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Topic: McMurdo crater

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	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit
		The McMurdo panorama is providing team members with key pieces of scientific and topographic information for choosing where to continue Spirit's exploration adventure.
		This bright material is evidence of sulfur-rich salty minerals in the subsurface, which may provide clues about the watery past of this part of Gusev Crater.
		The left-eye and right-eye mosaics combined into this anaglyph were generated from a hybrid combination of the Pancam's near-infrared and blue filters to bring out details that are otherwise visible only in some of the filters.
	marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery/press/spirit/20061025a.html (2752 words)

	McMurdo, Antarctica
		Crater Hill is in the background to the left.
		Most of the buildings in McMurdo were made, of course, for the cold weather including having doors which were exactly like your basic walk-in freezer doors.
		Erebus can't be seen from McMurdo because of the hills north of town...or south...how about the hills between McMurdo and Mt. Erebus.
	www.passcal.nmt.edu /~bob/passcal/antarctica/ant03.htm (569 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		A color 360-degree panorama released today -- produced from the most detailed imaging yet completed by either Spirit or its twin, Opportunity -- shows rugged terrain of the robot's current location amid a range of hills.
		Spirit has been examining the surroundings for several months while perched with a tilt to the north for maximum solar energy during winter in Mars' southern hemisphere.
		Spirit landed inside Mars' Gusev Crater on Jan. 3, 2004, PST (Jan. 4 Universal Time).
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2006-133 (212 words)

	Dictionary of Antarctic slang
		Of the three airstrips serving McMurdo and Scott Base, it is by far the furthest away and least used.
		The old name for the "McMurdo Ground Station", a large dome just downhill from Arrival Heights, built in the 1994-1995 season to collect data from a satellite that has not been launched as of the end of the 1995-1996 season.
		For regular "wall time" McMurdo follows Chch, which is GMT+12 hours in the winter, GMT+13 in the summer (even though the sun never sets in the summer and there is no night to save the daylight from).
	penguincentral.com /MCMslang.html (5480 words)

	McMurdo Station Antarctica
		McMurdo Station is the largest research station in Antarctica, and also the central staging station for the U.S. Antarctic Program.
		All US inland stations are resupplied through McMurdo, which in turn is supplied through flights from Christchurch, New Zealand, as well as via cargo vessel that docks once a year after icebreakers cut a channel through the frozen McMurdo Sound.
		Above: Facing away from McMurdo Sound, and towards Ross Island (the island that McMurdo is located on), a view towards the 'Mammoth Mountain Inn' and 'Hotel California' dorms, the Mechanical Equipment Center, the Berg Field Center and Observation Hill on the right hand side.
	www.tamug.edu /labb/Projects/Weddell/McM2001/McMurdo/McMurdo_2001.htm (508 words)

	Mt. Erebus, Volcano in Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The craters of Mount Erebus were first visited in March 1908 by members of Shackleton's expedition, who initially noted the "vast abyss" filled with great masses of steam that rose in a column 150 to 300 meters high.
		The inner crater is situated in the northeastern part of the outer crater, and the lava lake and most eruptive activity are confined to its northern half.
		Strong eruptions from the crater have thrown bombs as high as 1000 meters and 700 meters laterally, onto the snow surface outside both craters.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/science/mterebus.shtml (817 words)

	Modification of secondary craters on the Martian South Polar Layered Deposits
		We examine the morphologies of secondary craters formed from the ejection of material from two large impacts on the Martian South Polar Layered Deposits (SPLD): McMurdo crater at 84.5°S, 0°W, and an unnamed impact at 80.8°S, 284°W. The morphologies of these secondary craters allow us to impose constraints on the modification history of the SPLD.
		Secondary crater depth-to-diameter ratios are low (average of 0.016), indicating that significant degradation has occurred since their emplacement.
		In the McMurdo field, high depth-to-diameter craters are found preferentially on steeper terrain associated with scarps cutting through the secondary field.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JE002334.shtml (407 words)

