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Topic: Maya codices

	Mayan Writing - Codices - Crystalinks
		The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphics from a vague superficial resemblance to the Egyptian writing, to which it is not related) was a combination of phonetic symbols and ideograms.
		With the decipherment of the Maya script it was discovered that the Maya were one of the few civilizations where artists attached their name to their work.
		Maya writing was composed of recorded inscriptions on stone and wood and used within architecture.
	www.crystalinks.com /mayanwriting.html (583 words)

	Mayan Archeology - The Maya - General Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To the north, the Maya region is bounded by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the southern boarder would be marked by the Lempa river in western El-Salvadore, and the Ulua river in western Honduras.
		The Maya began to incorporate some of their sacred imagery and religious icons into these temples that resembled man-made mountains which is the imagery the Maya were aiming for.
		The Maya also had a strong oral tradition where learning and tradition was passed down through the generations through word of mouth, which was strengthened after the destruction of their codices by the Spaniards.
	www.isourcecom.com /maya/themaya/whowere.htm (3504 words)

	Portable Planetariums Home More than a Portable Planetarium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Maya configured constellations of gods and places, saw the unfolding of narratives in their seasonal movements, and believed that the intersection of all possible worlds was in the night sky.
		Maya rulers figured prominently in many religious rituals and often were required to practice bloodletting, such as using sculpted bone or jade instruments to perforate their penises, or drawing thorn-studded ropes through their tongues.
		The Maya version is commonly known to scholars as the Tzolkin, or Tzolk'in in the revised orthography of the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala[2].
	www.planetarios.com /mayan.htm (5816 words)

	The Construction of the Codex In Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization
		The Maya named their paper huun, and saw it as a writing surface when they appropriated their bark-cloth tunics as a possible means of transmitting information: “early in their history the Mayas produced a kind of tapa cloth from the inner bark of certain trees.
		Of the thousands of codices mentioned in the glyphic records of the Maya and the inventories of Spanish conquistadors, all but four partial examples were burned as suspected satanic manuals, thrown to the bottom of the ocean in ship raids, or moldered into dust in hot and humid storage conditions.
		The paper in the two codices that I have examined personally varies from a nondescript grey in the case of the Dresden Codex--rather like cheap cardboard--to a light to brownish tan in the case of the Grolier Codex, but that may be a result of the aging process.
	www.mathcs.duq.edu /~tobin/maya (15467 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Information in the Maya codices is formatted in one of two ways—what epigraphers call tables and almanacs.
		Codical almanacs such as those illustrated above, therefore, allowed Maya priests or daykeepers to schedule the same haab' ritual for a series of years over the course of a 52-year period.
		Not all almanacs in the Maya codices are formatted in terms of an initial column of tzolk'in dates followed by discrete frames associated with a single distance number and coefficient.
	www.mayacodices.org /codex2/almanacs.asp (1541 words)

	Mayan Codices
		The Maya ideograms were strange to the European missionaries who, motivated by curiosity, undertook the task of gathering all the codices they could find and deciphering them with the help of interpreters.
		It is linked to the Yucatecan Maya in Chichén Itzá, the extraordinary ancient Maya city situated in the north of the Yucatán Peninsula.
		Using color to illustrate the codices was not done for ornamental purposes; on the contrary, tones and shades were highly symbolic, as the Maya gave a special meaning to each color, which they related with deities, nature and the cosmos.
	www.mayadiscovery.com /ing/history/codices.htm (1955 words)

	Maya codices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maya codices (singular codex) are books written by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, using the Maya hieroglyphic script.
		Such codices were primary written records of Maya civilization, together with the many inscriptions on stone monuments and stelae which survive to the present day.
		This fourth authenticated Maya codex was said to have been found in a cave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maya_codices (757 words)

	GOULD1.HTM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Classic Period of the Maya civilization, the golden age, carried on for at least 650 years, ending in 900 A.D. The great cities of the southern lowlands of the Maya territory were constructed of limestone masonry and included stone monuments, such as pyramids, to house the remains of the dynastic rulers.
		Finally he was fixated with a view that the Maya were descended from the inhabitants of the lost continent of Atlantis and, in attempting to prove this point, he twisted the meaning of the Maya text to comport with his theory.
		As to the Maya text, Thompson, being an ardent anti-phoneticist, contended that the inscriptions on the monuments, the Maya glyphs, did not reflect a spoken language but rather were idiographs which related to mystical and mythological occurrences and astronomical and calendrical events.
	www.chilit.org /GOULD1.HTM (4731 words)

	mainmaya
		Authentic Maya traditions of augury and prophecy were based on calendrical and astronomical cycles.
		Despite a lot of on-line publicity for other correlations between the Maya calendar and the European calendar, most of the evidence supports the correlation originally proposed by Joseph Goodman, the newspaper man who gave Mark Twain his first writing job.
		The oldest records of Maya astronomy are the lunar series glyphs that report the phase of the moon.
	members.shaw.ca /mjfinley/mainmaya.html (754 words)

