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	Maya Civilization - MSN Encarta
		Maya astronomers observed the movements of the sun, moon, and planets, made astronomical calculations, and devised almanacs (calendars combined with astronomical observations).
		Maya rulers, who were often depicted on stelae (carved stone monuments) carrying weapons, attempted to capture and sacrifice one another for ritual and political purposes.
		A Maya nobleman wore an embroidered cotton loincloth trimmed with feathers; a robe of cotton, jaguar skin, or feathers; sandals; and an elaborate feather headdress that was sometimes as large as himself.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576077/Maya_Civilization.html (2023 words)

	Maya civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maya civilization is regarded as the most technologically advanced of all pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas.
		Maya civilization also produced numerous texts using the bark of certain trees in a "book-format", called a codex.
		The Maya configured constellations of gods and places, saw the unfolding of narratives in their seasonal movements, and believed that the intersection of all possible worlds was in the night sky.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maya_civilization (5979 words)

	Your Mexico Cruises - Maya Civilization of Mexico
		Maya Civilization, an ancient Native American culture that represented one of the most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphere before the arrival of Europeans.
		The Maya built massive stone pyramids, temples, and sculpture and accomplished complex achievements in mathematics and astronomy, which were recorded in hieroglyphs (a pictorial form of writing).
		Maya Civilization The Maya civilization encompassed all of the Yucatán Peninsula in present-day Mexico and parts of present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
	www.your-mexico-cruises.com /mexico_culture/maya_civilization.htm (221 words)

	Civilization.ca - Mystery of the Maya - Maya civilization
		The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica.
		When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.
		Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/maya/mmc01eng.html (338 words)

	Maya Mayan
		The Maya were accomplished astronomers, they kept astronomic almanacs and eclipse tables which the priests and nobles used to determine dates important to the Mayan Zodiac (depicted as a double headed serpent in their artwork), as well as, the solstices and the equinoxes.
		Maya writing was comprised of a complex system of phonetics and pictographs, Mayan writings in stucco, stone, and pottery remain but only four of the bark paper codices survived the Spanish book burnings.
		Hunabku was the Maya Deity Chieftain, god of the gods, and head of the Mayan Pantheon who helped the Maya and other Mesoamericans to rebuild after several massive cultural destructions of their homes and hearths.
	www.spiritsongs.org /Maya_Mayan_Ancient_Civilization.htm (5351 words)

	The Mayas
		The culture of the Mayas, however, has little changed from the classic period to the modern period, for Maya culture was largely tribal and rural all throughout the Classic period.
		What distinguishes Classic from post-Classic Maya culture was the importance of urban centers and their structures in the religious life of the Mayas and the extent of literate culture.
		Life for the Mayas did not really change drastically after the decline of their cities, for the cities were central only in their ceremonial life.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAMRCA/MAYAS.HTM (1920 words)

	Mayan Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The ancient Maya civilization occupied the eastern third of Mesoamerica, primarily the Yucatan Peninsula.
		The son of Maya archaeologists George and Gene Stuart, he made his first trip to Maya ruins at the age of three, and by 1984, at 18, was so skilled at deciphering glyphs that he became the youngest recipient ever of a MacArthur Foundation "genius" grant.
		Maya weavers embroider their wares with diamond motifs that are virtually identical to the cosmological patterns depicted on the lintels of ancient temples at Yaxchilan and other Maya sites.
	www.indians.org /welker/maya.htm (6103 words)

	jewelryatyourhome.com: The Maya civilization
		The Maya civilization is a historical Mesoamerican civilization, which extended throughout the northern Central American region which includes the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and El Salvador, as well as the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán.
		The Maya configured constellations of gods and places, saw the unfolding of narratives in their seasonal movements, and believed that the intersection of all possible worlds was in the night sky.
		Maya rulers figured prominently in many religious rituals and often were required to practice bloodletting, such as using sculpted bone or jade instruments to perforate their penises, or drawing thorn-studded ropes through their tongues.
	www.jewelryatyourhome.com (1399 words)

	Civilization.ca - Mystery of the Maya - Maya calendar
		The Maya calendar in its final form probably dates from about the 1st century B.C., and may originate with the Olmec civilization.
		It is extremely accurate, and the calculations of Maya priests were so precise that their calendar correction is 10,000th of a day more exact than the standard calendar the world uses today.
		The Maya solar new year is thought to have begun sometime in our present-day month of July, with the Maya month of Pop.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/maya/mmc06eng.html (1277 words)

