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Topic: Mean sea level

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	Sea level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mean sea level (MSL) is the average (mean) height of the sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface.
		To an operator of a tide gauge, MSL means the "still water level"—the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves are averaged out—averaged over a period of time such that changes in sea level, e.g., due to the tides, also get averaged out.
		The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mean_sea_level (940 words)

	Above mean sea level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level.
		It should be noted that the concept of a "mean sea level" is in itself rather artificial, because it is not possible to determine a figure for mean sea level for the entire planet, and it varies quite a lot even on a much smaller scale.
		For example, the Ordnance Survey uses a height datum based on the mean sea level of a particular gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall for their maps of Great Britain, and this datum is actually some 80cm different from the mean sea level reading obtained on the other side of the country.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Above_mean_sea_level (510 words)

	1-Mean Sea Level, GPS, and the Geoid
		MSL is usually described as a tidal datum that is the arithmetic mean of hourly water elevations observed over a specific 19-year cycle.
		In fact, the three-dimensional surface created by the earth's sea level is not geometrically correct, and its significant irregularities could not be mathematically calculated; this explains the difference between the ellipsoid-based GPS elevation readings and elevations shown on accurate topographic maps.
		The MSL, approximated by an ellipsoid, is related to gravity or the center of mass of the earth.
	www.esri.com /news/arcuser/0703/geoid1of3.html (1094 words)

	sea level. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Theoretically, one would expect sea level to be a fixed and permanent horizontal surface on the face of the earth, and as a starting approximation, this is true.
		Locally the levels of the surface of the world’s oceans are disturbed by wind-driven waves and tides.
		Sea level therefore fluctuates in periods ranging from seconds to a year as a result of these factors.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/sealevel.html (503 words)

	Global Mean Sea Level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Recent IPCC studies of global sea level change [Warrick and Oerlemans, 1990] have concluded that the average rate of rise during the last century has been 1-3 mm/yr and that the sea level by the year 2070 A.D. may be 20-70 cm higher than today.
		The sea level rise is a consequence of a number of geophysical, oceanographic, meteorological, cryospheric, and human-induced processes, whose signals cover a wide spectrum.
		The sea level trends may be partially attributed to annual and interannual thermal expansion of the ocean during the observational time period, and not necessarily global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /eos/reports/95anual/page9.html (678 words)

	University of Colorado Global mean sea level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Long-term mean sea level change is a variable of considerable interest in the studies of
		Over the last century, global sea level change has typically been estimated from tide gauge measurements by long-term averaging.
		mean sea level time series and maps of regional sea level change can be found on this site.
	sealevel.colorado.edu (208 words)

	AMS Glossary
		In the United States, mean sea level is defined as the mean height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period.
		Selected values of mean sea level serve as the sea level datum for all elevation surveys in the United States.
		In meteorology, mean sea level is used as the reference surface for all altitudes in upper-atmospheric work; in aviation it is the level above which altitude is measured by a pressure altimeter.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=mean-sea-level1 (146 words)

	DAAC Study: Measure for Measure
		Scientists estimate that during the 20th century, global mean sea level rose between 10 and 25 cm (4 and 10 inches), on average.
		Sea level rise exacerbates beach erosion and increases salinization in regions where saltwater invades upriver from coasts.
		Sea level rise occurs as seawater volumes expand due to increasing sea surface temperatures.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/SeaLevel (979 words)

	Sea Level Rise
		This is particularly important because it illustrates the fluctuating nature of NORMAL sea level, that is to say, prior to the atmospheric pollution of the last century.
		The statistics of tidegauge measurements on a decadal level are examined by W. Sturges and B.G. Hong.
		During the next century we are talking of sea-level changes in terms of mm/yr or cm/yr, but during the Holocene natural fluctuations of sea level have sometimes exceeded several meters in a century, which calls for remarkably sustained rates of change.
	www.cerf-jcr.org /Books/SeaLevelRise.htm (898 words)

	Permanenet Service for Mean Sea Level -
		Since ancient times observers of the ocean have attempted the measurement of changes in sea level in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for phenomena such as tides and the catastrophic floods caused by storms and tsunamis.
		It is now known that sea level changes occur on all timescales from seconds (due to wind waves) through to millions of years (due to the movement of the continents).
		In recent decades, the traditional means of sea level monitoring been by using tide gauges that have been installed at various locations along the world's continental coastlines, especially near centres of population.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/permanenet_service_mean_sea_level__en_12754_40793.html?status=ND0xMjc1NCY2PWVuJjMzPSomMzc9a29z (384 words)