	Video Monitoring of the Mount Erebus Crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Eruptions captured on video tape are used to learn more about the the dynamics of the lava lake and seismic signals collected at the stations scattered about the volcano.
		Here are a few pictures of the camera installation and the means with which it's signal is sent back to McMurdo station.
		Crater camera housing that was snapped off by high winds (and corrosion from the plume).
	www.ees.nmt.edu /Geop/Erebus/mevomm/imagepages/video/index.html (236 words)

	LIVE Video from Mt. Erebus
		When winds and humidity are high, the crater fills w/ steam and the crater floor is not visible.
		This activity is characterized by strombolian eruptions, which are capable of hurling volcanic bombs onto the crater rim and beyond (~800 meters).
		The floor of the inner crater is littered with volcanic bombs having been erupted from this vent.
	www.ees.nmt.edu /Geop/mevo/mevomm/liveftp.html (332 words)

	Sunday Boondoggle
		McMurdo is over the edge of the snow and can't be seen.
		Observation Hill is in front of Crater Hill on the right, Castle Rock is sticking up in the middle, and McMurdo is below and to the left of Castle Rock where the land meets the ice.
		On the way back to McMurdo I was sitting in the back seat of a nice, warm Ford F350 zipping across the groomed ice roads at about 30 kilometers per hour.
	www.passcal.nmt.edu /~bob/passcal/antarctica/ant15.htm (965 words)

	SummitPost - Erebus, Mount -- Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering
		The summit crater lava lake was buried by ejecta between 13 September 1984 and October 1984.
		McMurdo Station, located at 77°51′S 166°40′E, sits on the southern tip of Ross Island in Antarctica, on the shore of McMurdo Sound, 2,200 miles (3,500 km) due south of New Zealand.
		Despite this, McMurdo (nicknamed "Mac-Town" by its residents) continues to operate as the hub for American activities on the Antarctic continent.
	www.summitpost.org /mountain/rock/155227/erebus-mount.html (2522 words)

	SCAR » ASPA 122
		The highest elevation within the Area is Second Crater at 255 m, one of two inactive volcanoes that are a part of the boundaries of the Area.
		The majority of McMurdo station is hidden from view, enhancing the radio-quiet characteristics of the area.
		The VLF antennas are located in the crater of the larger cone, which provides shielding from local radio transmissions and station noise.
	www.scar.org /publications/bulletins/156/aspa122 (1707 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		ANSWER from Guy Gutheridge on January 24, 1995 McMurdo Station is close to Mount Erebus, which is an active volcano.
		First of all, it has a small lava lake in the crater, which is not too common.
		If it continues its present activity with occasional boulders (up to the size of a car) being thrown a few hundred meters or so, there is really no danger to anyone except to the small group of people who are studying the volcano.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/QA/geology/Volcanoes (1064 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The largest active volcano on the antarctic continent, it is almost always observed with a cloud of vapor issuing from its large summit crater.
		Within the volcano's large, outer crater is a deep inner crater; this inner crater contains an active convecting lava lake.
		The ships are preceded to the bay by U.S. Coast icebreakers that break and push aside the softening ice of McMurdo Sound during early January.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/background/NSF/histsite.html (1128 words)

	U.S. Antarctic Program - Scanner Frequencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The largest station, is McMurdo on Ross Island South of New Zealand.
		McMurdo Station operates two FM stations for the station personnel.
		In the McMurdo area, there is a radio phone system in operation to provide service to the field camps in the Dry Valleys, and other nearby locations.
	www.geocities.com /scancsp/usap.htm (939 words)

	Images of Antarctica
		This is it: the crater of Mt. Erebus.
		This is the crater, with the lower huts.
		These are feldspar crystals which form in the lava lake inside the crater, and then are ejected out now and then in bombs, held fast in a matrix of glassy material.
	www.sethwhite.org /leh.htm (1589 words)

