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Topic: Maya calendar

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	Civilization.ca - Mystery of the Maya - Writing and hieroglyphics
		Maya glyphs represented words or syllables that could be combined to form any word or concept in the Mayan language, including numbers, time periods, royal names, titles, dynastic events, and the names of gods, scribes, sculptors, objects, buildings, places, and food.
		Maya glyphs were also painted on codices made of either deer hide or bleached fig-tree paper that was then covered with a thin layer of plaster and folded accordion-style.
		The few codices which have survived, however, are a valuable source of information about the religious beliefs of the Maya and their ritual cycle, and record information about the gods associated with each day in the Maya calendar as well as astronomical tables outlining the cycles of Venus and other celestial bodies.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/maya/mmc04eng.html (1279 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Maya calendar - Calendar Encyclopedia
		Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements to it were the most sophisticated.
		The Maya version is commonly known to scholars as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in in the revised orthography of the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
		The Maya numeral system was essentially a vigesimal one (i.e., base-20), and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Maya_calendar.htm (3485 words)

	Civilization.ca - Mystery of the Maya - Maya calendar
		The Maya calendar in its final form probably dates from about the 1st century B.C., and may originate with the Olmec civilization.
		The secular calendar of 365 days had to do primarily with the seasons and agriculture, and was based on the solar cycle.
		One of the most important roles of the calendar was not to fix dates accurately in time, however, but to correlate the actions of Maya rulers to historic and mythological events.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/maya/mmc06eng.html (1277 words)

	The Maya Civilization, Maya Numerals and Calendar - BY LUIS DUMOIS
		This means that the Maya counted from zero to nineteen before they had to move to the next order, instead of using 10 digits, from zero to nine, as we do.
		Maya numerals were written with only three symbols: a dot for one; a line, which is a five, and the glyph of a sea shell to represent zero.
		By using different means and correlations, it has been established that the year zero for the Maya calendar corresponds to the year 3113 B.C. Taking all this into account, it is clear that we now have all the necessary elements to translate long count Mayan dates to Christian dates.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/ldumois/maya/ldmayanumbers.html (970 words)

	Maya Calendar
		Calendar conversion programs are quite useful because they do the tedious arithmetic required to find an exact correlation.
		Maya civilization emerged during the pre-Classical, perhaps as early as 400 BC, but the earliest long count that is unequivocally Maya is early Classical, found on Tikal stelae 29.
		The long count and calendar round were the basic elements of the Maya calendar, used to date inscriptions and time rituals.
	members.shaw.ca /mjfinley/calnote.htm (3496 words)

	Maya calendar - The Red Pill
		The Maya calendar is a system of complex and highly developed calendars created by the Maya Civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
		The Maya believed that time was cyclical instead of the western conception of linear time.
		The Maya had a shaman priest, whose name meant day keeper, that read the Tzol’kin to predict the future.
	redpill.dailygrail.com /wiki/Maya_calendar (621 words)

	History & info - the Mayan calendar
		The pyramid was used as a calendar: four stairways, each with 91 steps and a platform at the top, making a total of 365, equivalent to the number of days in a calendar year.
		The Maya calendar was adopted by the other Mesoamerican nations, such as the Aztecs and the Toltec, which adopted the mechanics of the calendar unaltered but changed the names of the days of the week and the months.
		This use of a 0th day of the month in a civil calendar is unique to the Maya system; it is believed that the Mayas discovered the number zero, and the uses to which it could be put, centuries before it was discovered in Europe or Asia.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-mayan.html (1295 words)

	Maya Calendrics and Writing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Maya calendar is based on two separate pairs of wheels, called the Calendar Round, both tied to a linear count of days, called the Long Count, whose zero point is an unknown mythical event that occurred on August 13, 3114 BC.
		The Maya themselves regarded the zero date as only the latest in an infinite series of such zero dates, repeating every five thousand years or so (guess when the next one is!).
		For most purposes, like birthdates, accession dates, and so on, the Maya were content to give the Calendar Round date, knowing that readers could infer the particular 52-year period in which the event occurred (just as Kim would say she was born in the 50s, and assume we know it's the 1950s).
	www.well.com /user/pac/maya/mayacal.html (1948 words)

	The Classic Maya Calendar and Day Numbering System
		The lunisolar calendar, in which the ritual month is based on the Moon and the agricultural year on the Sun, was used throughout the ancient Near East (except Egypt) and Greece from the third millennium BC.
		Early calendars used either thirteen lunar months of 28 days or twelve alternating lunar months of 29 and 30 days and haphazard means to reconcile the 354/364-day lunar year with the 365-day solar year.
		This amounts to (a) selection of an origin for the initial long count, (b) selection of the calendar round corresponding to that count, and (c) correlating a specific long-count date on the Maya calendar with the corresponding date on the Gregorian calendar.
	www.eecis.udel.edu /~mills/maya.html (1343 words)

