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Topic: Mechanoreceptor

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	Mechanoreceptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.
		Mechanoreceptors are primary neurons that respond to mechanical stimuli by firing action potentials.
		Mechanoreceptors found in areas of the body with less tactile acuity tend to have larger receptive fields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mechanoreceptor (557 words)

	Mechanism
		Type II Mechanoreceptor, low threshold, rapidly adapting, found in deeper layers of fibrous capsule, at junctions of fibrous capsule and fat, and in fat pads, stimulated at beginning and end of joint movement and are not active in non-mobile joints, respond primarily to extreme range of motion.
		Abnormal mechanoreceptor stimulation in the atlanto-occipital joint resulting from misalignment and altered weight bearing is hypothesized to cause a nonfatiguing facilitation of mechanoreceptor signals to the utricle and saccule, which results in extensor muscle spasm and a functional short leg.
		However, joint mechanoreceptors were not found to be in special abundance in the upper cervical spine, and it is now believed that muscle mechanoreceptors in the form of muscle spindles, concentrated within the small intervertebral upper cervical muscles, are the probable source for signaling head position and the tonic neck reflexes (15,29,30).
	members.aol.com /gaknutson/Mechanism.html (7064 words)

	AMMA information article
		Mechanoreceptors, the process of sensory integration, and the proprioceptive response is so sensitive that simply brushing a hair can provide location and proximity information to the brain.
		It stands to reason, considering the importance of mechanoreceptor input into the CNS, that a reduction in mechanoreceptor communication, especially if that reduction becomes a chronic state that the body negatively adapts to, that the brains ability to maintain and control homeostatic neurological processes related to proprioception would be impaired.
		Normal mechanoreceptor activation (depolarization) may involve several hundred impulses per minute, but if the target tissue is inflamed, nociceptor depolarization may discharge at a rate from 10 to 100 times that of the mechanoreceptor.
	www.americanmanualmedicine.com /education/a43z2.html (7117 words)

	Dysafferentation: A Novel Term
		Although it may be difficult to quantify such mechanoreceptor deficits in the laboratory, research suggests that a reduction in mechanoreceptor afferent input can result in the development of symptoms that can be identified in the clinical setting.
		The precise concentration of corpuscular mechanoreceptors in somatic tissues is unknown.
		Apparently, mechanoreceptor input from the neck transmits signals that oppose the signals from the vestibular apparatus, which prevents a person from developing dysequilibrium when the head is laterally flexed or rotated.
	www.chiro.org /ChiroZine/ABSTRACTS/Seaman_dysafferentiation.shtml (10541 words)

	MIT Touch Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Due to the subsurface locations of the receptors and the opacity of the skin, the stress state and deformations in the close vicinity of a receptor cannot be observed experimentally in vivo.
		A mechanistic model of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that is validated through biomechanical and neurophysiological experiments is able to establish the stress/strain stimulus to a mechanoreceptor as well as predict the population response to a given stimulus.
		To study the mechanism of transduction by the mechanoreceptors (transformation of the mechanical stress state into neural signals), 21 mechanical measures were obtained from the calculated stress and strain tensor at mechanoreceptor locations, and were matched with experimentally recorded neural response data.
	touchlab.mit.edu /oldresearch/currentwork/humanhaptics/roleofskinbiomechanics/index.html (5706 words)

	Heat and exercise alone may not determine how much we sweat
		A new study used this approach to test the hypothesis that sweat rate is modulated by muscle mechanoreceptor stimulation during the recovery period from exercise.
		The primary finding of this study is that, despite no differences in sweat rate at the end of the two exercise bouts, when muscle mechanoreceptors were stimulated during postexercise recovery (i.e., passive cycling), forearm and chest sweat rate were greater during passive cycling recovery relative to no pedaling recovery.
		These data suggest that muscle mechanoreceptor stimulation is capable of modulating sweat rate independent from the contributions of vasometric and thermal factors.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-07/aps-hae072004.php (932 words)

	CharneyLg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Resultant altered weight bearing of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints are suspected of stimulating joint mechanoreceptors and aberrant proprioceptive spinal input which initiate spinal reflexes causing body distortion and a functional or contractured leg-leg length inequality.
		One of these mechanisms is the so-called proprioceptive insult hypothesis in which stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the atlanto-occipital or atlanto-axial joints and/or surrounding tissues causes aberrant spinal cord input resulting in altered postural reflexes (4).
		If the Crowe/Kleinman hypothesis of physical disequilibrium and presumptive mechanoreceptor stimulation is correct, the continued significant abnormal rotation at C1/C2 should have resulted in LLI after correction of the atlas/occiput subluxation.
	members.aol.com /gaknutson/charneylg.html (3132 words)