	Xibalba of the Maya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Maya writing takes the form of glyphs which translate into certain syllable sounds, and excellent links explaining this are below.
		The Classic Maya lavished great attention on their royal dead, who almost surely were thought of as descended from the gods and partaking of their divine essence.
		Classic Maya funerary ceramics show that this dark land was ruled by a number of gods, including several sinister old men often embellished with jaguar emblems, the jaguar being associated with the night and the nether regions.
	papagei.us /styx/maya.htm (710 words)

	Mayan Gods and Goddesses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Maya expected the Muluc years to be the greatest years, because the god presiding over these years was the greatest of the Bacab gods.
		In pre-Conquest codices, or manuscripts, the god of death is frequently depicted with the god of war in scenes of human sacrifice.
		Cizin is often depicted on pottery and illustrated in the codices in the form of a dancing skeleton, holding a smoking cigarette.
	papagei.us /styx/mayangods.htm (737 words)

	A Maya Glossary - Maya Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Maya kings frequently listed one of the titles as being a ball-player.
		Maya books were composed in a fan-fold manner with paper coated with lime.
		A Maya technique of measuring time that designates a Katun that a particular event occurred in.
	www.mayainfo.org /glossary/default.asp (447 words)

	Latin American Studies - Tulane University
		The Yucatán Peninsula is unique in the Maya world in having a continuous literary tradition dating from the prehispanic to the contemporary period.
		The 2004 Tulane Maya Symposium and Workshop began with a keynote address by Dr. Anthony F. Aveni entitled "The Sky in Mayan Literature." Saturday’s program included lectures on hieroglyphic texts from the Classic and Postclassic periods, Colonial period native literature, and indigenous texts from the 19th and 20th centuries.
		Featured in the exhibition were rubbings of Classic period texts, facsimiles of Postclassic Maya codices, handwritten documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, multiple editions of four books of Chilam Balam (those from Chumayel, Chan Kan, Kaua, and Mani), and twentieth-century examples of Maya literature.
	stonecenter.tulane.edu /MayaSymposium/Maya04/index.htm (625 words)

	Latin American Studies - Tulane University
		Although hundreds or perhaps thousands of codices existed at that time, only three or four are known to have survived to the present day—the Dresden, Paris, Madrid, and Grolier codices (the authenticity of the Grolier Codex has been in dispute since it was discovered in the 1960s in a cave in Chiapas, Mexico).
		The positioning of these heavenly bodies, conceptualized by the Maya as deities, provided a means of determining auspicious and inauspicious days for various activities and formed the basis for prophecies relating to rainfall and agriculture.
		Moreover, Landa did not destroy the last of the Maya codices as is commonly believed, nor did his efforts hamper their continued use.
	stonecenter.tulane.edu /MayaSymposium/Maya04/abstracts04.htm (1007 words)

	Primary Sources of Maya History - Part Three - Maya Hieroglyphs, Maya Calendrics, and Pseudo-science. MEXICAN HISTORY - ...
		In view of the many pseudo-scientific accounts of the Maya to which the public is exposed in articles, books, and via the Internet, it may be useful to present here some of the current facts and fantasies about the Maya.
		According to Maya calculations, which we shall not go into here, the present age is destined to end in A.D.2012, a date which some popular writers have invested with spectacular consequences for the human race.
		However, in Maya studies when a writer states unequivocally that everybody but he, the writer, is totally wrong and only he has the ultimate answer, warning bells should go off in your mind.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/travel/rabarnett/rab0606.html (1584 words)

	Maya Underworld @ National Geographic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hear the 1959 recording of the Maya purification rite, "The Reverent Message to the Lords," with an introduction by anthropologist George Stuart, president of the Center for Maya Research.
		The extant Maya codices are illustrated hieroglyphic works painted in colored inks on long strips of the treated inner bark of fig trees and pleated accordion-style.
		The center's purpose is to encourage research in Maya anthropology and art history, including archaeology, epigraphy, ethnohistory, ethnology, and linguistics; publish educational materials and research findings with a focus on Maya writing; and conduct small-scale research projects.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0411/feature2/index.html (1532 words)

	Cities of the Ancient Maya - Books - Maya Codices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Maya codices are a collection of "books" written by the Maya after the conquest.
		All codices escaped the destruction intended for them by Friar Diego de Landa in the 1500's, likely having been hidden until they were uncovered and handed over to museums for preservation.
		The Grolier Codex is the subject of some debate, having been suspected of being a fake and not produced by the Maya at all.The remaining pages are badly damaged and the exact location of the book is unknown.
	www.isourcecom.com /maya/books/codices.htm (290 words)

