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Topic: Mechanochemistry

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	Mechanical Alloying, L.T.
		High energy ball milling can also induce chemical changes in non-metallurgical brsystems, including silicates, minerals, ferrites, ceramics, and organic compounds.
		The research area of mechanochemistry developed to study and utilize these processes.
		As many mechanical alloying processes involve chemical changes, the distinction between mechanical alloying and mechanochemistry is often arbitrary.
	umbc7.umbc.edu /~takacs/ma.html (2249 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In both cases (mechanochemistry and molecular beams) at the initial stage of the reaction the translational temperature of a molecule is much higher, then the vibrational one and it determines in part the mechanism of a chemical reaction.
		For the usual mixing of a pair of substances in a mortar mechanochemistry predicts the mean size of a microcrystal of around 1 mkm and in this case approximately 1% of all molecules belong to the near surface layers and are active for chemical interactions.
		The role of mechanochemistry is this case to average all the reaction rates (diffusion controlled or kinetic controlled in the sense of liquid-state reaction and therefore, to increase the intermediates concentrations).
	mywebpage.netscape.com /TipikinDmitriy/Mobility/Introduction.htm (6744 words)

	Mechanochemistry
		Mechanochemistry, sometimes also called "positional synthesis" or "positional assembly" is a technique for forming chemical bonds by direct computer control of the position of molecules.
		As of 2004, the typical experimental arrangement is to attach a molecule to the tip of an atomic force microscope, and then use the microscope's precise positioning abilities to push the molecule on the tip into another on a substrate.
		Much of the excitement regarding mechanochemistry regards its potential use in automated assembly of molecular-scale devices.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Chemistry/Mechanochemistry.php (498 words)

	Mendeleev Communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of the SB RAS was founded in 1944 at the participation of the West Siberian affiliated branch of the Academy of Sciences, USSR.
		An important direction being the logical consequence of the general concept of investigations of the solids reactivity is the mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of the solids research.
		Investigations in the field of the super-ionic composite materials synthesis and preparation of oxide, sulfide, and metal powders of the prescribed morphology in the burning wave of complex compounds of transition metals are successfully developed at the Institute.
	www.mendcomm.org /index/institutes-solinst.html (1322 words)

	Mechanochemistry and Mechanical Activation of Solids by V. V. Boldyrev
		This important book deals with the question of what the mechanical treatment of solids is, and why the reactivity of solids is changed as a result of mechanical treatment (called mechanical activation).
		It outlines the possible human activities where these phenomena can be used (including the synthesis of new materials processing of mineral raw materials, synthesis and modification of pharmaceuticals, preparation of catalyst, cosmetics).
		Mechanochemistry and Mechanical Activation of Soli : This important book deals with the question of what the mechanical treatment of solids is, and why the react...
	www.tonsofspecials.com /sales.php?654104 (611 words)

	Mechanochemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mechanochemistry, is the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical on a molecular scale includes mechanical breakage, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shockwave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines.
		A small part of mechanochemistry is sometimes also called "positional synthesis" or "positional assembly" is a technique for forming chemical bonds by direct computer control of the position of molecules.
		The coupling of the mechanical and the chemical on a molecular scale includes mechanical breakage, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shockwave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mechanochemistry (608 words)

	APS - 2006 APS March Meeting - Event - Are mechanochemistry and thermal chemistry equal?: probing by nanonewton forces. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Despite the fact that mechanochemistry, where mechanical energy is used instead of the thermal energy was long known, its practical use and impact was limited.
		This is an important and opened question as mechanochemistry and thermal chemistry are rarely applied to the same system.
		While thermal chemistry affects selectively the thiolate-carbon bond, mechanochemistry leaves that bond intact and leads to metal-metal bond breaking processes and creation of unusual high- energy structures nonexistent in the nature.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/MAR06/Event/38963 (216 words)

	Nanotechnology at Zyvex: Mechanochemistry
		We define mechanochemistry as the enabling or enhancement of site-specific chemical reactions by positional control of the reactants, with localized mechanical (or electrical) force applied to overcome reaction barriers.
		High explosives, which have a shock wave moving faster than the speed of sound, operate in the realm of mechanochemistry, where the reaction is driven by the force of the shock wave, not diffusion.
		See Michelsen for a discussion of the possibility of using carbon analogs for mechanochemistry, as well as an exposition on how we might get to the point of doing mechanochemistry.
	www.zyvex.com /Research_Old/mechanochem.html (510 words)

	Mechanochemistry. Mechanically activated materials. Mechanical alloying.
		Mechanochemistry studies chemical and physico-chemical processes taking place during mechanical treatment of substances.
		The group is looking for industrial partners who would collaborate in application of mechanochemistry research results in various fields of industry.
		Keywords: mechanochemistry, high energy planetary mills, mechanically activated synthesis, mechanically stimulated decomposition, mechanically activated powders, tungsten carbide recycling, hard alloys grinding, mechanical alloying, powder metallurgy, SiC strengthened alloys, oxide dispersion strengthened alloys.
	wgc.chem.pu.ru /~inorg_mat/mechem.html (592 words)