	Time for Kids \| Specials \| Sandra's Polar Report
		Since the land at McMurdo Station is made of rock and frozen ground, blasting is the easiest way to dig a hole.
		McMurdo Station sits on the side of an extinct volcano.
		We're just twenty miles away, though, from Mount Erebus, an active volcano that's unique for two reasons: It's one of the few volcanoes in the world to have a permanently molten lava lake, and it's the only volcano to currently produce a rare kind of lava that hardens into a rock called "kenyte" (say ken-yite).
	www.timeforkids.com /TFK/specials/story/0,6079,50628,00.html (305 words)

	TEA: Brogenski- -- 12.7.2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To my disappointment, the crater was obscured by the plume (Figure 3), but Mount Terror (an extinct volcano on the east side of Ross Island) was easily visible behind us (Figures 4 and 5).
		As we knelt at the edge of the crater rim we appeared to be praying to the volcano gods for more mini-eruptions or else praying that this wasn’t the day for a big eruption!
		The lake is approximately 45 m (150 ft) across, the inner crater is approximately 300 m (985 ft) across, and the main crater is almost 600 m (1,970 ft) wide.
	tea.armadaproject.org /brogenski/12.7.2003.html (1065 words)

	Mt. Erebus, Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The glacier-covered volcano was erupting when first sighted in 1841 and has had an active lava lake in its summit crater since late 1972.
		A major increase in the size and number of strombolian eruptions occurred in Sept. to Dec. 1984 and buried the lake with ejecta.
		Decreasing activity in summit crater with lava lake reduced to three small pools and rare Strombolian eruptions.
	users.bendnet.com /bjensen/volcano/antarctica/antarctica-erebus.html (221 words)

	Antarctic Volcanism - Geokem
		with outer pit crater or caldera, and inner vent.
		When we flew over the crater in 1956 I was amazed to look down and see circulating red lava in the narrow vent.
		Very few provinces have such high U. Na-Mg-K Ternary diagram for all McMurdo and MBL Group lavas showing fairly common trends for all even though these forty-odd massive volcanoes and a hundred+ minor centres are spread over a distance of about 1000 miles Again note similarity to the Canary Islands.
	www.geokem.com /OIB-volcanic-antarctic.html (1011 words)

	Frozen Under @ nationalgeographic.com
		Panting in the thin air, I turned from the seething crater to gaze at the immense world of ice and snow around me. It was late in the evening and clear enough to see the frozen peak of Mount Melbourne, 200 miles (322 kilometers) away.
		McMurdo Station, MacTown to its residents, is the local headquarters of the National Science Foundation, which operates the U.S. Antarctic Program at a cost of 200 million dollars a year.
		We were on our way to a field camp in the Transantarctic Mountains, about 180 miles south of McMurdo, where geologists were looking back 270 million years to a time when Antarctica was a wilderness of forests, tundra, and marsh—and part of a giant continent called Gondwana.
	nationalgeographic.com /ngm/data/2001/12/01/html/ft_20011201.1.html (6787 words)

	Joan Myers The South Pole Journal #8: November 21-27
		It is located in a rift area, rather than on the edge of a continental plate, and it is an area where the earth’s crust is being gradually pulled apart.
		I sat on a lava bomb a foot from the thousand-foot drop to the crater floor and thought that this must be how the earth will end, covered in ice with a few final openings like this to the last of the rapidly cooling molten core.
		The scope of the crater was impossible to photograph, especially with the clouds of steam, but I tried to give a sense of its power and mystery.
	www.joanmyers.com /Journal1121.htm (2785 words)

	Question of the week
		The dimension of the crater is slightly ovoid and 600 by 500 meters.
		At the moment the lake on the central eastern portion of the continent is covered with a sheet of ice that may have been there for as long as 15 million years.
		Most work at McMurdo Station, the largest of three U.S. research bases, but some also are sent to the South Pole, Palmer Station or on ships that bring researchers and supplies to Antarctica.
	antarcticsun.usap.gov /oldissues2002-2003/previous.html (3855 words)

