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	Mealybug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a family of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates.
		Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female.
		Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants), in which case they are virtually impossible to eradicate without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mealybug (325 words)

	MEALYBUGS-Lance Osborne
		This is the Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso).
		This is the Striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell).
		This is the Banana mealybug, Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius.
	mrec.ifas.ufl.edu /lso/Mealybugs.htm (1226 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Vine Mealybug on Grape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Vine mealybugs are soft, oval, flat, distinctly segmented, and covered with a white, mealy wax that extends into spines (filaments along the body margin and the posterior end).
		Damage by the vine mealybug is similar to that of other grape-infesting mealybugs in that it produces honeydew that drops onto the bunches and other vine parts and serves as a substrate for fl sooty mold.
		In California, the vine mealybug occurs in the Coachella and Central valleys, the Central and North coasts, and the Sierra foothills.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r302301911.html (2501 words)

	vine mealybug description
		Second, vine mealybug can feed on all parts of the vine throughout the year, with a majority of the overwintering population located underneath the bark of the trunk or underground on the roots.
		In the San Joaquin Valley, the vine mealybug population also overwinters on the roots and lower trunk and the population continues to move up the vine to the leaves and bunches, as the temperatures warm in spring and summer.
		In those counties where vine mealybug is not know to commonly occur (see map), the vineyard manager should contact the County Agricultural Commissioner’s office and UCCE Farm Advisor to get a positive identification of trapped mealybugs and discuss management decisions and compliance agreements as necessary.
	vinemealybug.uckac.edu /VMB.htm (1969 words)

	APHIS \| News
		The hibiscus mealybug arrived in Egypt from India in 1912 and in Hawaii in 1984.
		The hibiscus mealybug is considered a pest of extremely serious quarantine importance and has the potential to expand its geographical distribution to North, Central, and South America.
		In Egypt, the mealybug is an extremely serious pest of shade trees, such as the lebbekh and the bauhinia, and of mulberry, pigeon pea, and guava.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_phphmealybug.html (1161 words)

	MEALYBUG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mealybug is the common name of a family of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates, considered a pest as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees.
		Mealybug females feed entirely of trees, they attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer used for protection while they sap the plant juices.
		Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50-100; other species are born directly from the female.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/me/Mealybug.htm (161 words)

	mealybug methods of control
		Because different species of mealybug require different methods and timing of treatment, it is important to first identify which species is present at a particular vineyard before considering methods of control.
		Mealybugs found on grapevines are difficult to control chemically because most species spend much of their lives hidden beneath bark, on roots, or on some other protected part of the vine.
		The mummies are the dead hulls of mealybugs that remain after the parasites have fed and developed inside.
	www.vinemealybug.uckac.edu /controls.htm (802 words)

	AllRefer.com - mealybug (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia
		mealybug, common name for certain unarmored scale insects that exude a granular white secretion, giving them a mealy appearance.
		The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple, coffee trees, ferns, and orchids.
		Mealybugs are classified in the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Homoptera, family Pseudococcidae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/mealybug.html (204 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Mealybugs (Pseudococcus) on Grape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Longtailed mealybug is similar in appearance to the other two species but has much longer waxy filaments on the posterior end (they are as long or longer than the body of the adult female).
		Mealybug predators include a cecidomyiid fly in southern San Joaquin Valley and a lady beetle called the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, in the North Coast.
		Grape mealybugs have two generations a year, and crawlers are present from delayed dormancy to early spring and again in summer (June or July).
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r302301811.html (1958 words)

	papaya mealybug - Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink
		The papaya mealybug was described in 1992 from the Neotropical Region in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Mexico (Williams and Granara de Willink 1992).
		Papaya mealybug infestations are typically observed as clusters of cotton-like masses on the above-ground portion of plants.
		The papaya mealybug can easily be distinguished from Maconellicoccus marginatus (Green), the pink hibiscus mealybug, because papaya mealybug females have eight antennal segments, in contrast to nine in the latter species.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /fruit/mealybugs/papaya_mealybug.htm (1847 words)

	Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
		montrouzieri initially devastated the citrus mealybug populations in citrus groves, it was unable to survive the winter except in coastal areas.
		It is considered an important predator of citrus and long-tailed mealybug in greenhouses and interior plantscapes and is being introduced in a biocontrol program in the West Indies to control pink hibiscus mealybug.
		Although mealybug destroyers will not persist after the mealybug population has been controlled in small greenhouse areas, in more complex interior areas where there are multiple infestation sites and alternate prey, they do perist.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/predators/cryptolaemus_m.html (731 words)

	[No title]
		Mealybug pests in Central Coast vineyards – the encroaching vine mealybug in California.
		The increasing spread of the vine mealybug, a new pest in the San Joaquin Valley.
		Population dynamics of the vine mealybug in the Coachella Valley.
	daane.uckac.edu /Presentations/presentations.htm (4202 words)

	Monterey County Vine Mealybug - Viticulture - Monterey County
		Mealybugs in California Vineyards is a University of California website providing information on the mealybug species found in California vineyards.
		If vine mealybug is first discovered in the vineyard in late summer or fall, apply a postharvest treatment of a foliar insecticide to kill mealybugs on the leaves and wood so that the infestation is not spread to other parts of the vineyard when leaves drop or when the vines are pruned.
		Mealybug populations are generally the highest at harvest.
	cemonterey.ucdavis.edu /Viticulture/Vine_Mealybug.htm (1755 words)

	Parasitic Wasps Could Curb Mealybug / August 17, 2001 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The papaya mealybug is believed to be native to Mexico and Central America and has the potential to attack a variety of agricultural crops, including papaya, citrus, cotton and avocado, in addition to preying on ornamentals, such as the hibiscus.
		The papaya mealybug was recently introduced into the United States, with the greatest concentrations of the insect being in Florida, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
		Mealybug damage could cause economic losses in the tens of millions of dollars if left to spread in the United States.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2001/010817.htm (348 words)

	Integrated Pest Management Bibliography - Mealybugs
		Protocol for control of the hibiscus mealybug in the areas of short term mixed vegetable cropping.
		Preliminary studies on the inoculative releases of exotic ladybirds, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) and Scymnus coccivora (Aiyar) against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)in county St. George.
		Effect of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) on the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), on hibiscus plants in Trinidad.
	www.caisnet.org /bibliographies/ipm/mealybugs.htm (1009 words)

	pink hibiscus mealybug
		Pink hibiscus mealybug eggs overwinter in bark crevices, leaf scars, under bark, in the soil, tree boles, inside fruit clusters, and inside crumpled leaf clusters.
		On hibiscus, the mealybug usually infests young twigs, causing deformed terminal growth due to shortening of the internodes, deformed leaves and thickened twigs.
		The ladybug Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is known to feed on all stages of the mealybug.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /orn/mealybug/mealybug.htm (1389 words)

	Citrus Mealybug
		Life Cycle: The citrus mealybug has been recognized as a pest of citrus and ornamental plants in Europe since 1813 (where it is called the greenhouse mealybug) and in the United States since 1879.
		Because female citrus mealybugs have no wings, they must be transported to the proximity of the next host plant.
		As their numbers increase, mealybugs of all sizes can be seen crawling around or feeding on all exposed plant surfaces.
	www.entomology.umn.edu /cues/inter/inmine/Mbugsc.html (371 words)

	Interiorscape Integrated Pest Management
		Mealybugs are one of the more active groups of scale insects as most of them retain well-developed legs and remain mobile throughout their life.
		Basically female mealybugs go through four developmental stages or instars and as adults may lay up to 600 eggs, usually in a cottony-like ovisac beneath her body.
		The ground mealybug also secretes a small amount of wax, which can give the soil a somewhat bluish appearance when the mealybugs are abundant.
	ipm.ncsu.edu /InteriorScapes/insect.html (10232 words)

	Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pink hibiscus mealybugs (Figure 1) are expected to colonize all of Florida and spread north into southern Georgia.
		Pink hibiscus mealybug feeds on the soft tissues of many plant species and injects a toxic saliva that causes curling and contortion of leaves (Figure 5).
		On hibiscus (Figure 7), the mealybug usually infests young twigs, causing deformed terminal growth due to shortening of the internodes, deformed leaves and thickened twigs.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN156 (1827 words)

