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	The Turk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turk's tour of the United States was a success, and Maelzel decided to bring the Turk to Cuba as the first leg of a South American tour.
		The Turk was then auctioned off, and the new owner in turn sold it to Dr John Mitchell, a Professor of Medicine and Surgery, who had founded a club for the express purpose of purchasing the Turk.
		The secret of the Turk was due to the foldable nature of the compartments within the Turk's cabinet, and the fact that the "machinery" and a drawer in the cabinet did not extend all the way to the back of it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mechanical_Turk (1045 words)

	The Turk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Kempelen first exhibited the Turk at the court of Austrian Empress Maria Theresa in 1770, and later took it on a tour of Europe for several years during the 1780s.During this time the Turk was exhibited in Paris where BenjaminFranklin played it and lost.
		The Turk was then auctioned off, and the new owner in turn sold it to JohnMitchell, who had founded a club for the express purpose of purchasing the Turk - in return for a fee, he would reveal theTurk's secret to the club's members.
		The secret of the Turk was due to the foldable nature of the compartments within the Turk's cabinet, and the fact that the"machinery" and a drawer in the cabinet did not extend all the way to the back of it.
	www.therfcc.org /the-turk-170981.html (796 words)

	Amazon Mechanical Turk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Amazon Mechanical Turk (MechTurk) is a web service by Amazon.com that enables computer programs to co-ordinate the use of human intelligence to perform tasks which computers are unable to do.
		The name Mechanical Turk comes from a certain chess-playing automaton of the 18th century, which toured Europe beating the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin, but turned out not to really be an automaton at all: a chess master hid in a special compartment controlling its operations.
		The MechTurk is comparable in some respects to the Google Answers service offered by Google.com; however, the mechanical Turk is a more general service that can potentially help distribute any kind of work tasks all over the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk (507 words)

	The Turk - Welcome to TheTurkBook.com! The Turk, The New Book by Tom Standage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to this description, clocks, watches and all machines of a similar kind are automata, but the word is generally applied to contrivances which simulate for a time the motions of animal life.
		Kempelen was well versed in physics, mechanics, and hydraulics, and was a trusted servant of the empress.
		At the time, elaborate mechanical toys were a popular form of entertainment in the courts of Europe, though the technology they embodied was soon to be put to more serious uses.
	www.theturkbook.com /preface.php (781 words)

	The Turk -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Turk was a famous (Something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage) hoax which purported to be a (additional info and facts about chess-playing) chess-playing (A mechanism that can move automatically) automaton first constructed and unveiled in 1769 by (additional info and facts about Wolfgang von Kempelen) Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734-1804).
		The Turk's tour of the United States was a success, and Maelzel decided to bring the Turk to (A communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba; involved in state-sponsored terrorism) Cuba as the first leg of a South American tour.
		In 1854, 85 years after its construction, the Turk was destroyed in the great (The largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania) Philadelphia fire.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/the_turk.htm (1022 words)

	HRC:Theory:The Mechanical Turk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On von Kempelen's death in 1804, the Turk was soon bought by a brilliant Viennese musical engineer, Johann Maelzel, court mechanician for the Habsburgs and a close ally of one of their favoured composers, Beethoven.
		The metronome was, of course, a rather more potent means of mechanizing and standardizing artistic creativity than any mere chess-player would ever be: 'an universal standard measure for musical time is thus obtained', chorused the musical journalists, 'and its correctness may be proved at all times by comparison with a stopwatch'.
		Even more influentially, he ponderously laid down the law of mechanism's limits: 'the movements which spring from it are necessarily limited and uniform, it cannot usurp and exercise the faculties of the human mind, it cannot be made to vary its operations so as to meet the ever-varying circumstances of a game of chess.
	www.hrc.wmin.ac.uk /hrc/theory/babbage/dancer/t.5.4[3].html (1852 words)

	Wired 10.03: Monster in a Box
		After Kempelen's death, the Turk was bought by Johann Maelzel, a maker of musical automata who is also remembered as the inventor of the metronome (though he actually stole the design from someone else).
		The Turk's debut occurred at the start of the industrial revolution, as the relationship between men and machines was being redefined; it was a time when new technology seemed to offer boundless possibilities.
		By the mid-19th century, public understanding of what mechanical technology could and could not do was on a firmer footing than at the time of the Turk's debut, and most people had come to regard chess-playing machines as improbable.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.03/turk_pr.html (3374 words)

	Wired 10.03: Monster in a Box
		Kempelen opened it to reveal an elaborate mechanism of densely packed wheels, cogs, levers, and clockwork machinery, including a large horizontal cylinder with a complex configuration of protruding studs, similar to that found in a musical box.
		Kempelen explained that his mechanical man would play the white pieces and have the first move, that moves could not be taken back once made, and that it was important to place the pieces exactly on the center of the squares, so that the automaton would be able to grasp them correctly.
		The sight of a machine playing chess was astounding enough, but the Turk, as it came to be known, also proved to be a formidable opponent.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.03/turk.html (1070 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Archive Search
		Now we have The Mechanical Turk, the story of the 18th-century automaton that convinced everyone that a machine could play world-class chess, a feat that was only truly achieved in the last decade.
		In the spring of 1770 he unveiled the Turk, a life-size figure carved from wood, adorned with an ermine-trimmed robe and a turban.
		The Turk was seated behind a cabinet that was four feet long, three feet high and two and a half feet deep.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Archive/Article/0,4273,4397394,00.html (1047 words)