	The Maya Calendar
		The Maya did not use fractions, and thirteen is the closest whole number of lunations in a solar year, so perhaps this is the root celestial connection.
		Each day in the ceremonial calendar is given a number from one to thirteen and one of twenty names.
		This calendar was used in seasonal activities such as sowing and harvesting, for ceremonial occasions such as enthronement, and for other significant events such as military triumphs; it was also the calendar of fortune telling and divination, and is still used in that way by some Maya today.
	www.rightreading.com /mayan/maya_calendar.htm (876 words)

	Maya Calendar Corrected - Piedras Negras - Halley's Comet
		Maya scholars have failed to adjust the continuous count of solar days of the Maya Long Count to a "longer" count including intercalation for the tropical year.
		The Maya date is correlated to the alleged foundation of Merida, Yucatan on November 14, 1539 close to the date of the Long Count Maya katun 11.16.0.0.0 = 11 baktuns, 16 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 uinals, and 0 kins.
		The current Maya chronology includes a spectacular event called the Entrada of 378, for the arrival at Tikal of a lord called Siayaj K'ak' (meaning and translated "Fire Born" by the Mayanolgists), dated to January 31, 378 by the Mayanologists.
	www.lexiline.com /lexiline/lexi75.htm (1890 words)

	Mayan-Calendar.com-- The 2007 Mayan Calendar Page
		This year’s calendar features Maya palaces from two perspectives: as the buildings appear today, and as the Maya themselves saw life in the royal courts and recorded it on painted ceramics.
		In the scenes of palace life on Maya vases, we see that the empty rooms in the ruins were richly furnished with draperies, animal skins, cushions, mats, mirrors, dishes, and food.
		The 2007 Mayan Calendar takes us back to the times of the ancients, putting the lives we see on the pottery into the rooms we see in the ruins.
	www.mayan-calendar.com /calendar.html (215 words)

	Will the world end in 2012? The Mayan Calendar says yes
		Maya math uses only three symbols - a shell-shaped glyph for zero, a dot for one and a bar for five to represent units from zero to 19.
		Yet the Maya were comfortable enough with it to use a shell as its symbol, a tangible object representing an abstract concept.
		This calendar’s primary purpose was to keep track of the seasons, for seasonal and solar events would occur on roughly the same day of each year.
	survive2012.com /why_2012_maya.php (4379 words)

	The Maya Calendar
		The Maya did not use fractions, and thirteen is the closest whole number of lunations in a solar year, so perhaps this is the root celestial connection.
		Each day in the ceremonial calendar is given a number from one to thirteen and one of twenty names.
		This calendar was used in seasonal activities such as sowing and harvesting, for ceremonial occasions such as enthronement, and for other significant events such as military triumphs; it was also the calendar of fortune telling and divination, and is still used in that way by some Maya today.
	www.buriedmirror.com /maya-calendar.htm (876 words)

	Why 2012?
		The later Maya certainly attributed much mythological significance to the beginning date, relating it to the birth of their deities, but it now seems certain that the placement of the Long Count hinges upon its calculated end point.
		Schele demonstrates that it wasn't a Pole Star that the Maya mythologized in this regard, it was the unmarked polar "dark region" symbolizing death and the underworld around which everything was observed to revolve.
		The Maya today are quite aware of this feature; the Quich» Maya call it xibalba be (the "road to Xibalba") and the Chorti Maya call it the "camino de Santiago".
	www.levity.com /eschaton/Why2012.html (4477 words)

	.:. Maya Calendar .:. ASTRAL TRAVELER .:.
		Some of these calendars go back as far as ten million years and are so complex that an astronomer, astrologer, geologist, and mathematician would be needed just to work out the calculations.
		The Tzolk'in is the Sacred calendar of the Maya and is based on the cycles of the Pleiades.
		The calendar consisted of 18 months with 20 days (numbered 0-19) and a short "month" of only 5 days that was called the Wayeb and was considered to be a dangerous time.
	www.astraltraveler.com /calendars/maya.html (1742 words)

	THE MAYA EXPLORER
		The ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica developed accurate written calendars and of these, the calendar of the Maya is the most sophisticated.
		All these Maya calendarical counts are written using a combination of numbers and glyphs.
		This calendar is based on the yearly journey of the Earth around the Sun in 365 days.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004577/calendar.php3 (323 words)

	Mayan Calendar
		Sensing a practical aspect to these observations, systems of calendars were devised that allowed a suitable adaptation of the heavenly order to their social system.
		To have a calendar is a world-wide necessity and in this aspect the Maya has excelled: one small example is that our calendar, which is known as the Gregorian calendar, accumulates an error of one day every 4000 years, however the Mayan calendar accumulates one day every 5000 years.
		The Mayan calendar, considered one of the most exact in the world, is noted for the accomplishment of using the vigesimal system of base twenty.
	www.mayanworld.com (1361 words)