	A.S. French Publications
		French, A.S. and Seyfarth, E.-A. (1993) The morphology and electrophysiology of mechanoreceptor neurons in spider slit sensilla.
		French, A.S. (1984) Sensory transduction and the cause of adaptation in a rapidly adapting insect mechanoreceptor.
		Kuster, J.E. and French, A.S. (1983) An investigation of the role of microtubules in sensory transduction by an insect mechanoreceptor.
	asf-pht.medicine.dal.ca /ASF_Pubs/ASF_Pubs.html (6035 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mechanoreceptor current studies in voltageclamped cells show a pattern of voltage dependence that is altered in habituated cells.
		This indicates that the voltagedependent gate in the mechanoreceptor channels is altered during the habituation process.
		These antibodies are being used for the isolation and characterization the mechanoreceptor channels with the eventual aim of determining what biochemical changes occur in these channels during the habituation process.
	www.pitt.edu /~neurosci/faculty/old/wood.html (257 words)

	Dr. David Wood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This suggestion is being tested using the release of Ca from "caged Ca " compounds to produce controlled increases in intracellular Ca Analysis of mechanoreceptor currents recorded from voltage-clamped cells shows a pattern of voltage dependence that is altered in habituated cells.
		This indicates that the voltage-dependent gate in the mechanoreceptor channels is altered during the habituation process.
		The relation of the actin cytoskeleton to the mechanoreceptor channels is therefore being studied through the use of fluorescent probes for f-actin and a photoaffinity label which binds specifically to the channels.
	www.pitt.edu /~neurosci/wood.html (346 words)

	Nociception, Mechanoreception and Proprioception ... What's the Difference and What Do They Have to Do with ...
		Mechanoreception refers to the process by which tissue mechanoreceptors are stimulated by mechanical input such as touch, muscle stretching, and joint motion.
		Proprioception occurs as a consequence of the integration of vestibular input, visual input and tissue mechanoreceptor input to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
		It is thought that mechanoreceptor input is of the utmost importance for proprioception.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/12/24/16.html (594 words)

	UCSD Science & Engineering
		Scientists have known for the past 15 years that mechanical energy in the form of sound and touch can be transformed by tiny mechanoreceptor cells into chemical and electrical signals that are processed by the brain to hear, sense touch, maintain balance and determine the position of one’s limbs in space.
		But in Drosophila, the bristles of the mechanoreceptor cells on the insect’s thorax are especially large and prominent, making them amenable for biochemical and electrophysiological studies.
		He found them by measuring the electrical currents of their mechanoreceptor neurons when the hair bristles of the cells were deflected slightly, an action that in normal insects produces a small electrical current.
	ucsdnews.ucsd.edu /newsrel/science/mcfly.htm (1068 words)

	JVSR Research Update - April 25, 2001
		The greatest concentration of mechanoreceptor populations are in the joints and connective tissue of the spinal column.
		Mechanoreceptors have the highest population of representation of thalamic projections in the entire nervous system (4).
		This all means that the majority of sensory information that is transmitted to the cerebral cortex is a result of joint mechanoreceptor input (afferentation.) Increasing mechanoreceptor activity via a specific chiropractic adjustment has the potential to increase the ability of the nervous system to comprehend movements, joint position and posture.
	www.jvsr.com /abstracts/nl_20010425.htm (730 words)

	Mueller Laboratory
		The processing of acoustic signals is initiated at auditory sense organs, where mechanoreceptor cells convert sound-induced vibrations into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the nervous system.
		The auditory mechanoreceptor cells in mammals are the hair cells of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea.
		The architectural features of the cochlea and the properties of the hair cells are essential for encoding time-variant frequency components of sound as spatio-temporal arrays of neural discharge that provide our sense of hearing.
	www.scripps.edu /cb/mueller/projects.html (296 words)

	Biology 311 Lab Handout
		Each cercus has about 1000 mechanoreceptors on it which are very sensitive to air currents.
		Directional tuning curves for 3 individual sensory neurons are shown in panel D. mechanoreceptor sensitive to stimuli directed at the front of the animal moves in a plane parallel to the axis of the cercus (front-back).
		Other mechanoreceptors on the cercus are lodged in tight sockets.
	nervana.montana.edu /courses/Bio311/lab311.html (1441 words)