	Precolumbian Society Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The idea that Maya almanacs could be structured in terms of the 52-year calendar marks a radical departure from previous interpretations that they represent 260-day repeating cycles.
		This model may be extrapolated to other almanacs in the Maya codices that (1) include repetitive iconography in each frame and (2) can be associated with ethnohistoric descriptions of haab' rituals.
		Vail is the co-editor of “Papers on the Madrid Codex” (MARI, 1997) and of a forthcoming volume (co-edited with Anthony Aveni) Decoding a Postclassic Maya Document: New Approaches to the Study of the Madrid Codex.
	www.mostlymaya.com /PCS.html (675 words)

	codex
		Maya Hieroglyphic Codices Project has backround information on the codices, and a searchable data-base of illustations and texts of the codices.
		Unlike the Classical inscriptions, which are mainly concerned with events in the lives of kings, the codices are what Bruce Love has called "priest's handbooks." They are filled with information needed to time rituals and make auguries.
		Astronomical tables are an important part of at least three of the surviving codices.
	members.shaw.ca /mjfinley/codex.html (1188 words)

	Ancient Mesoamerican Writing (sans frames)
		Maya Hieroglyphic Writing preserves a vast body of material, and is the only one thought to represent a fully enunciated phonetic script.
		There are fewer than twenty codices that are written in a purely native style on bark paper or animal skin.
		The documentation and study of the Borgia group codices will be a key area for content at this web site.
	pages.prodigy.net /gbonline/ancwrite-old.html (632 words)

	Realms of the Sacred in Daily Life: Early Written Records of Mesoamerica
		At the height of their civilization, the Maya had developed exceptionally advanced mathematical systems, achieving the use of the zero and place notation.
		Their knowledge of mathematics was tied directly to their sophisticated calendric and astronomical systems, which in turn were inextricably linked to the Maya religion.
		Exhibiting the finest quality of draftsmanship of all the Maya códices, the Dresden is the major source supporting the Maya reputation as skilled astronomers.
	www.lib.uci.edu /libraries/exhibits/meso/maya2.html (631 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Aveni, Skywatchers
		Maya astronomy is too important to be left to the astronomers.
		Maya archaeologist Sir Eric Thompson once suggested that one could understand Maya astronomy only by "getting into the skin" of the Maya priest-astronomer.
		The late Linda Schele (foremost leader in the quest to crack the Maya code) and her collaborators made astronomy the centerpiece of one of the most important works on the Maya (Freidel, Schele, and Parker 1993).
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exavesk2.html (4128 words)

	The Maya - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
		A theme running through the article is that Maya astronomy can only be understood in its religious or cultural context, because astronomical events had to be made to occur on certain days of non-astronomical cycles.
		As the author points out, his versions of Maya arithmetic may not be historically accurate---The main source on the subject, Father Diego de Landa (1524--1579), burned many of the existing Mayan manuscripts because he considered them heretical.
		Groemer, H. The symmetries of frieze ornaments in Maya architecture.
	math.truman.edu /~thammond/history/TheMaya.html (1762 words)

	Maya Codices
		The Maya were an American Indian people that developed a magnificent civilization that flourished for hundreds of years.
		The heart of the Maya civilization was in the tropical rain forest of the lowlands of northern Guatemala.
		Maya cities served as centers where the people gathered for important events like markets and religious festivals.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/illustration_and_illumination/85230 (559 words)

	GBonline \| Maya Codices
		Commentarios al Codice Dresde restores the pages to their original order in screenfold format, and is sold with the Thompson's text in Spanish translation as a two volume set.
		The reproduction available from Graz is a reconstruction using the Forstemann lithographs created in the late 1800s, and hand coloring extrapolated from the two pages that are visible in the current glass case.
		The relatively thin bibliography of recent books published on any of the Maya codices was updated by Bruce Love's The Paris Codex : Handbook for a Maya Priest.
	pages.prodigy.com /GBonline/awmayac.html (1146 words)

	WAYEB - Conferences & Events - European Maya Conference - Past Events - 8th EMC
		Palenque, situated in the southwestern periphery of the Maya lowlands, is one of the most spectacular Maya sites.
		Maya codices are glyphic books composed of folded amate paper, and constitute a valuable primary source for the study of several aspects of ancient Maya culture.
		In this workshop, we will analyse various texts from the codices Dresden, Madrid, and Paris making use of the linguistic approach, as well as other fields of knowledge such as iconography and astronomy.
	www.wayeb.org /emc08.htm (691 words)

	Last Great Capital of the Maya
		In the mid-1400s, Mayapán, a vast and powerful Maya political center in Yucatán, was destroyed by a violent revolt spurred by fear of Aztec mercenaries living in the city.
		But despite Spanish and native accounts of Mayapán's former importance, it appeared to the archaeologists to be a shoddily planned cultural backwater, its buildings and artwork poor imitations of those at the grand capital of Chichén Itzá nearby.
		Some effigy censers seem inspired by a marriage of Maya and Central Mexican themes and gods such as the Howler Monkey Scribe, which resembles both a Classic Maya deity and the Aztec god Xochipilli.
	www.archaeology.org /0503/abstracts/mayapan.html (567 words)

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