	Mayan History - Crystalinks
		The first true civilization was established with the rise of the Olmecs in the Pre-Classic period 1500 BC -300 AD.
		In consequence of this civil war a part of the Itzá emigrated south to Lake Petén, in Guatemala, where they established a kingdom with their capital and sacred city of Flores Island in the lake.
		The Mayansn civilization was the height of pre-Columbian culture.
	www.crystalinks.com /mayanhistory.html (3658 words)

	CULTUREFOCUS: Ancient Maya. Pictures and history of Tikal, Palenque, Chichen Itza.
		The Maya of central America reached remarkable intellectual and artistic heights during the Classic period of their great civilization, between around AD 250 and 900.
		During the Classic period of the Maya civilization, the great city of Tikal thrived in dense lowland jungle of what is now part of Guatemala.
		While Maya civilization was collapsing in the central and southern lowlands toward the end of the Classic period, it continued to flourish further north in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.
	www.culturefocus.com /guatemala.htm (1017 words)

	Archaeology of the ancient Mayan civilization of Mesoamerica - The Maya Culture
		The Maya civilization was never united under one governing body like the Aztec.
		The Maya vision of the universe is divided into multiple levels, above and below earth, positioned within the four directions of north, south, east and west.
		The Maya developed several unique building innovations, including the corbel arch which was a false arch achieved by stepping each successive block, from opposite sides, closer to the center, and capped at the peak.
	www.jaguar-sun.com /maya.html (657 words)

	Menu: MayaPages Organized by Topic
		The Maya are not gone--Chiapas Maya in Mexico have been much in the news, and more than 10,000 Guatemalan Mayan refugees from the terror live in the U.S., while the war there against indigenous people goes on.
		uch of the study of their past civilization focuses on their sciences and mathematics, for a long time all that could be deciphered of their jungle-choked stone cities.
		Rigoberta, as many must surely know, had her whole family slaughtered, and she herself was raped and tortured and left for dead by the genocidal military regime of Guatemala, which attempted to prevent her Nobel award and has made many attempts to assassinate her.
	www.kstrom.net /isk/maya/maya.html (758 words)

	TIMELINE: Mayan Kids.com
		The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived.
		Maya highlands are under the domination of Teotihuacán The end of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the region
		Maya cities in the northern Yucatán continue to thrive.
	www.mayankids.com /timeline2.htm (445 words)

	The Maya Civilization, Cities of the Maya - BY LUIS DUMOIS
		The material splendor of the Maya culture is appreciated, more than in any other field, in the architecture and ornamentation of their cities.
		Many Maya cities and ceremonial centres have been discovered, some of which appear in our map of the Mayan country, from the now Mexican states of Campeche and Yucatán down to Honduras in Central America.
		Tulum, which means wall in the Maya tongue, is the modern name for the city of Zamá, this last meaning Sunrise.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/ldumois/maya/ldmayacity.html (2047 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Maya
		Once considered an unsolvable enigma, recent advances in the decipherment of the Maya writing system has not only shed light on the mechanics of the script, but also on the socio-political, artistic, and historical aspects of Maya civilization.
		In reality, Maya glyphs are read in "paired columns", meaning that the first glyph block is on the top left, the second is immediately to the right of the first, the third is under the first, the fourth under the second, and so forth.
		The Mayas, on the other hand, heard the syllables "ah", "beh", "seh" (as "a", "b" and "c" would be pronounced in Spanish), and so forth, and naturally gave the glyphs with these phonetic values.
	www.ancientscripts.com /maya.html (1830 words)

	Drought: A Paleo Perspective -- Mayan, Hodell
		During this time period, known by archaeologists as the Classic Collapse of the Maya civilization, many southern cities were abandoned and most cultural activities ceased.
		The Maya, never able to regain their cultural or geographical prominence, were assimilated into other Mesoamerican civilizations until the time of the Spanish Conquest in 1530 AD.
		The Maya Hiatus was marked by a sharp decline in monument carving, abandonment in some areas and social upheaval.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/drought/drght_mayan.html (529 words)

