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Topic: Measurement problem

	Measurement problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The measurement problem is the key set of questions that every interpretation of quantum mechanics must answer.
		The problem is that the wavefunction in quantum mechanics evolves according to the Schrödinger equation into a linear superposition of different states, but the actual measurements always find the physical system in a definite state, typically a position eigenstate.
		The Hugh Everett's relative state interpretation, often referred inaccurately as the many-worlds interpretation, attempts to avoid the problem by suggesting it is an illusion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Measurement_problem (937 words)

	Measurement problem -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The measurement problem is the key set of questions that every (Click link for more info and facts about interpretation of quantum mechanics) interpretation of quantum mechanics must answer.
		Quantum decoherence does not describe the actual process of the wavefunction collapse, but it explains the conversion of the quantum probabilities (that are able to (Click link for more info and facts about interfere) interfere) to the ordinary classical probabilities.
		One of the many problems of the Bohm interpretation is that it does not explain what happens with the wavefunction once the particle is observed.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/me/measurement_problem.htm (683 words)

	International High IQ Society
		This distinction is at the nub of the measurement problem.
		Is the measurement problem only a problem when viewed from the frame of reference of a classical world on the backdrop of a quantum world or is it that our thinking on this particular problem is coming from a certain entrenched perspective, and that we are in fact constrained by our own thinking.
		The problem with this addition is that by a level of inductive and deductive reasoning the observer's friend at the time of measurement becomes interconnected with the observer and they too are in the same linear superposition state that the original observer found themselves in at the point of measurement.
	www.highiqsociety.org /common/iqmag/200403/body.htm (7311 words)

	Measurement and Detection Standards from the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
		The problem was solved using the introduction of a ferromagnetic powder into the ignition compound of the match heads and using a magnetic field to create a system that could easily detect and control defect reduction in the packaged system.
		If we are given the problem of detection or measurement and it is impossible to change the problem to remove the need for detection or measurement, it is proposed to replace direct operations on the object with operations on its copy or picture.
		If we are given the problem of measurement and the problem cannot be changed to remove the need for measurement, and it is impossible to use copies or pictures, it is proposed to transform this problem into the a problem of successive detection of changes.
	www.triz-journal.com /archives/2002/09/a (3419 words)

	Measurement in Quantum Theory
		The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics arises out of the fact that several principles of the theory appear to be in conflict.
		This has come to be known as "the measurement problem" and in what follows, we study the details and examine some of the implications of this problem.
		The measurement problem was exacerbated by another paradox that arose in the context of the Einstein-Bohr debate: what has come to be called the EPR (Einstein-Podolski-Rosen) paradox (Einstein, Podolski, Rosen 1935).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qt-measurement (3932 words)

	Physics: The Last Questions
		The Symbol Grounding Problem is a paper by Stevan Harnad presenting one of the most profound (and darkest) areas of human reasoning -- the relationship of mind to object.
		measurement problem (FAQ by Paul Budnik) where it seems that the presence of consciousness effects the outcome of a measurement.
		Werner A. Hofer presents an authoritative description of the core problems and the seeming paradoxes buried in the axioms of quantum mechanics.
	www.martinelli.org /tlq.htm (912 words)

	Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ: The measurement problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The formulation of QM describes the deterministic unitary evolution of a wave function.
		This question (also known as the measurement problem) affects how we analyze some experiments such as tests of Bell's inequality and may raise the question of interpretations from a philosophical debate to an experimentally testable question.
		This is the view of the compiler of this document.
	www.mtnmath.com /faq/meas-qm-2.html (436 words)

	The Decoherence of Measurement
		Maybe our very ability to measure, to design measurement methods and instrumentation, to conceptualize and formalize the act of measurement and so on – are thus limited and "designed" as to yield only the "collapsible" solutions of the wave function which are macrocosmically stable and "objective" (known as the "pointer states")?
		Most measurements are indirect - they tally the effects of the system on a minute segment of its environment.
		The anthropocentric (and anthropic) view of the Copenhagen Interpretation (conscious, intelligent observers determine the outcomes of measurements in the quantum realm) associates humans with negentropy (the decrease of entropy and the increase of order).
	samvak.tripod.com /deco.html (1642 words)

	Arsenic project
		The laboratory detectors are expensive and incapable of permitting the large numbers of measurements needed in a country such as Bangladesh, where there are over 11,000,000 wells and where there is a need to continually verify that the water is safe to drink.
		Traditionally a country has a bureau of weights and measured to ensure that all merchants give proper value for money and that a kilogram of rice in one place is thesame as a kilogram of rice in another.
		However, in general, EPA found that the test kits and portable chemical sensors were not affected by the presence of sodium chloride, iron, sulfate, or acidity, and that measurements of arsenic were similar in samples that contained these potential interfering chemicals vs. samples that did not.
	phys4.harvard.edu /%7Ewilson/arsenic/measurement/arsenic_project_measurement.html (2125 words)

	Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ
		The measurement problem Paul Budnik paul@mtnmath.com The formulation of QM describes the deterministic unitary evolution of a wave function.
		The quantum measurement process happens ``when'' the transaction (OW sent - CW received - standing wave formed with probability \\Psi \\Psi*) is finished - and this happens over a space-time interval; thus, one cannot point to a time of collapse, only to an interval of collapse (consistent with relativity).
		If quantum theory is true, there are cases in which the results of the measurements A will depend on the setting of the knob b and/or the results of the measurements in B will depend on the setting of the knob a.[1] It is logically possible to deny CFD and thus to avoid Eberhard's proof.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/physics-faq/measurement-in-qm (4583 words)

	The Theory of Positivist Mechanics - Abstract and Section 1: Introduction
		The concept that what cannot be measured or observed should have no place in a physical theory - often called the concept of logical positivism - has been a guiding concept in modern physics, implicit in both the theory of general relativity (GR) and the theory of quantum mechanics (QM).
		In this essay, I propose the conceptual framework for a classical solution to the measurement problem of QM based on the assumption that classical mechanics is non-deterministic and using a formal implementation of the principle of logical positivism.
		To determine the multiplicity of a problem, therefore, I propose the principle of logical positivism, which is founded upon the concept that what cannot be measured or observed should be excluded from the laws of physics.
	www.geocities.com /straycat_md/TOPM.html (1945 words)

	Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
		Everett's relative-state formulation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics.
		This is the quantum measurement problem in the context of the standard collapse formulation of quantum mechanics.
		The main problems with the many-minds theory concern its commitment to a strong mind-body dualism and the question of whether the sort of mental supervenience one gets is worth the trouble of postulating a continuous infinity of minds associated with each observer.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-everett (6649 words)

	Collapse Theories
		As already mentioned, the standard solution to this problem is given by the WPR postulate: in a measurement process reduction occurs: the final state is not the one appearing at the right hand side.
		However, due to the white noise nature of the stochastic potential, novel renormalization problems arise: the increase per unit time and per unit volume in the energy of the meson field is infinite due to the fact that infinitely many mesons are created.
		However this is a problem arising directly from the mathematical features (spreading of wave functions) and from the probabilistic interpretation of the theory, and not at all a problem peculiar to the dynamical reduction models.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/qm-collapse (10427 words)

	MESA Memo 1: Sample-free Measurement
		Their basis is the development of methods for measuring which are specific to the measurement intended and independent of variation in the other characteristics of the objects measured or the measuring instruments used.
		Object-free instrument calibration and instrument-free object measurement are the conditions which make it possible to generalize measurement beyond the particular instrument used, to compare objects measured on similar but not identical instruments, and to combine or partition instruments to suit new measurement requirements.
		When measurement is governed by this model, it is possible to take into account whatever abilities the persons in the calibration sample happen to have and to free the estimation of item easiness from the particulars of these abilities.
	www.rasch.org /memo1.htm (5801 words)

	Everett’s Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
		That is, if observers and their measuring devices are understood as being constructed of simpler systems each behaving as quantum mechanics requires (each obeying 4a), then the standard theory is logically inconsistent since it says that together the systems must obey 4b.
		The problem is that there is a gap in Everett’s exposition between what he sets out to explain (why observers have precisely the same experiences as predicted by the standard theory) and what he ultimately ends up saying.
		One problem is that the bare theory is not empirically coherent: that is, if the bare theory were true, it would be impossible to ever have empirical evidence for accepting it as true.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/fall2000/entries/qm-everett (4518 words)

	Lecture 23
		For the next two days we will be examining the philosophical problems that arise in quantum physics, specifically those connected with the interpretation of measurement.
		Born contributed to a solution to the problem by suggested that the square of the amplitude of Schrödinger's wave at a certain point in the abstract mathematical space of the wave represented the probability of finding the particular value (of position or momentum) associated with that point upon measurement.
		A physical system's observable properties have definite values between measurement, but these values are not precise, as is the case when the system's observable properties are being measured; rather, the values of the system's observable quantities before measurement are "smeared out" between the particular values that the observable quantity could have upon measurement.
	www.soc.iastate.edu /sapp/phil_sci_lecture23.html (1680 words)

	Better Production - Job Shop Solves 2D Measurement Problem With Single-Axis Height Gage
		Measurement errors result from variations in torque and pressure where tools or probes contact the workpiece.
		Vickery says the source of the accumulation error was an inability to measure the relative positions of the many holes in the workpiece.
		It measures at an accuracy of (2+L/600) micrometer with 0.1 micrometer/0.5 micrometer resolution/repeatability.
	www.mmsonline.com /articles/0101bp5.html (1188 words)