	Chessville - Reviews - Turk, The
		Standage writes, "The Turk's sensational performance astonished and delighted the empress, and at her behest Kempelen and his automaton made many more appearances before additional members of the royal family, government ministers of both Austria-Hungary and foreign countries, and other eminent visitors to the court.
		For the ingenuity of the Turk so impressed [Maria Theresa, the empress of Austria-Hungary] that she recalled Kempelen from Banat and awarded him a generous additional allowance equal to his annual salary.
		Mechanical technology was advancing quickly, the industrial revolution was getting started, and displays of mechanical toys of amazing complexity were very popular.
	www.chessville.com /reviews/reviews_turk.htm (2577 words)

	Bookreporter.com - THE TURK by Tom Standage
		In the course of "the Turk's" career, it was challenged by a host of famous figures to a game of chess --- figures running the gamut from Benjamin Franklin to Napoleon Bonaparte --- and was reputed, in a number of apocryphal tales, to have engaged quite a few more.
		Indeed, the stories of the Turk's influence on the likes of Charles Babbage, a key figure in the history of the computer, and Edgar Allen Poe, "inventor" of the detective novel, are the highlights of the book.
		In fact, the chapter in which the Turk's secrets are revealed is perhaps the dullest in the book, and certainly the most disappointing in that once the secret is finally told, the thrilling mystery dissipates.
	www.bookreporter.com /reviews/0802713912.asp (438 words)

	The Mechanical Turk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Now we have The Mechanical Turk, the story of the eighteenth century automaton that convinced the world that a machine could play chess, a feat that was only truly achieved in the last decade.
		He inserted a large key into the cabinet, wound up the mechanism, and the Turk was ready to play.
		Worousky, having lost his legs, could hide inside the Turk, could be smuggled out of Russia, and could subsequently tour the world as the hidden power inside the automaton.
	www.simonsingh.com /The_Mechanical_Turk.html (1068 words)

	The Mechanical Turk (The Turk) - Tom Standage
		The mechanical Turk was an automaton constructed by Wolfgang von Kempelen towards the end of the eighteenth century.
		The Turk appeared to be a machine: the inside of the cabinet was opened and shown to the audience before each performance, revealing complex machinery and, apparently, insufficient room to hide a human.
		It is a surprisingly engaging story, as the ups and downs of the Turk (and its owners) are related, along with the various efforts to explain the secret behind this chess-playing wonder.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/scibio/kempelen.htm (920 words)

	"Turkish Delight" by Justin Peters
		The Turk, designed at the behest of Holy Roman empress Maria Theresa, was the most famous in a series of automata that captivated kings and savants across the Continent during the 18th and 19th centuries.
		The Turk drew crowds in Europe for 40 years---and when Europe grew tired of the machine, its operator packed it off to America, where a whole new world waited to discover its wonders.
		During the Turk's travels, it came into contact with several notable historical figures, and Standage is quick to describe the ways in which these people's experiences with the Turk impacted their lives.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /features/2001/0204.peters.html (1058 words)

	BookPage Nonfiction Review: The Turk
		They insisted that it was not a machine at all but a conjuring trick in which a small human hidden inside played chess games by operating the arms of the wooden figure.
		Despite naysayers, the Turk's career lasted 85 years, during which he crossed paths with a variety of notables, including Benjamin Franklin, Catherine the Great and Edgar Allan Poe.
		He tells the Turk's compelling story as it occurred, without revealing the mystery of the machine until the book's last chapters.
	www.bookpage.com /0205bp/nonfiction/the_turk.html (354 words)

	Geeking with Greg: Amazon Mechanical Turk?
		Amazon Mechanical Turk provides a web services API for computers to integrate "artificial, artificial intelligence" directly into their processing by making requests of humans.
		For people who want to earn money in their spare time, the Amazon Mechanical Turk web site solves the problem of finding work that they can do wherever and whenever they want.
		The core idea behind Amazon's Mechanical Turk seems to be to take the success of Google Answers and try to scale it up by a few orders of magnitude.
	glinden.blogspot.com /2005/11/amazon-mechanical-turk.html (1588 words)

	Ted Shelton: Amazon's Mechanical Turk
		I have been playing with Amazon's new Mechanical Turk and I have to say it is quite intriguing.
		Awhile ago I had written about CAPTCHAs and mentioned that I had heard about Internet sweatshops overseas in which human beings were employed as a part of computer programs to perform tasks like cracking these visual passcodes...
		Amazon's Mechanical Turk is a commercialized version of this idea.
	tedshelton.blogspot.com /2005/11/amazons-mechanical-turk.html (312 words)

	chess games and history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Turk was very famous, touring through the whole Europe for decades.
		Apparently, there were multiple hidden Turk operators -- the whole succession of strong chess players, who bought and sold the machine to each other.
		In a mechanical sort of gesture, The Turk's hand had corrected the emperor's moves twice.
	www.chesslab.com /stalinchess.htm (304 words)

