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Topic: Maya Hero Twins

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	Culture hero - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A culture hero is a historical or mythological hero specific to some group (cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, etc.) who changes the world through invention or discovery.
		A typical culture hero might be credited as the discoverer of fire, or agriculture, songs, tradition and religion, and is usually the most important legendary figure of a people, sometimes as the founder of its ruling dynasty.
		The hero is sometimes said to be still living, but is often instead a star, constellation or purely spiritual in nature.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Culture_hero (279 words)

	Maya mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The father of the Maya Hero Twins Ixbalanque and Hun-Apu by a virgin.
		He and his children were arrogant and the divine twins Hunahpu and Ixbalangue killed Vucub Caquix and Zipacna, along with Vucub Caquix's co-regent in the underworld, Hun Came, as revenge for the beheading of their father Hun Hunahpu.
		Much of the Popol Vuh describes the adventures of the Maya Hero Twins in their struggle with the evil lords of Xibalba.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maya_mythology (1945 words)

	Maya Hero Twins - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of the Popul Vuh is devoted to stories of the Hero Twins.
		The stories of how the Hero Twins defeated the lords of Xibalba was taught as an example of how Maya people could also defeat demons in the afterlife.
		The Hero Twins were deft players of the Mesoamerican ballgame.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins (165 words)

	[No title]
		Strategically, Classic Maya battles apparently ended not simply when the enemy was driven from the field, also in the event that the king or other principal people were captured by their counterparts.
		In my opinion, early Maya warfare, that is in the Preclassic period and first centuries of the Early Classic period, pitted the leaders of communities, their noble followers and a reasonable complement of commoner militia against one another on well known battlefields and on known and planned occasions.
		Although some specialists in Maya texts still think that warfare is a relatively minor issue in the affairs of state, I side with those who see increasing information on the centrality of warfare, conquest and military alliance as we proceed with the decipherment process.
	maya.csuhayward.edu /yaxuna/warfare.html (7594 words)

	Maya mythology -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maya mythology refers to the (Click link for more info and facts about pre-Columbian) pre-Columbian Maya civilization's extensive (Click link for more info and facts about polytheistic) polytheistic (A member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience) religious beliefs.
		In Maya mythology, Tepeu and (Click link for more info and facts about Gucumatz) Gucumatz (The Aztec's (An Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent) Quetzalcoatl) are referred to as the Creators, the Makers, and the Forefathers.
		Hun Hunahpu:The father of the Maya Hero Twins Ixbalanque and Hun-Apu by a virgin.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/maya_mythology.htm (2191 words)

	FAMSI - The Kerr Articles - The Hero Twins in Veracruz
		Clearly, belief in the Hero Twins and associated mythology and cosmology was strong in Veracruz.
		Therein, the first set of twins, the father (Hun Hunahpú) and uncle (Vucub Hunahpú) of the Hero Twins, was defeated in the ballgame, tortured, and killed by the Xibalbans, or underworld gods.
		The existence of a Maya belief in a zodiac has been gleaned by Aveni (1980: 199) from a sequence of animals carved in a lintel on the eastern facade of the east wing of the Nunnery at Chichén Itzá that resembles a sequence painted on the Paris Codex (pages 23 and 24).
	www.famsi.org /research/kerr/articles/hero_twins (2030 words)

	Hun-Apu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Maya mythology, Hun-Apu or Hunahpu was a son of Hun Hunahpu and Blood Moon, and an older twin to Xbalanque; the two were the Maya Hero Twins.
		In a first attempt to dispatch the vain god, the twins attempted to sneak upon him as he was eating his meal in a tree, and shot at his jaw with a blowgun.
		The twins knew that the Xibalbans used a special ball that had a blade with which to kill them, and instead of falling for the trick Hunahpu stopped the ball with a racket and spied the blades.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Hun-Apu.htm (2900 words)

	Twins in mythology!
		He also told the farmer that the twins his wife was expecting were not ordinary children, but were possessed of great powers and were of divine origin and must have their every desire satisfied.
		The story of the Hero Twins in the Popol Vuh is a tale of a battle between the forces of good and evil.
		Utu is the son of Nanna and Ningal, the twin brother of the goddess Inanna and the god of the Sun and of Justice.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/ndi/twinmyths.html (4894 words)

	The Hero Twins In Rock Art
		The story of the Hero Twins, and their differences, is one aspect of this necessary cosmic dual action.
		The Mayan Hero Twins Myth is similar to Old World Greek mythology, in which the Greek Gods were less powerful than God, but more powerful than Man. The Twins spent their time in larger than life adventures and quests, many taking place in the Underworld.
		In all the Twin stories worldwide, there is a repeating theme of injury or death to one of the twins, losing life essence and power, and then a resurrection or rebirth taking place.
	www.angelfire.com /trek/archaeology/twins.html (367 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Spectacular Mayan Mural Discovered By Accident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Maya, one of the great civilizations of pre-Columbian America, flourished in what is now Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador and parts of Honduras and Mexico, from early Preclassic times beginning about 2000 B.C. to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.
		But the Maya had also apparently "ceremonially killed" the room, smearing the mural with mud so it would not be destroyed, he said.
		UC-Riverside's Taube said the mural depicts a core element of the Mayan religion, in which the Maya's founding Hero Twins rescue their dead father, the Corn God, who is being dressed by young maidens before he leaves the underworld.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A24206-2002Mar13?language=printer (803 words)