	Watch Out for the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug
		Smaller than the female mealybugs, adult males are reddish brown and have one pair of wings and two long wax caudal filaments (fig.
		After pupating inside the mealybug's mummified body, the adult parasite chews an exit hole in one end of the mummy and emerges (fig.
		C. montrouzieri is considered a short-term solution to the mealybug pest problem and can be used if rapid control of a large mealybug population is necessary within a 6- to 8-week period.
	www.bugwood.org /factsheets/mealybug.html (1018 words)

	REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF THE PINK MEALYBUG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The pink mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) is commonly found in tropical Africa, South East Asia and Northern Australia but in 1994 it was identified for the first time in the Caribbean.
		The pink mealybug can be found on the stems, leaves, buds, fruit and roots of a wide range of plants.
		Total eradication of the pink mealybug is unlikely in the near future but scientists are working on the most effective, safe and sustainable means of economic control - 'biological control'.
	www.nalis.gov.tt /Agri/mealybug.html (1405 words)

	mealybug on Encyclopedia.com
		Mealybugs may have met their match: insect predators and parasites home in on this growing menace.
		Research aims to nip vine mealybug in bud.
		Sleuthing by UC stems the spread of mealybug.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m1/mealybug.asp (281 words)

	DOACS-Entomology Section-A Bamboo Mealybug, Trionymus lumpurensis
		SIMILAR MEALYBUGS: This mealybug superficially resembles the pink hibiscus mealybug by having a pinkish body and lacking lateral wax filaments.
		The original description of this insect in 1951 listed no biological data. This mealybug is native to warm climates and like many mealybugs, it will more than likely have multiple generations throughout a given year.
		Heavy infestations of this mealybug have the potential to cause an abortion of new shoots.
	www.doacs.state.fl.us /pi/enpp/ento/t-lumpurensis.html (296 words)

	Vine Mealybug: Formidable pest spreading through California vineyards
		Vine mealybug is found in the Mediterranean regions of Europe and North and South Africa, as well as grapegrowing regions in the Middle East, Argentina and Mexico — and now in California.
		In those counties where vine mealybug does not commonly occur, vineyard managers should contact the county agricultural commissioner’s office and the UC Cooperative Extension farm advisor to get a positive identification of trapped mealybugs, and to discuss management decisions and compliance agreements as necessary.
		Continued vigilance is needed to reduce vine mealybug populations and to limit its further spread, both within vineyards that are currently infested, and from infested vineyards to non-infested ones.
	www.practicalwinery.com /mayjune04/mayjun04p60.htm (2968 words)

	Pink Mealybug Coordinating Unit
		In July 1997, funding was approved for the creation and operation of the Pink Mealybug Coordinating Unit.
		One major development during the year was the invasion of commercial farms by the mealybug, thus rendering produce of the affected crops unmarketable.
		Generally, pink mealybug populations were maintained at very low levels with the use of natural enemies, primarily the parasitic wasp,
	www.sdnp.org.gy /minagri/mfcl/pinkmealybug/generalinfo.htm (197 words)

	Mealybug: House plant enemy number one (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Early on in the larval stage, all mealybugs appear as flat, light yellow-colored insects with smooth bodies, very similar to their cousin the scale, another houseplant pest.
		Signs of mealybug damage can be seen in curled, spotted or wilted foliage and stems, which eventually weaken the health of the plant, making it susceptible to other pests and diseases.
		When applying, spray all parts of the plant (with the exception of African violets) and the soil line; keep in mind the larval stage is so small they can easily go undetected with the human eye and this is when both male and female are feeding.
	www.azcentral.com /home/garden/articles/0315mealybug15.html (778 words)

	MEALYBUGS-Lance Osborne
		This character is no diagnostic by itself in that mealybug eggs have a range or gradient of colors from almost white to pink.
		Many mealybugs found attacking plants in Florida have body fluids that range from clear to a light yellow or even green.
		However, there are a number of species that do have reddish fluids: The grape mealybug (reddish-brown), the citrophilus mealybug (wine-purple), and the obscure mealybug (reddish-orange).
	www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu /lso/PinkMealybug.htm (1553 words)

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