	CSR TOPEX/POSEIDON Global mean sea level results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Long term mean sea level change is a variable of considerable interest in the studies of global climate change.
		The measurement of long term change in global mean sea level would provide important corroboration of predictions by climate models of global warming as a result of an increase in the "greenhouse" gases.
		Most recent estimates of global mean sea level rise from tide gauge measurements range from 1.7 to 2.4 mm/yr.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /gmsl (189 words)

	Ocean Surface Topography from Space-Science
		Determination of present-day sea level changes is a subject of considerable interest in the context of the present debate on global climate change.
		Both geographical distribution and global averages show that altimetry-derived sea level trends and sea surface temperature trends are highly correlated, which suggests that, at least in part, the observed sea level change has a steric (thermal) origin [Nerem and Mitchum, 2001a, b; Cabanes et al., 2001].
		At the level of the millimetre per year, which is the order of magnitude of the present-day sea level rise, several factors due to instrumental drifts or non-modeled effects in the altimetric system may still affect mean sea level estimates.
	sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-cazenave.html (909 words)

	IAPSO Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides
		The workshop considered that the minimum accuracy for vertical crystal velocities to be useful for sea level studies is estimated to be 1 to 2 mm per year over a five year interval and 0.3 to 0.5 mm per year over intervals of a few decades.
		Also the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level archiving system should be designed to provide the vertical crystal velocities derived from selected IGS data, along with explanatory information, including names of experts who may be contacted by users of the data.
		In January 1995 a joint workshop was held in Bordeaux on sea level in the Antarctic as an indicator of ocean circulation.
	www.olympus.net /biz/IAPSO/sealevel91_95.html (949 words)

	Comments on individual parameters
		Positive deviation means: pressure of the station is higher than the surrounding stations.
		Negative deviation means: pressure of the station is lower than the surrounding stations.
		Negative deviation means: temperature of the station is lower than the surrounding stations.
	www.univie.ac.at /IMG-Wien/daquamap/Parametergencom.html (439 words)

	Aviso/Altimetry - Actualités : Nouvelles fraîches des océans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mean Sea Level rise as seen by Topex/Poseidon
		Mean Sea Level rise could be a sign of global warming of the atmosphere.
		Monitoring this level is an application of altimetry, and one of the main issue in Environmental sciences of the 21
	www.jason.oceanobs.com /html/actualites/applis/niveau_moyen_uk.html (85 words)

	SLR Supports Direct Sensing of Surface Elevations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This calibration is essential for the measurement of global mean sea level changes of a few mm/yr.
		The proper treatment of tide gauge data for global sea level monitoring requires correction for solid Earth elevation changes of the gauges, which are of the same magnitude in Europe and the US as the sea level change itself.
		Global sea level change is shown deduced from 60 10-day cycles of TOPEX/Poseidon data (Nerem, 1994).
	cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov /slr_brochure/surface_elev.html (231 words)

	The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The METRIC monthly and annual means for any one station-year are necessarily required to be measured to a common datum, although, at this stage, datum continuity between years is not essential.
		They list year-month, mean sea level value for the month, number of missing days of data in the month, and 'flag for attention' in format 1x,f10.3,1x,i5,1x,a2,1x,a1.
		The PSMSL is responsible to the IAPSO Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides (CMSLT) for the databanking of pelagic tidal constants.
	www.nodc.noaa.gov /woce_V2/disk09/psmsl/psmsl.htm (969 words)

	Reanalysis Plotter - Mean Sea-Level Pressure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mean sea-level pressure is derived from the standard surface pressure reduction for surface observations, employed by the National Weather Service:
		The mean of the 2 meter temperature at the observation time and 12 hours earlier is determined (to reduce any diurnal effects)
		The mean temperature from the surface to sea level is calculated using the 12 hour averaged surface temperature, and an assumed lapse rate of 6.5 K/1000m.
	weather.ou.edu /~cgodfrey/reanalysis/mslp.html (156 words)

	Sea Level Data on CD-ROM
		The TOGA sea level data is managed by the TOGA Sea Level Center at the University of Hawaii in cooperation with the NODC through the Joint Archive for Sea Level.
		This archive holds hourly, daily, and monthly sea level values in standard formats from 289 sea level stations in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans as of July 1994.
		The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level is based at the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston Observatory, United Kingdom, and the PSMSL data set contains monthly and annual mean values of sea level from approximately 1500 tide gauge stations around the world as of August 1994.
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_NOAA_NODC_SEALEVEL_TOGA_PSMSL.html (309 words)

