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	Archaeological Sites
		Meadowcroft Rock Shelter is an archaeological site located in southwestern Pennsylvania that has been used by humans since Paleo-Indian times.
		Meadowcroft was re-discovered by Albert Miller in 1955.
		The uppermost sublevel dates to between about 10,950 and 7,950 years ago, and is separated from the middle sublevel by a layer of rock that was the roof and walls of the shelter.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/meadowcroft.html (449 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		The rock was the stronghold of the kings of Munster from the 4th century.
		The evidence from Meadowcroft established beyond reasonable doubt the presence of a human population south of the ice masses in the Late Pleistocene.
		The three forms are igneous, rock that has cooled from a molten state; sedimentary, rock that has formed through the accretion of sediments; and metamorphic, rock formed from preexisting rocks subjected to extreme heat, pressure, or chemical change.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=rock (1046 words)

	A JOURNEY TO A NEW LAND
		Meadowcroft Rockshelter, located in southwestern Pennsylvania, stands as one of the most published, and most contested, archaeological sites in the Americas.
		Meadowcroft holds the distinction of demonstrating the longest occupational sequence of humans in the Americas.
		Although a few archaeologists continue to challenge the validity of the pre-Clovis dates, many believe that the Meadowcroft Rockshelter assemblage demonstrates solid evidence for a pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas.
	www.sfu.museum /journey/05p_secondary/meadowcroft.php (356 words)

	The Paleoamericans: Issues and Evidence Relating to the Peopling of the New World
		Substantial shelters with central hearths and storage pits were constructed, bone, antler and ivory artifacts abound, bone awls and needles appear, bone and ivory flaking is seen, and decorative and figurine arts are evidenced (Goebel 1999:216).
		Meadowcroft, a deeply stratified multicomponent site, has produced the longest intermittent occupational sequence in the New World, and has so far yielded some 20,000 artifacts, 150 fire pits, 33 fire floors, 52 ash and charcoal lenses, a million faunal remains, and about 1.4 million plant remains (Adovasio, et.
		Several open sites and rock art sites in Brazil with flaked stones, painted rock spalls, and possible hearths have produced numerous, consistent radiometric date extending to 50 kya, but human presence this early, and the evidence offered to support it, continues to be questioned (Roosevelt 1996:374).
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleoamericans.html (8110 words)

	[No title]
		While everyone accepted the chronology for the later levels at Meadowcroft, many experts were worried by the possibility of contamination in the lowermost levels, either as a result of coal particles in the deposits or through human disturbance.
		As Adovasio remarks, "it is important to note that the earliest Meadowcroft dates that have extensive artifactual associations do not argue for any radical extension of the 15,000-year baseline.
		Meadowcroft is a long-term project that has cost tens of thousands of dollars and engaged the best efforts of a talented research team for a decade.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/art/FAGAN-02.ART (1738 words)

	David Templeton's Seldom Seen: Meadowcroft still ignites controversy over settlers
		While Meadowcroft has been the target of criticism in the past, excavations of other prehistoric East Coast sites are confirming the evidence found at Meadowcroft, prompting more archaeologist to embrace its significance in the complex subject of how and when the continent was populated.
		What Meadowcroft suggests is that Paleo Indians from Asia came by land and sea in pulses of migration to North and South America, eventually winding up at the rock shelter.
		That's because the rock shelter is situated along the banks of Cross Creek, a tributary to the Ohio River, has a rock overhang providing shelter, faces south and catches sunlight, and sits high enough to protect inhabitants from flooding and other dangers.
	www.post-gazette.com /neigh_washington/20001015wadave1.asp (1030 words)

