Religion
		The Maya cosmos comprised a wide range of diverse and varied supernatural beings or deities.
		All the Maya revered Ixtab, goddess of suicide, and thought that suicides went to a special heaven.
		At stated intervals, such as the Maya New Year in July, or in emergencies—such as famine, epidemics, or a great drought—the people gathered in ritual plazas to honor the gods.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/maya3b.htm (578 words)

	The Art Institute of Chicago: Art Access
		In this way, they were similar to the competing Greek city-states of the 5th century B.C. The Maya are renowned for their innovative methods of agriculture, monumental stone buildings and pyramid temples, gold and copper works, and system of hieroglyphic writing.
		Historical records are still being deciphered from the hieroglyphic inscriptions and royal figures depicted on commemorative monuments known as stelae.
		By the time the Spaniards conquered the region in the early 16th century, most of the Maya were village-dwelling farmers who practiced the religious rites of their ancestors.
	www.artic.edu /artaccess/AA_Amerindian/pages/Amerind_glossary3.shtml (865 words)

	Visit the Mayan ruins Tikal in Guatemala with Adventure Life
		Maya rulers were believed to be descendants of the gods and their royal blood was the ideal sacrifice.
		The Maya culture flourished and continues to exist in a region of Mexico and Central America often referred to as Mesoamerica.
		While the city-states of the Classic period lowlands may have been abandoned in the tenth century, the Maya people did not disappear any more than the Italians when the Roman Empire fell.
	www.adventure-life.com /belize/tikal.html (696 words)

	Sierra del Lacandon - project overview - archaeology
		Hypothetical extents of Classic period Maya polities in the middle Usumacinta.
		One of the primary objectives of the SLRAP is the integration of the archaeological project and its data with the master plan of the Parque Nacional Sierra del Lacandón, and the creation of sustainable benefits for communities adjacent to the park.
		Yet, during the Classic period, Maya agriculturalists were able to support a population vastly larger than the modern population of the region.
	www.sierralacandon.org /po-archaeology.html (692 words)

	Mayan Ruins: Classic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Classic period (from about 300 A.D. to 900 A.D.) gave rise to many ornate and beautiful buildings such as those at Tikal, Copan, Quiriqua, Coba and Palenque.
		The main temples at Tikal are characteristically classic Maya.
		The population in the Late Classic was probably between 10,000 and 40,000.
	www.snowcrest.net /goehring/maya/classic.htm (280 words)

	[No title]
		This is the count descended from the ancient Olmec count, passed on through the Classic Maya to the eve of the conquest.
		With the Highland Maya, and especially those of the western highlands of Guatemala, the situation is reversed.
		But it is among the Highland Maya rather than among their Lowland cousins that time continues to this day to be calculated and given meaning according to ancient methods.
	edj.net /mc2012/manifesto.htm (1854 words)

	"Stela 3, Seibal, Peten Jungle of Guatemala dated 28 June 810 AD, Guatemala Museum of Anthropology, Guatemala City"
		Maya polychrome from Tikal, Guatemala - ©D.
		Maya Incense burner, Popul Vul Museum, Guatemala City - ©D.
		Pacal, ruler of Palenque, Maya - ©D.
	www.ddbstock.com /largeimage/mayaartifacts.html (993 words)

	Maya Classic
		In 292 AD Temple IV, one of the many pyramids erected to memorialize the dead rulers of Tikal's royal dynasty, and one of the tallest of Maya structures at 212 feet, was erected.
		Copan was the southernmost major center of lowland Maya civilization and is famed for its artistic sculpture.
		Quirigua is home to the largest stelae in the Maya World at 26 feet and 6 inches in height and weighing about 65 tons.
	www.mayatour.com /mayaclassictour.html (709 words)

	Stela 16 - Yaxchilan - Maya World Studies Center
		Lintel 16 is a beautifully preserved sculptured monument from the Maya classic period.
		KIB TOK’ may very well be the ancient Maya name for the so called "eccentric flints and obsidians" which have been unearthed by archaeologists all over the Maya area.
		The Maya rulers’ count of captives is slightly reminiscent of the custom of allied fighter pilots during WW II who kept a record of the number of enemy aircraft they had shot down by having the respective number of swastikas or rising suns painted on their planes.
	www.mayacalendar.com /stela16.html (1785 words)

	proyecto
		Despite the lack of large ceremonial structure from these periods, several carved stone monuments were recovered---some of which were fitted into the masonry of Late Postclassic ceremonial buildings.
		Inscriptions on the monuments and the layout of Group B suggest Late Classic ties with Tikal, which lies 25 km north of Zacpetén.
		Zacpetén's Late Postclassic period occupation is concentrated in four of the five groups on the peninsula.
	qcpages.qc.edu /ANTHRO/pugh/zacpeten/zacpeten.html (1293 words)

	Maya Archaeology
		Bonampak is a Classic Period Maya site, located in the modern state of Chiapas, along the Usumacinta river.
		The Maya settlement, El Pilar is located twelve km north of the western Belizean town of San Ignacio, astride the Belize-Guatemala border.
		The Popul Vuh myth of the ancient Maya.
	www.ontalink.com /archaeology/maya (724 words)

	Culture : Belize : Selected Internet Resources (Portals to the World, Library of Congress)
		This ceramic vase with a lid is from the Early Classic period in the Lowlands of Belize, Guatemala or Mexico. A scroll pattern is incised on the base of the vessel; a modeled head serves as a knob on the lid.
		This cache box is from the Early Classic Period, Maya Culture, from either Belize, Guatemala, or Mexico. The box is decorated with the incised profile of God K, one of the principal deities of Maya mythology. Coils of smoke issue from his large nose, his headdress is a depiction of the Cauac monster.
		This ocarina (musical wind instrument) is from the Late Classic period, Maya culture in Belize, Guatemala or Mexico. The fish headdress and the monkey and child that the female figure holds suggest that she may be the Maya Moon Goddess, Ixchel.
	loc.gov /rr/international/hispanic/belize/resources/belize-culture.html (401 words)

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