	Mayan Mythology Page : Creative Minds Unlimited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The picture of the Maya was dramatically altered from one of peaceful worshippers of Time to one of fierce kings who lead their warriors into numerous battles.
		The Maya of Central America at their greatest expanse covered the areas known today as the Yucatan Penninsula to the north, the modern Mexican state of Chiapas to the west, and their cultural remains can be found throughout the countries of Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.
		Such actions harken back to Maya mythology, according to which First Father Hun-Hunahpu (the ancestor of the Maya elite and father to the Hero Twins) lost a ballgame in Xibalba to the Lords of Death and he was subsequently decapitated and buried in the ballcourt of Xibalba.
	www.create.org /myth/mayamyth.htm (4607 words)

	Maya Hero Twins -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The twins were (Click link for more info and facts about Ixbalanque) Ixbalanque and (Click link for more info and facts about Hun-Apu) Hun-Apu.
		The stories of how the Hero Twins defeated the lords of Xibalba was taught as an example of how Maya people could also defeat demons in the (Life after death) afterlife.
		The Hero Twins were deft players of the (Click link for more info and facts about Mesoamerican ballgame) Mesoamerican ballgame.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Ma/Maya_Hero_Twins.htm (204 words)

	Maya mythology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maya mythology refers to the pre-Columbian Maya civilization's extensive polytheistic religionreligious beliefs.
		These Mesoamerican people followed their religion from over 3,000 years ago until the 9th century9th century, and some stories continue to be told by modern day Maya/ people as folk tales.
		After the creation story, the Popol Vuh tells of the adventures of the legendary Maya Hero Twinshero twins/, Hunahpu and Ixbalanque, in defeating the lords of Xibalba, the underworld.
	www.infothis.com /find/Maya_mythology (1726 words)

	Mayan Archeology - Chichén Itzá - The Great Ball Court Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The twins had intended to change their brothers back but each time they tried to perform the necessary magic, the grandmother would laugh at the antics and appearance of her sons and break the spell.
		The twins tricked their grandmother into going down to the river to get them water in a jog that had a small hole poked in it by an agent of the twins, a Xan (which is a small animal like a mosquito).
		Both sets of twins (the Maize God Twins and their sons, the Hero Twins) played the ballgame against the gods of the underworld and it was in the ballcourt where the Hero Twins resurrected their dead ancestors.
	www.isourcecom.com /maya/cities/chichenitza/ballcour.htm (5253 words)

	Mesoamerican_ballgame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ancient cities with particularly fine ballcourts in good states of preservation include Copán, Iximche, Monte Albán, Uxmal, and Zaculeu; the grandest ancient ballcourt of all is at Chichen Itza, measuring 166 by 68 metres.
		A second interpretation is given by guides at Chichen Itza, who assert that the prize for the winning team was to be deified by losing their heads, suposedly at the hands of the losing team.
		The Popul Vuh, what is often called "The Maya Bible", has long sections relating stories of the ritual ballgames between the Maya Hero Twins and the demonic Lords of the Xibalba.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=Mesoamerican_ballgame (432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		She convinced the hero twins’ grandmother that she was truthful and worthy.
		Their grandmother did not want the hero twins to play that game, and she gets very upset when she learns that the hero twins are going to play the same underword deities that defeated 1 and 7 Hunter.
		The twins are imprisoned in a house of knives, a house of cold, a house of jaguars, and a house of bats.
	spot.colorado.edu /~sheetsp/maya.html (1325 words)

	Creative Minds Mythology Ezine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Maya probably did go to battle in order to maintain boundaries, however the main reason warfare was so endemic in Maya society was based upon the constant need for captives, and the more higher rank a captive had, the more useful he would be.
		According to the Maya creation story, the POPOL VUH, once the Hero Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque finished with their defeat of the Lords of Death and resurrected their father Hun-Hunahpu the Maize God in the ballcourt of Xibalba, they ascended to the heavens.
		Her head was used to denote the numeral one and also as a prefix to the names of Maya noble women, which served to differentiate their names from those of male Maya nobles.
	www.create.org /myth/mayanmyths.htm (5596 words)

	Twins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ixbalanque In Maya mythology, Ixbalanque was originally a son of Hun Hunahpu and a virgin.
		She played a pair of twins who reunite their parents after a long time, and her acting earned her a special Oscar.
		The once-conjoined twins Carl and Clarence Aguirre visited their doctors Friday for a checkup and both received 1000 a clean bill of health.
	bonose.com /Twins-108.html (733 words)