	Icepictures
		Observation hill (Ob hill for short) lies on the base of McMurdo Station and is the most visible and prominent landscape.
		A view of McMurdo Station as one drives in to town from the ice runway.
		The Chapel of the Snows is the local area of worship for the varied population in this small town of McMurdo which houses about 1000 personnel during the summer months of October to February.
	www.vaq34.com /vxe6/vxeicepictures.htm (441 words)

	The view from Spirit - The Planetary Society Blog \| The Planetary Society
		Here's what A. Rayl had to say about this view in her second-most-recent Mars Exploration Rover update: "Spirit is into the winter campaign now, informed [Steve] Squyres, and having the time to actually do real in-depth studies is something the team is enthusiastically welcoming.
		This fragment of the "McMurdo panorama" consists of 16 individual frames captured over sols 856 to 869 (May 31 to June 11, 2006).
		Although the view is through the rover's red, green, and blue filters, it is not correctly calibrated, making the sky appear blue and enhancing color variations in the rocks and soils.
	www.planetary.org /blog/article/00000607 (469 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Panoramas: Spirit
		One part of the research program that NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit is conducting while sitting at a favorable location for wintertime solar energy is the most detailed panorama yet taken on the surface of Mars.
		These discoveries indicate that salty, light-toned soil deposits might be widely distributed on the flanks and valley floors of the "Columbia Hills" region in Gusev Crater on Mars.
		Scientists are studying the origin of the layering in the outcrop using the Athena science instruments on the rover's arm.
	marsrovers.nasa.gov /gallery/panoramas/spirit (4873 words)

	Congressman DeFazio's Journal
		As we approached McMurdo Station we were able to see the whole Transarctic Mountain chain, and Mount Erebus, the volcano nearest McMurdo, had a few wisps of steam rising from the crater.
		It is really a small city with nearly 1,000 people still here to deal with the cargo resupply and help prepare the station for the fast approaching winter when 400 will winter over.
		After I finish this we are going to hike to the top of the hill overlooking McMurdo to the the Scott Memorial and get a panoramic view of the area.
	www.house.gov /defazio/antarctica/journal-christchurchtomcmurdo.htm (796 words)

	Marine and terrestrial geology and geophysics
		The volcano is the central feature of Ross Island, with the summit crater located approximately 35 kilometers (km) from McMurdo Station.
		Analog records indicate that, although many seismic events currently occurring on Erebus are of insufficient size to trigger the digital acquisition system, the larger events which trigger the system do provide a representative sample of the frequency and style of the overall seismic activity.
		The observation that the tremor was clearly recorded even at the McMurdo seismic station, located 35 km from the summit, indicates a deep focus and large-amplitude source.
	www.nsf.gov /od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/a19.htm (1238 words)

	News Archives from Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Wilkes Land crater is more than twice the size of the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, which marks the impact that may have ultimately killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		"There are at least 20 impact craters this size or larger on the moon, so it is not surprising to find one here," he continued.
		Since the cost of drilling through more than a mile of ice to reach these rocks directly is prohibitive, they want to hunt for them at the base of the ice along the coast where the ice streams are pushing scoured rock into the sea.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/news/2006/061506bigbang.shtml (994 words)

	TEA: Brogenski- -- 12.11.2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A quick pace on the hike up the gully was required today as we were to meet the helicopter from McMurdo at another station later in the afternoon.
		The crater was cloudy today (Figure 1) so there was not much of a view and, as it was getting windier, we didn’t mind heading back down to the Skidoos immediately after the cable was installed (Figure 2).
		The side crater, Kurt Panter and Brian Winter’s field area (see 12/09/03 The Side Crater), is visible on the southwest flank of Erebus (Figure 6).
	tea.armadaproject.org /brogenski/12.11.2003.html (871 words)

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