	Mechanochemistry, as a branch of science dealing with physico-chemical transformations and chemical reactions of solids ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mechanochemistry, as a branch of science dealing with physico-chemical transformations and chemical reactions of solids induced by mechanical action [1-8], is the subject of increasing interest in relation to solid state sciences and technology.
		The present research activities in mechanochemistry have also been extended to two (or more)-phase systems, i.e.
		Although an enormous amount of research has been devoted to mechanically activated and mechanosynthesized solids [9,10], there are still a number of problems to be addressed and eventually solved.
	www.pci.tu-bs.de /agbecker/mechano.html (443 words)

	Design of a Primitive Nanofactory
		Power requirements, control of mechanochemistry, reliability in the face of radiation damage, convergent assembly processes and joint mechanisms, and product design are discussed in detail, establishing that the design should be capable of duplicating itself.
		As used in this paper, mechanochemistry refers to the process of inducing covalent bond formation or breaking under controlled conditions by mechanical motion.
		9.7.3) and performing detailed mechanochemistry may be fast, flexible, and relatively easy to design, and would be preferable to the simple robotic manipulator implicitly assumed for this baseline design.
	www.kurzweilai.net /articles/art0607.html?m=18 (9425 words)

	MPE Research Areas
		By contrast, the use of mechanochemistry for the processing of ionic and molecular materials, such as complex metal hydrides and organic solids, is virtually non-existent, however, it has been recently discovered by us to be a viable synthesis route.
		The principal basic issues of this research effort are to develop both the new science and relevant models to enable understanding of mechanically induced solid-state transformations in non-metallic systems, especially complex ionic and molecular solids.
		Exploratory work on mechanochemistry of complex aluminum-based hydrides spawned from our discovery of an unusual mechanically induced transformation of lithium aluminohydride (LiAlH4) into Li3AlH6, Al and H2 in the presence of a small amount of TiCl4.
	www.metcer.ameslab.gov /exploratory/mechano-chemistry.html (862 words)

	mechanochemistry and free radicals (continued) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In particular, in [87] it was shown, that the mechanical contact of two surfaces may be in principle modelled with the help of the computer and it is possible to rceive data about the microscopic mechanism of the mechanochemical reaction.
		The biggest problem for the explanation of the process of the generation of free radicals and radical pairs during the process of the mechanochemical reaction is the fact, that in order to reach the rupture of the bond the energy is necessary, that is much higher, then kT.
		If the generation of the radicals under the action of irradiation (X-ray radiation, radioactivity, light) is explainable - the energy of the quantum is compatible with the energy of the bond, the effect of the generation of radicals in mechanochemistry is not possible to explain in this manner.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /tipikindmitriy/radical2/radical2.htm (6315 words)

	Mechanochemistry
		PDF-Text (USA) [E] Mechanochemistry and Preparation of Nanocrystalline Materials
		PDF-Article (USA) [E] The Mechanochemistry of Molecular Motors
		The author- or copyrights of the listed Internet pages are held by the respective authors or site operators, who are also responsible for the content of the presentations.
	www.chemlin.net /chemistry/mechanochemistry.htm (135 words)

	Books related to Nano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Macromolecular Mechanochemistry presents from theoretical and experimental point of view the main problems of this field, including the results obtained in more than a century of research.
		Mechanical activation of solids is a part mechanochemistry, the science with a sound theoritical foundation exhibiting a wide range of potential application.
		Gutman in a graduate course in the mechanochemistry of materials at the Ben - Gurion University of the Negev.
	www.bls.fr /amatech/sciences/Mecanosynthese/Books_related_to_Nano.htm (1960 words)

	University of Pennsylvania Health System: News and Periodicals: Molecular Mechanochemistry: An Emerging Discipline at ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Cells and tissues have evolved to thrive in an environment continually subjected to fluctuating physical constraints.
		For example, the constantly changing fluid dynamics of blood flowing past endothelial cells that line arteries and veins has caused these cells to develop a rapid-fire plasticity to external forces.
		The emerging discipline of molecular mechanochemistry addresses these adaptations, combining elements of biomechanics, molecular biology, and biophysics.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /news/News_Releases/feb98/mechano.shtml (505 words)

	Nanotechnology: Frequently Asked Questions
		As our Director of Research is fond of saying about proposed objections, "If it doesn't have math, it's probably a myth." Mechanochemistry is already being done, and CRN is not aware of any physical law or engineering obstacle that will prevent the development of molecular manufacturing.
		This is ordinary chemistry: an atom moving from one molecule to another when they come close enough to each other, and when the movement is energetically favorable.
		What's different about mechanochemistry is that the tool tip molecule can be positioned by direct computer control, so you can do this one reaction at a wide variety of sites on the surface.
	www.crnano.org /faq.htm (2446 words)