	53. Relatives in South America
		The scientific excavation of the rock shelter was so well-organised and documented and the evidence found so clearly layered in undisturbed strata (unlike most other possible pre-Clovis sites) that there was much less room for doubt and controversy than there had been with earlier pre-Clovis claims.
		The nearest sources of the former is 112 km and the latter 183 km from Meadowcroft.
		This indicates that the earliest known inhabitants of the rock shelter either had been in the area long enough to have (a) found remote sources of exotic material, or (b) built up a wide-ranging trade network with other groups if such existed at the time
	www.andaman.org /BOOK/chapter54/text-Meadowcroft/text-Meadowcroft.htm (1160 words)

	Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Museum of Rural Life
		Meadowcroft combines ancient history with 19th century charm by featuring a 16,000-year-old campsite alongside a village recreating rural life from the 1800s.
		The Meadowcroft Rockshelter archaeological site has revealed the earliest evidence of people in North America and is distinguished as a National Historic Landmark.
		Meadowcroft operates in association with the Senator John Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center, an affiliate of the Smithsonian in Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania's largest history museum.
	meadowcroft.pghhistory.org (232 words)

	The Paleoamericans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Substantial shelters with central hearths and storage pits were constructed, bone, antler and ivory artifacts abound, bone awls and needles appear, bone and ivory flaking is seen, and decorative and figurine arts are evidenced (Goebel 1999:216).
		Meadowcroft, a deeply stratified multicomponent site, has produced the longest intermittent occupational sequence in the New World, and has so far yielded some 20,000 artifacts, 150 fire pits, 33 fire floors, 52 ash and charcoal lenses, a million faunal remains, and about 1.4 million plant remains (Adovasio, et.
		Several open sites and rock art sites in Brazil with flaked stones, painted rock spalls, and possible hearths have produced numerous, consistent radiometric date extending to 50 kya, but human presence this early, and the evidence offered to support it, continues to be questioned (Roosevelt 1996:374).
	www.meta-religion.com /Archaeology/Paleomerican_origins/the_paleoamericans.htm (8139 words)

	Arsen A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Therefore, it is possible to say that sanding was used to grind away the surrounding parts of the rock to create the image of the ellipse like eye which is close to 1 mm diameter and 0.5 mm from the natural rock surface.
		The few other slate rock art artifacts have examples of tool like work, taking into account the natural color and shape of the flakes of the stone with additional work to create the fishlike image.
		Through the use of the special equipment, we discovered jewelry detail work of the ancient artist to create the image of the eyes as well as the whole image of the head of the bird which is 2 cm long, 1 cm wide and 0.5 cm thin.
	www.thelostvalley.org /Faradzhev/IFRAO_Report.html (1552 words)

	AWARD1995
		Jim Adovasio, with the Department of Anthropology in Pittsburgh, was conducting the summer field school in a large, sandstone rock shelter near Meadowcroft Village.
		I met Jim Adovasio at the shelter and took four sediment samples from the colluvial slope beneath the rock shelter.
		My studies of sandstone rock shelters were largely completed by 1986 and have, I hope, expanded our understanding of the erosional and depositional dynamics of sandstone rock shelters.
	www.geosociety.org /arch/Awards/award_donahue.htm (2621 words)

	Dating the first American: When did people first enter the New World? Clues from distinctive rock art may push the date ...
		Guidon's sites are in a part of Piaui that is characterised by cactuses and soaring sandstone cliffs, with huge rock shelters hollowed in to their bases.
		One of the largest shelters, known as Pedra Furada ('perforated rock', after a natural arch nearby), is profusely decorated from one end to the other with red, and sometimes white, paintings representing humans as dynamic little stick figures, along with large birds, and animals such as deer, armadillo and capybara, the world's largest rodent.
		Most amazing of all is an excavation at a rock shelter called Perna where, as the occupation layers were stripped away, red figures were exposed on the walls of the shelter; they had survived burial for thousands of years.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg13117784.100-dating-the-first-american-when-did-people-first-enter-thenew-world-clues-from-distinctive-rock-art-may-push-the-date-back-bythousands-of-years-.html (2439 words)