	The Construction of the Codex In Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization
		The Maya named their paper huun, and saw it as a writing surface when they appropriated their bark-cloth tunics as a possible means of transmitting information: “early in their history the Mayas produced a kind of tapa cloth from the inner bark of certain trees.
		As in European cabalistic thinking during the same time period, the Maya believed that to name a thing was to have power over it; likewise, the ability to keep records that encompassed learning beyond the span of one lifetime allowed the Maya to profit from their past.
		In his 1977 study of the patron gods of Maya scribes, the present writer was able to recognize that these supernaturals sometimes held a writing implement in one hand and in the other an ink or paint container consisting of a conch shell cut in half lengthwise.
	www.mathcs.duq.edu /~tobin/maya (15467 words)

	Maya Civilization :: Mexico :: Mexico Destination Guide :: Travel to Mexico
		The Maya are people of southern Mexico and northern Central America (Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and El Salvador) with some 3,000 years of history.
		The Maya were part of the Mesoamerican Pre-Columbian cultures.
		Contrary to popular myth, the Maya people never "disappeared." Millions still live in the region, and many of them still speak one of the Maya family of languages.
	maya-civilization.mexico-travelers.com (515 words)

	incongems.net: The Maya civilization
		The period between 250 A.D. and 650 A.D. saw an intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments.
		The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent, and made innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and writing that became the pinnacle of Mexico's scientific achievements.
		Maya influences can be detected as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km from their homelands.
	www.incongems.net /maya-civilization.htm (728 words)

	Maya and Pre-Columbian Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fundación Agri-Cultura, described as healing the wounds of the civil war in Guatemala, its stated goals are "to promote peace, the Maya cultural heritage, sustainable development, and preservation of the environment through both action and education, and by encouraging cooperation among organizations involved in these areas.
		Maya Exploration Center (MEC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of ancient Maya civilization.
		Maya Hieroglyphics Data Base site features a translation and analysis of four codices painted by Maya scribes before the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.
	www.mostlymaya.com /Otherlinks.html (3477 words)

	[No title]
		An unprecedented collaboration of archeologists, Maya villagers and Guatemalan authorities has resulted in the recovery of a magnificent Maya altar stone that was carved in 796 AD and sheds new light on the collapse of the classic Maya civilization.
		By the Late Formative, the lowland Maya had begun to shape a civilization that was to become the greatest in the New World.
		All Maya archaeology since then has been based on the premise that this remarkable civilization was of native American inspiration and origin.
	www.lycos.com /info/maya-civilization--miscellaneous.html (551 words)

	Classic Maya Research Guide
		Center for Maya Research: "The Center for Maya Research (CMR) is a not-for-profit educational organization founded by George Stuart in 1984.
		Institute of Maya Studies: "The Institute of Maya Studies, Inc. (IMS) is a non-profit organization founded in 1971 and is affiliated with the Miami Museum of Science.
		Maya Society of Minnesota: "The Maya Society of Minnesota is a non-profit, member supported organization, founded in 1978 by individuals interested in learning more, and promulgating knowledge, about Mesoamerican peoples and cultures which flourished before the Spanish conquest."
	astro.temple.edu /~dcm/maya.htm (1554 words)

	Unmasking the Maya: The Past, page1
		The Maya forged strong political and commercial alliances with the civilizations of central Mexico.
		The friars condemned Maya hieroglyphic writing -- the most complex phonetic script in the world -- as the work of the devil.
		After 500 years of silence, Sna Jtz’ibajom is reviving the literary and cultural legacy of their ancestors, preserving the history of their “Fathers-Mothers” for future generations.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/maya/pastpage1.html (273 words)

	The Maya Calendar - Understanding the Maya
		It is the enormous progress in the decipherment of the Maya hieroglyphic script since 1979 which enables us to read, if as yet not everything, but sufficiently large portions of those texts in order to understand what these people were actually after.
		There are large and important sectors of the overall cultural heritage of the preconquest Maya that are simply missing from these dictionaries: all things dealing with the ancient cult are largely spared from the vocabularies, and the Maya calendar was part of their religion.
		Maybe it is for this reason that Maya scholars of the past and present have always been tempted to reconstruct, remodel and refurbish the ancient Maya acoording to their personal views, assumptions, and prejudices.
	www.mayacalendar.com /mayacalendar/undstmaya.html (738 words)

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