	Math Teaching Resources, Books, Materials, Supplies for patterns, graphs, measurement, problem-solving (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The story problems in these books are created from the math skills taught in the primary grades (addition, subtraction, simple multiplication, division, money, time, fractions, comparing numbers, measurement, symmetry, number patterns, perimeter, and shapes).
		Several pages of manipulatives (called a "Detective's Kit") have been included to assist the student in solving the problems and can also be used by the adult when teaching some of the math skills to the student.
		Every part has an accompanying math problem that must be solved before the students can move on to the next part of the adventure.
	oblockbooks.home.att.net /math2.htm (2020 words)

	PhilSci Archive - Quantum Measurements, Propensities and the Problem of Measurement
		Fine’s approach must be understood against the background of the insolubility proof of the quantum measurement.
		I first defend the proof as an appropriate formal representation of the quantum measurement problem.
		First, selections provide the only known solution to the measurement problem that does not relinquish any of the explicit premises of the insolubility proofs.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001572 (176 words)

	Progress Report: Dec '98
		By combining range measurements from several receivers and knowing the position of the receivers relative to each other it is possible to use triangulation theory to implement the proposed position measurement system.
		Position measurement in 2D or 3D require that the existing Polaroid modules be modified to allow independent operation of the transmitter and receiver.
		The two dimensional position measurement problem is illustrated in Figure 1.3 will give details with regard to the horizontal position of the robot with respect to the two fixed receivers.
	www.ee.unb.ca /thesis98/ee4000k/ProgRep.htm (2193 words)

	LESSON PLANET - 30,000 Lessons and 1077 Lesson Plans for Measurement
		Measurement in Standard Units - Students choose the proper measurement unit and the corresponding measurement tool needed for a particular measurement in length, volume, and weight/mass.
		Measurement Man - Students examine the conversions for units of measurement for cups, pints, quarts, and gallons.
		Partners in Measurement - Students apply their knowledge and demonstrate their ability to use standard and non-standard customary units in a cooperative measurement activity.
	www.lessonplanet.com /search/Math/Measurement (390 words)

	quantum mechanics -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Of first concern in the problem of motion are the forces that bodies exert on one another.
		As discussed earlier, Planck and Einstein had explained experimental results using the concept that electromagnetic energy interacts with matter in the form of particles—whose energy is connected with the wavelength ascribed to that color of light.
		Discusses a proposal by Hugh Everett, intended to resolve the measurement problem encountered in the standard von Neumann-Dirac collapse theory.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9110312 (742 words)

	[No title]
		The problem of human contact with some spiritual realm, of timelessness, of our inability to capture all with language and symbol -- all have their counterparts in the quest for the nature of Platonic mathematics.
		There is no problem of the type that Feferman is referring to, when he brings up the matter of whether, for example, Paul Cohen is or is not a Platonist.
		At the level of molecular biology, functionality may seem to pose certain conceptual problems, perhaps because the very notion of an organ has disappeared when biological relationships are specified in biochemical terms; but appearances are misleading, certain functions remaining even in the absence of an organ or organ systems.
	www.alamo-girl.com /backdoor.htm (13641 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Students investigate the problem of air pollution in a given location and research possible solutions using a variety of tools (laboratory technology, Internet resources, multimedia technology, etc.).
		A middle school lesson on measuring and calculating the area and perimeter of squares, rectangles, triangles, etc. From the Geometry and Measurement section of a collection of almost 200 single concept lessons by the Science and Mathematics Initiative...more>>
		A lesson designed to teach students to measure the area of a room and various objects in this room; place scale model furniture in a room and determine the area occupied; and calculate the percentage of space used.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/measurement (2212 words)

	The problem of measurement in Quantum Mechanics (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We devote this essay to a study of the "reduction of the wave packet" within the context of the operator-algebraic approach to quantum mechanics.
		To describe the measurement process, traditional QM postulates not only the Schrodinger time evolution but also a discontinuous kind of time evolution.
		However, the measuring apparatus is a physical object to which the Schrodinger equation should be applicable.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /258541.html (151 words)

	Principia Cybernetica Mailing-List Archive: The measurement 'problem' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		I have been reading and thinking about the measurement 'problem'.
		A problem that stems from the application of quantum mechanical
		on for the measurement is much less unreliable than the one being
	bruce.edmonds.name /PRNCYB-L/1893.html (262 words)

	Chemical process engineering - Level measurement problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We have a level measurement problem that seems trivial but until now no valuable solution has been found.
		The medium to measure is a polystyrene swollen in DMF.
		Radar and guided radar level measurement have the disadvantage that dead zones are present at the top (and the bottom), which is inconvenient in such a small reactor, and that the liquid droplets passing the radarwaves might also disturb the measurement.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=104863 (918 words)

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