	Capture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Automation (from aytoz, -self, and mav, to seize): a self-moving machine, or one in which the principle of motion is contained within the mechanism itself.
		Q: The Turk is a detective story as well as a book about the history of technology.
		The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine (Walker and Company, 2002) will be published as The Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess-Playing Machine that Fooled the World by Penguin in the UK in April 2002.
	www.chess-dictionary-chesmayne.net /Turk.htm (1865 words)

	The Turk
		t the time, elaborate mechanical toys were a popular form of entertainment in the courts of Europe, though the technology they embodied was soon to be put to more serious uses.
		nd I talked to the members of what I call the "Turk mafia"-a group of magicians, Chess experts and academics, most of whom communicate with each other, and all of whom are passionately interested in the Turk and its story.
		he Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine (Walker and Company, 2002) was published as The Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess-Playing Machine that Fooled the World by Penguin in the UK in April 2002.
	www.chess-poster.com /english/chesmayne/the_turk.htm (1779 words)

	THE MECHANICAL TURK - Tom Standage - Penguin UK
		The Turk, as the automaton became known, was fashioned from wood, powered by clockwork and dressed in a stylish Turkish costume.
		The Turk's invention coincided with the start of the industrial revolution - a time when the relationship between people and machines was being radically redefined.
		Part historical detective story, part real-life fairy tale, the myster of the Turk has assumed a new significance in the computer age, as scientists and philosophers continue to debate the possibility of machine intelligence.
	www.penguin.co.uk /nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_014188617X,00.html (316 words)

	Amazon looks to solve problems that stump computers - Builder - ZDNet Asia
		Amazon Mechanical Turk, is a marketplace where developers can post small manual tasks that are part of larger software processes.
		To Philipp Lenssen, the author of the blog, Google Blogoscoped, Mechanical Turk is a valuable approach to a long-standing challenge.
		In any case, Amazon acknowledges that the Mechanical Turk is still too new to know exactly what kind of tasks will dominate the marketplace.
	www.zdnetasia.com /builder/architect/system/0,39045489,39289388,00.htm (657 words)

	ChessBase.com - Chess News - Von Kempelen's Chess Turk recreated
		It was a mechanical device, shaped like a Turk, and it became the most famous automaton in history.
		The meeting set in motion a chain of events that led him to construct an extraordinary machine: a mechanical man, dressed in an oriental costume, seated behind a wooden cabinet, and capable of playing chess.
		At the time, elaborate mechanical toys were a popular form of entertainment in the courts of Europe.
	www.chessbase.com /newsprint.asp?newsid=1574 (739 words)

	John Battelle's Searchblog: Amazon Mechanical Turk: Artificial AI
		Amazon Mechanical Turk: Artificial AI Kevin Kelly sent this my way, and it looked like a hoax, but I don't think it is, nor does Kevin, and the b'sphere is all over it.
		A life-sized wooden mannequin, adorned with a fur-trimmed robe and a turban, Kempelen’s "Turk" was seated behind a cabinet and toured Europe confounding such brilliant challengers as Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon Bonaparte.
		Developers use the Amazon Mechanical Turk web services API to submit tasks to the Amazon Mechanical Turk web site, approve completed tasks, and incorporate the answers into their software applications.
	battellemedia.com /archives/002007.php (1532 words)

	ChessBase.com - Chess News - CNN: The Chess Automaton rediscovered
		Challenged to come up with something better than what he had seen at a conjuring show, he produced the Turk, a mechanical man positioned over a chessboard.
		Eventually, the Turk passed into the hands of inventor Johann Maelzel, who took it to America for several years.
		It wasn't until 1857 -- three years after the Turk had been destroyed in a fire -- that the son of the machine's final owner revealed its secret: an expert chess player hiding in its cleverly adjustable innards.
	www.chessbase.com /newsprint.asp?newsid=361 (473 words)

	RatcliffeBlog—Mitch's Open Notebook: Ghosts in the machine
		Amazon.com Help: Amazon Mechanical Turk: Developers ("Requesters") use the Amazon Mechanical Turk web service to submit their HITs to Amazon Mechanical Turk, and approve or reject results when their HITs have been completed.
		Submitting HITs and Retrieving ResultsWhen you submit a HIT, Amazon Mechanical Turk allows you to specify the qualifications someone must have before being able to accept the HIT, how quickly the HIT must be completed, and how much you are willing to pay if you approve the submitted result.
		Amazon Mechanical Turk provides a default set of qualifications that allow you to select who can complete your HITs based on performance metrics such as a person's ratio of approved HITs to total completed HITs.
	www.ratcliffeblog.com /archives/2005/11/ghosts_in_the_m.html (335 words)

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