	Sea Level Data
		Joint Archive for Sea Level (JASL) - The NODC and the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) cooperate to provide access to sea level data.
		The data are hourly, daily, and monthly sea level values from stations in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
		Sea Level Data CD-ROM - This disc holds hourly, daily, and monthly TOGA sea level data from 289 stations through July 1994 (recent data can be obtained online from JASL, above).
	www.nodc.noaa.gov /General/sealevel.html (337 words)

	Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
		Data from ten USACE tide gage stations in the LPB were analyzed for this study to determine relative sea level rise (Figures 68 and Table 9) (Penland and Ramsey, 1990).
		Daily USACE water level measurements were averaged and summarized in mean monthly and mean annual tables.
		Figure 71: Mean annual water level measurements for Lake Pontchartrain near at West End including rate of sea-level change for the area.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2002/of02-206/phy-environment/sea-level.html (362 words)

	Sea Levels Online
		The rate of mean sea level rise or fall has been determined for 117 long-term water-level stations.
		Monthly mean sea-level data were used to obtain the linear trend, the average seasonal cycle, and interannual variations.
		The difficulty in combining various sea-level trends at different stations around the world to determine the rate of global sea-level rise is discussed in "Sea Level as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change" by Dr. Bruce Parker, former chief of NOAA's Coast Survey Development Laboratory (Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol.
	tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov /sltrends/sltrends.shtml (233 words)

	Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level - PSMSL
		The PSMSL reports to the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides (IAPSO/CMSLT) and has an Advisory Board consisting of scientists expert in each area of sea level research.
		The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an IOC project, one of the aims of which is to improve the quality and quantity of data supplied to the PSMSL.
		A European Union (EU) funded sea level study called SELF-2 for the Mediterranean took place during the period with POL participation, with concentration at POL on mean sea level changes, storm surge modelling, absolute gravity and tidal loading.
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~iag/Travaux_99/sec5_psmsl.htm (2149 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Mark of hot dispute
		Scientists who are sceptical about the existence of global warming say it clearly undermines oft-repeated claims that sea levels have risen over the past century because of rising temperatures on Earth.
		"John Daly has taken the mark, which is a nice clear bench mark, and said 'that is the mean level of the sea at that time', and it wasn't," says Dr Pugh.
		Dr Pugh says technical problems have prevented CSIRO from recording reliable data until just the last few months and, because mean sea level can change over the course of a year through seasonal water temperature changes, no results will be published until the year 2000.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/467007.stm (742 words)

	Sea Level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		If you're talking about the heights given on sea charts >then the height is given as that above mean high water springs - that is the >average high water height for spring tides.
		However, their mean sea level isn't the same as the mean sea level >that the sea charts use.
		Mean Low Water is midway >between mean low water springs and mean low water neaps.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/env99/env117.htm (323 words)

	Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The permanet service for mean sea level is receiving growth interest and request from many nations and scientist of all countries having some coastal boundaries.
		Charged with the collection, publication, analysis and interpretation of mean sea level data, the PSMSL receives monthly and annual mean values of sea level related to fixed bench marks for over 100 countries.
		The same address is used to FTP datasets from the WOCE Sea Level Center and the British Oceanographic Data Center (BODC).
	www.olympus.net /IAPSO/sealevelserv91_95.html (534 words)

	Global mean sea level altimetry links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		AVISO/Altimetry is the French Active Archive Data Center for multi-satellite altimeter missions responsible for post-processing, analyzing, archiving and distributing altimetry data for CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales), the French Space Agency.
		UTCSR (University of Texas - Center for Space Research) provides access to dynamic ocean topography data sets observed by the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeters as well as 10-day maps of sea level variability about the mean topography (1992-Present).
		Seasat was the first JPL mission to study Earth using imaging radar; specifically designed to observe the ocean.
	sealevel.colorado.edu /links_alt.html (328 words)

	Sea Level - MSN Encarta
		Sea Level, or mean sea level, the average height, or elevation, of the sea surface.
		Scientists measure sea level in different locations over a long...
		EPA Global Warming Site: Sea Level Rise Reports
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569928/Sea_Level.html (60 words)

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