	America before Columbus, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Resource Guide
		James M. Adovasio, director of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, achieved world acclaim as an archaeologist in the 1970s with his excavation of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, 30 miles southwest of Pittsburgh.
		Meadowcroft has been recognized as the earliest well-dated archaeological site in the Western Hemisphere, with evidence of human habitation dating to 16,000 years ago.
		Meadowcroft Rockshelter, located south of Pittsburgh, represents the oldest dated and longest continual human use of a particular site in eastern North America.
	www.carnegielibrary.org /subject/history/precolumbus.html (880 words)

	The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Meadowcroft Rockshelter [Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Museum of Rural Life] Cave ...
		Meadowcroft Rockshelter is renowned, even notorious, among those who follow the controversy around the dating of the earliest occupancy of North America.
		When James M. Adovasio, Ph.D, the archaeologist whose name is most closely connected to the site and who performed and oversaw the greater part of the research here, had material from the lowest levels of the dig radiocarbon-dated, it came back at over 19,000 years old.
		While not a megalithic site, Meadowcroft Rockshelter has been and continues to be very influential in the effort to learn about the earliest people in North America.
	www.megalithic.co.uk /article.php?sid=15158 (757 words)

	artifacts
		Over a long period of time, the geologic agents acted on this hillside and cut out an area that was protected from the elements by a rock roof.
		Located approximately 300 meters above sea level, and 15 meters above Cross Creek, the rocks of this shelter represent the Morgantown sandstones of the Casselman Formation, Conemaugh Group.
		The Meadowcroft Museum features an in depth look into the colorful history of this area, including the Rockshelter.
	www.cobweb.net /~bug2/vft/artifacts.htm (645 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - Unearthing Mysteries 26/11/2002
		Aubrey Manning visits the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter near Pittsburgh to examine evidence that there were humans in North America 14,000 years ago, earlier than anyone thought possible.
		Left: Presenter, Aubrey Manning with archaeologist Dr James Adovasio Right: The cliff near the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Pennsylvania is still much as it would have been when humans first visited it, maybe 16,000 years ago.
		Aubrey Manning visits one of them, the Meadowcroft rock shelter near Pittsburgh where Jim Adovasio started to dig down beneath the Clovis layers.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20021126.shtml (429 words)

	History Of Nemacolin Castle
		Some of the earliest Native American sites documented in North America are located within twenty to thirty miles of Nemacolin Castle, the most famous of which is the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Avella, in Northwestern Washington County, believed by many to be the oldest site in North America.
		The earliest Meadowcroft Rock Shelter inhabitants predated later cultures, such as the Mound Builders, the Hopewell and Adena Peoples, and the Monongahela Peoples.
		Although the Monongahela Valley is part of the Upper Ohio Valley area where Indian Mounds are found, generally the mounds that were found here by early settlers were much smaller than those further down the Ohio, and they were often located in confined areas where towns developed.
	www.nemacolincastle.org /about (4124 words)

	Meadowcroft Rockshelter A Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ifteen thousand years before the birth of William Penn, the very first Americans made their camp under a rock overhang that protected them from the elements.
		That site, the Meadowcroft Rockshelter, has provided archaeologists with a rare glimpse into the lives of the first people to arrive in the
		Discover how these ancient people survived – from what they ate to the weapons they relied on everyday – and try your hand at using a prehistoric spear-thrower like those found in the Meadowcroft dig.
	www.meadowcroftmuseum.org /rockshelter.htm (235 words)

	ummah.com forum - View Single Post - Why did the West become technologically dominant? - Guns, Germs and Steel
		At a Brazilian rock shelter named Pedro Furada, archaeologists found cave paintings undoubtedly made by humans.
		But none of those rocks at the base of the cliff is an obviously human-made tool, as are Clovis points and Cro-Magnon tools.
		The North American site that currently enjoys the strongest credentials as a possible pre-Clovis site is Meadowcroft rock shelter, in Pennsylvania, yielding reported human-associated radiocarbon dates of about 16,000 years ago.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showpost.php?p=380970&postcount=1 (5958 words)

	SHELTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Search the SHELTER Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the SHELTER Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named SHELTER at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/S/SHELTER.htm (73 words)

	Guns, Germs, and Steel (Excerpt)
		But none of those rocks at the base of the cliff is an obviously human-made tool, as are Clovis points and Cro-Magnon tools.
		If hundreds of thousands of rocks fall from a high cliff over the course of tens of thousands of years, many of them will become chipped and broken when they hit the rocks below, and some will come to resemble crude tools chipped and broken by humans.
		Early humans certainly didn't fly by helicopter from Alaska to Meadowcroft and Monte Verde, skipping all the landscape in between.
	www.wwnorton.com /catalog/spring99/gunsex.htm (5949 words)

	CD Baby: TODD TAMANEND CLARK: Staff, Mask, Rattle
		Todd Tamanend Clark was born on August 10, 1952 in Greensboro, Pennsylvania, and is of Onodowaga-Lenape descent.
		He is the author of four books of poetry including the forthcoming "Dark Thunder" and is also a long-time civil rights activist with the American Indian Movement and various other indigenous organizations.
		"Meadowcroft Rock Shelter" (in what is now Washington County, Pennsylvania) is one of the oldest known human habitations in North America.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/ttc2 (1144 words)

	MEADOWCROFT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Search the MEADOWCROFT Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the MEADOWCROFT Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named MEADOWCROFT at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/M/MEADOWCROFT.htm (73 words)

	Rocks, Rock Oil and Peak Oil
		Theirs was a world still in glacial throes, with the edge of a mile-thick sheet of ice not far to the north.
		“The Conquest of the Rock,” it claims on the tomb, with hubris similar to that of fabled Ozymandias.
		But in both places, Meadowcroft and Titusville, the lesson appears to be that mankind never truly conquers the rock.
	www.whiskeyandgunpowder.com /Archives/2006/20060515.html (1871 words)

	IBRI Research Report #44 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From these discoveries it is clear that the Paleo-Indians and the later Indians who succeeded them occupied the shelter with considerable regularity from the earliest stratum (no. II b in the system used by the archaeologists) on up to the uppermost level which contained materials which were dated AD 1775, ñ 50 years.
		This careful conservation of the original flint ``cores'' obtained by the difficult trips inland seems to have been important because of the inhospitable ice age climate and the difficulties of surviving the dangers of travel over rocky terrain with little or no protection for the feet of the traveler.
		One of the sites is the Qafzeh (or Kafzeh) rock shelter, near Nazareth, from which eleven fossilized Neandertal-type, human skeletons were recovered.[30] The main excavations and research were supervised by Dr. Ofer Bar-Yosef, of the Dept. of Anthropology in Harvard University.
	www.ibri.org /RRs/RR044/44paleo.htm (11974 words)

	EARLY AMERICA
		One of the biggest and most carefully documented digs in North America, the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in east central Pennsylvania, dates from 16,000 years ago.
		Clearly, with an ancient place like Meadowcroft so far to the east, America’s first pioneers were reaching these continents from more than one direction.
		If people of the Meadowcroft site were living in Northeastern America even earlier (16,000 years ago), we may someday conclude that their ancestors “began” their American explorations by the common practice of island-hopping in large skin boats, southwards along the huge land-masses that now lie under the Atlantic.
	ancientgreece-earlyamerica.com /html/early_america.html (2070 words)

	Remains point to 'pre-Clovis' Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The later level corresponds closely in time to the so-called "Clovis" culture, for decades regarded as the nation's first, created by immigrants who crossed a land bridge from Asia 11,200 years ago and over the next 500 years peopled the entire land mass from the Arctic to the tip of South America.
		But the lower level is roughly comparable in time to southwestern Pennsylvania's Meadowcroft rock shelter.
		While archaeologists have scattered indications of far older American settlements, Cactus Hill and Meadowcroft are the only ones presenting extensive evidence of a pre-Clovis culture.
	www.trussel.com /prehist/news190.htm (334 words)

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