	THE MAYA CALENDAR
		It may also help to recall that weekdays go through a cycle that has nothing to do with astronomy or the position of the sun and earth and that 1997 really means 1 period of 1000 years, plus 9 periods of 100 years, plus 9 periods of 10 years plus 7 periods of 1 year.
		The Maya thought that the world was created and destroyed 3 times and we are in the latest creation.
		The CALENDAR ROUND is the 52 year cycle when there is a repeat of the 260 day Tzolk'n almanac and the 365 day haab or vague year (a real year is about 1/4 of a day longer).
	www.angelfire.com /ca/humanorigins/calendarsystem.html (546 words)

	Cultural Calendars -- The Calendar Zone
		The lunar calendar was used to determine feasting or fasting days, and the solar calendar to mark the passing of days, months, and years.
		Maya Calendar -- The Maya Calendar was the center of Maya life and their greatest achievement.
		Maya Calendar Converter with Graphics -- Converts from the Gregorian calendar to the Maya Long Count, Tzolkin and Haab calendars, and finds the Lord of the Night.
	www.calendarzone.com /Cultural (1600 words)

	Maya Calendar and Cosmology
		Secondly, one solution to the difficulties in reconstructing the adjustment mechanisms of the Maya Venus Calendar, is to simply identify the next time that a morningstar appearance of Venus corresponds with the traditional tzolkin date One Ahau, which was known as the Sacred Day of Venus.
		The truth is that an unbroken calendar tradition survives in the Highlands of Guatemala; this tzolkin count placement is the same one followed at the Classic Maya cities, and makes December 21, 2012 A.D. equivalent to 4 Ahau in the tzolkin calendar.
		The How and Why of the Mayan Calendar End-Date in 2012 A.D. This is the historic article, published in 1994, that first connected the end-date alignment with known concepts among the Maya.
	edj.net /mc2012/mayans.htm (1274 words)

	Graphic Maya Calendar Converter
		To keep track of this large and growing number the Maya counted days or kins, uinals (which are 20 kins), tuns (which are 18 uinals), katuns (which are 20 tuns), and baktuns (which are 20 katuns).
		The Julian calendar is used for dates before 4 October 1582 and the Gregorian calendar is used for dates after 4 October 1582.
		I have noticed that a number of Maya Calendar Converters on the WEB have not carefully differentiated between Julian and Gregorian Calendars and zero year and non zero year use.
	users.hartwick.edu /hartleyc/mayacalendar/mayacalendar.html (1051 words)

	Mayan Calendars, Tzolk'in, Long, Haab' - Crystalinks
		Among other calendars devised in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica, two of the most widely used were the 365-day solar calendar (Haab' in Mayan) and the 260-day ceremonial calendar, which had 20 periods of 13 days.
		The Tzolk'in, the most fundamental and widely-attested of all the Maya calendars, was based in the 26,000-year cycle of the Pleiades, and was a pre-eminent component in the society and rituals of the ancient Maya.
		The Maya used several cycles of days, of which the two most important were the Tzolk'in, or Sacred Round of 260 days and the approximate solar year of 365 days or Haab.
	www.crystalinks.com /mayancalendar.html (741 words)

	Jim Lutz/BolaMan - Maya Glyph Jewelry
		The language of the maya was created over time from the verbal to the written as in all languages.
		While a frog may or may not have been what the maya meant to represent, frogs are unique in that a human can witness the development of the frog from fertile egg to adult in a short period of time and is often used as a symbol for fertility and birth in many cultures.
		They are used by the maya to record time intervals on the long count calendar which is their record of the total number of days since the beginning of the maya calendar in 3114 BC.
	www.clearlight.com /bolaman/mayaglph.htm (1791 words)

	Maya Calendar Overview
		THE CALENDAR ROUND The Maya concatenate the Tzolkin and the Haab, meshing the 260-day Tzolkin with the 365-day Haab; this results in a set of combinations which will not repeat for about 52 years and is known as the Calendar Round (Coe, 1992, p62); in our example, this would be "2 Kan 2 Yax".
		A specific Calendar Round date, such as 2 Kan 2 Yax, or 4 Ahaw 8 Kumk'u will repeat once every 18,980 days; the first day of this 52-year Calendar Round, 1 Imix 0 Poph, was both a time of celebration of renewal and a relief that life did not end with the previous day.
		The Calendar Round, as a combination of the Tzolkin and the Haab, came into existence way before the rest of the calendrics were added to it, maybe as early as 500 B.C., in Oaxaca (Justeson, 198x, p79).
	www.astras-stargate.com /calendar.html (1083 words)

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