	What is Nanotechnology?
		Formulating a roadmap for development of this kind of nanotechnology is now an objective of a broadly based technology roadmap project led by Battelle (the manager of several U.S. National Laboratories) and the Foresight Nanotech Institute.
		This is because of the rapid progress being made in enabling technologies, such as optics, nanolithography, mechanochemistry and 3D prototyping.
		If it does arrive that soon, we may not be adequately prepared, and the consequences could be severe.
	crnano.org /whatis.htm (1477 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		The utilization of mechanochemistry in the extractive metallurgy and at the nanocrystalline materials preparation
		The possibility of the application of mechanochemistry in the extractive metallurgy and the nanocrystalline materials preparation is studied.
		The aim of the experiments is the chloride leaching of a complex sulphidic CuPbZn concentrate (Hodrua-Hámre), the modification of properties of CaCO3 (Yauli, Peru) for zinc sorption from model solutions and the mechanochemical reduction of copper sulphide by elemental iron.The chloride leaching of mechanically activated complex sulphidic CuPbZn concentrate is a selective process.
	www.doaj.org /abstract?id=113603&toc=y (255 words)

	Mechanochemistry, L.T.
		Mechanochemistry, L.T. Mechanochemistry: Summary and Papers by L.Takacs
		More on mechanical alloying, the application of mechanochemistry to metals and alloys.
		More on nanocomposites, ultra-fine-grained materials by ball milling.
	physics.umbc.edu /~takacs/mechem.html (1751 words)

	Kinesin Mechanochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Simultaneous optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence to probe kinesin's mechanochemistry
		Kinesin family members perform diverse tasks within cells, including cargo transport, mitotic spindle organization, chromosome distribution, and regulation of microtubule dynamics.
		A green laser is used for fluorescence excitation, using total internal fluorescence microscopy methods.
	www.stanford.edu /~mvalenti/kinesin.html (348 words)

	Nanotechnology: Frequently Asked Questions
		As our Director of Research is fond of saying about proposed objections, "If it doesn't have math, it's probably a myth." Mechanochemistry is already being done, and CRN is not aware of any physical law or engineering obstacle that will prevent the development of molecular manufacturing.
		This is ordinary chemistry: an atom moving from one molecule to another when they come close enough to each other, and when the movement is energetically favorable.
		What's different about mechanochemistry is that the tool tip molecule can be positioned by direct computer control, so you can do this one reaction at a wide variety of sites on the surface.
	crnano.org /faq.htm (2446 words)

	mechanochemistry - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "mechanochemistry" is defined.
		mechanochemistry : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		mechanochemistry : Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 10th Edition [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=mechanochemistry (88 words)

	Solvent Shakedown: The Mechanochemistry Alternative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		But senior scientist Vitalij Pecharsky of the U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, located at Iowa State University, has been exploring one possible avenue toward replacing solvents in some applications: mechanochemistry, or the chemical conversion of solids through mechanical processes (usually milling or grinding) rather than by using solvents.
		Specifically, Pecharsky's team has been experimenting with a process known as high-energy ball-milling, a seemingly low-tech mechanical process commonly used in working with metals and other inorganic substances.
		A provisional patent has been filed for ball-milling of organic compounds, but mechanochemistry, Pecharsky says, is not a magic wand.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2003/111-10/innovations.html (1910 words)

	Mechanochemistry
		Molecular Mechanochemistry: An Emerging Discipline At The Nexus Of Biology And Physics (University of Pennsylvania) - Text.
		Nanostressing and Mechanochemistry (Washington University, St. Louis) - Text.
		Simple mechanochemistry describes the dynamics of kinesin molecules - PDF-Text and Images.
	www.infochembio.ethz.ch /links/en/mechanochemie.html (195 words)

	Dictyostelium myosin II mechanochemistry promotes active behavior of the cortex on long time scales -- Girard et al. ...
		Dictyostelium myosin II mechanochemistry promotes active behavior of the cortex on long time scales -- Girard et al.
		Myosin II mechanochemistry facilitates the SSA class of behaviors,
		II mechanochemistry nor actin dynamics are likely to drive the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/103/7/2103 (3286 words)

	Mechanochemistry, L.T.
		Mechanochemistry, L.T. Mechanochemistry: Summary and Papers by L.Takacs
		Mechanical energy can set off chemical changes in many different situations.
		More on mechanical alloying, the application of mechanochemistry to metals and alloys.
	umbc7.umbc.edu /~takacs/mechem.html (1571 words)

	IMM Reports No. 14
		These clusters' formation is statistically controlled, hence the power law dependence on MAPTAC concentration.
		This approach to polymer binding sites is a demonstration of a kind of mechanochemistry.
		When the majority monomers absorb water and swell the polymer, they pull apart the binding site formed by the minority monomers.
	www.imm.org /Reports/Rep014.html (3038 words)

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