	LA GRAN FIESTA
		Its origins go back to the Classical Maya, but what has come down to us was dictated to a scribe by a group of Quiche nobles in 1563 who wrote it down Latin script in the town of Quiche.
		The process itself was the message: young Maya children and their families created imaginative costumes, kites, masks, and drawings of ancient as well as newly made Maya objects to express their feelings.
		After descending to Xibalbaj the watery underworld of the Maya, the hero twins seek to revenged the death of their father who had been defeated by the lords of Xibalbaj and whose head had been suspended on a tree where it turned into a fruit.
	www.projectguggenheim.org /pg/Guatemala/PopolVuh.htm (703 words)

	Maya mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In early modern studies of Maya art and iconography, he was sometimes referred to as God M before his idenity was firmly established.
		A god of travelers and merchants, who gave offerings to him on the side of roads while traveling.
		This page was last modified 08:53, 23 Jun 2005.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ahau-Kin (1785 words)

	Encyclopedia: Maya Hero Twins
		In Maya mythology, Ixbalanque was originally a son of Hun Hunahpu and a virgin.
		The Popol Vuh (Council Book or Book of the Community; Popol Wuj in modern Quiché spelling) is the book of scripture of the Quiché, a Kingdom of the Maya civilization in Guatemala.
		Maya ceramics are important in the study of the Pre-Columbian Maya culture of Mesoamerica.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Maya-Hero-Twins (382 words)

	CHAPTER V: Myths of the Maya
		As a princess of the Underworld, it is not surprising that she should be connected with such a phenomenon, as it is from deities of that region that we usually expect the phenomena of growth to proceed.
		One of his ideas was that a certain hall among the ruins of Chichen-Itza had been built b a Queen Móo, a Maya princess who after the tragic fate of her brother-husband and the catastrophe which ended in the sinking of the continent of Atlantis fled to Egypt, where she founded the ancient Egyptian civilisation.
		She is consulting a h-men, or wise man; listening with profound attention to the decrees of fate as revealed by the cracking of the shell of an armadillo exposed to a slow fire on a brazier, the condensing on it of the vapour, and the various tints it assumes.
	www.sacred-texts.com /nam/mmp/mmp4.htm (10761 words)

	Hero Twins
		In the lore of the Quiché Maya, One and Seven Hunahpu were the first generation of hero twins.
		The Twins took the head of First Father from the tree in which it hung, and they put him back together and restored him to life.
		And then the Hero Twins, Xbalanque and Hunahpu, their heroic quest complete, ascended into the sky and became the sun and the moon.
	www.mythweb.com /teachers/why/other/hero_twins.html (1524 words)

	Amsterdam Maya Projects & Internet Resources
		Maya Creation Story, Ritual Bloodletting, Maya Cosmos, View of the Heavens, View of the Underworld and How the Maya Saw the Planet Venus.
		There is also an illustration of the Mayas contstructing their defense systems and articles on Mayan Prophecies and Maya Writing.
		While many pages are still under construction there is information on the Maya region, number systems, calendar, and excerpts from the Popol Vuh (the Maya creation story).
	www.internet-at-work.com /hos_mcgrane/maya/eg_maya_intro.html (1870 words)

	Pop, sacred mat symbol, logo of Popol Vuh Museum, part of a program of art and archaeology.
		Iconography is a specialty within either anthropology, art history, or archaeology which studies the meaning of art (usually the meaning of designs, figures, decorations on the art of a past epoch).
		The Maya and Aztec used the design of the woven mat as a symbol of kingship.
		Link to rollout of Maya vase showing Maya bat man from Tikal in honor of Ruler A. The FLAAR Photo Archive has been studying the Mayan ceramic art and hieroglyphic inscriptions in the Popol Vuh Museum for over two decades.
	maya-archaeology.org /pvhtml/PopolVuh_pop_mat_logo.html (490 words)

	DID YOU KNOW? - FACTS ABOUT MEXICO - AMALLA - A SACRED GAME
		The ballcourt was a "middleworld" between gods and humans, a battleground for the cosmic tension between life and death, good and evil, sacrifice and rebirth.
		After all, the Maya Hero Twins -- Hunahpu and Xbalanque -- had outsmarted the Lords of Death on the ballcourt by replacing a severed-head ball with a squash, which broke apart on the Lords of Death.
		Olmecs, Toltecs, Mayas, Zapotecs, Miztecs, Aztecs and others encountered their gods -- and their destinies -- on the ballcourt.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/mexfact/mexfact0200.html (456 words)

	Native Americans - Voices from the South - DesertUSA
		The great civilizations of ancient southern Mexico and Central America – or Mesoamerica – where names such as Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, Toltec, Tarascan and Aztec are written into a 3500-year history, left distinct fingerprints on the cultures of the Indians of the deserts of the southwestern U. and northern Mexico.
		For example, the Maya’s Hero Twins – pictured as two figures rendered in ceramics, bas relief and murals – outwitted evil gods and monsters and brought renewal in return for sacrifice.
		Spiritual icons such as the Hero Twins, Tlaloc and Horned Serpent figures declare their parentage, and they seem to have played roles in Anasazi beliefs which evolved from those in Mesoamerican cultures.
	www.desertusa.com /ind1/ind_new/ind5.html (2670 words)

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