	Active Signal Conduction through the Sensory Dendrite of a Spider Mechanoreceptor Neuron -- Gingl and French 23 (14): ...
		Guillet JC, Bernard J, Coillot JP, Callec JJ (1980) Electrical properties of the dendrite in an insect mechanoreceptor: effects of antidromic or direct electrical stimulation.
		Loewenstein WR (1971) Mechano-electric transduction in the Pacinian corpuscle: initiation of sensory impulses in mechanoreceptors.
		Swerup C, Rydqvist B (1992) The abdominal stretch receptor organ of the crayfish.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/14/6096 (3800 words)

	JRM Jul1998: The Effect of Topical Estrogen and Pelvic Muscle Biofeedback on Mechanoreceptors of . . . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mechanoreceptors of the vulvar vestibule were tested for sensory threshold by Von Frey hairs, prevalidated by test-retest analysis.
		We could not demonstrate a #dose-response# relationship between serum estradiol and the mechanoreceptor threshold (r=.08, t=.36; NS), vaginal atrophic index and mechanoreceptor threshold (r=.03, t=.88; NS) or maturation index and mechanoreceptor threshold (r=.19, t=.82; NS).
		The results suggest that lowering the mechanoreceptor threshold of the vulvar vestibule results from a rapid-acting, direct effect of topical estradiol cream upon mechanoreceptive nerve fibers and that mechanoreceptive threshold was not affected by pelvic muscle biofeedback.
	www.jreprodmed.com /abs/JRM508.htm (329 words)

	Differential 5-HT3 mediation of human gastrocolonic response and colonic peristaltic reflex -- Björnsson et al. ...
		For eliciting the mechanoreceptor gastrocolonic response, a catheter with a distending balloon was fluoroscopically passed into the antrum (B).
		As was observed with atropine, the inhibition of the
		Participation of gastric mechanoreceptors and intestinal chemoreceptors in the gastrocolonic response.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/3/G498 (4489 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Moreover, nan is expressed by mechanoreceptor cells in Johnston's organ, particularly in the outer dendritic segment, where transduction is thought to take place.
		Although different structurally, hair cells within our ear, cutaneous mechanoreceptors of our skin, and invertebrate mechanoreceptors share many mechanistic features; whether mutual molecular mechanisms underlie these similar transduction mechanisms remains to be determined.
		From hair cells and skin mechanoreceptors in vertebrates, to bristle receptors in flies and touch receptors in worms, mechanically sensitive cells are essential in the life of an organism.
	scienceweek.com /2003/scc031107-1.htm (974 words)

	UMass Medical School
		I study mechanical – evoked neuronal behavior sensitivity in cutaneous mechanoreceptor neurons.
		M y goals are to understand the local mechanical states in the skin that activate afferent neurons.
		Studies of stretch responses in (a) rapidly adapting or (b) C fiber afferent mechanoreceptor neurons in mouse skin using mice with various skin phenotypes.
	www.umassmed.edu /faculty/show.cfm?start=0&faculty=164 (263 words)

	The Ruffini ending as the primary mechanoreceptor in the periodontal ligament: its morphology, cytochemical features, ...
		The Ruffini ending as the primary mechanoreceptor in the periodontal ligament: its morphology, cytochemical features, regeneration, and development -- Maeda et al.
		The Ruffini ending as the primary mechanoreceptor in the periodontal ligament: its morphology, cytochemical features, regeneration, and development
		mechanoreceptors have been reported in the past, only recently have studies
	crobm.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/3/307 (409 words)

	A T-type calcium channel required for normal function of a mammalian mechanoreceptor - Nature Neuroscience
		The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain a variety of mechanoreceptors, but no molecular markers uniquely identify specific mechanoreceptor subtypes.
		We have used DNA microarrays and subtracted cDNA libraries to isolate genes that are specifically expressed by one type of mouse mechanoreceptor.
		This is the first evidence that a calcium channel is required for normal function of a vertebrate mechanoreceptor.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nn1076 (227 words)

	Pain Relief at Wellness.MA
		The mechanoreceptor can be considered a "good guy", as it provides necessary information to allow for proper brain function.
		It is well established in the current medical literature that an increase in pain traffic and a decrease in mechanoreceptor traffic can result in a host of neurological and visceral problems, resulting in a decrease in the health of that person.
		Improved motion stimulates mechanoreceptors and muscle spindles, firing up areas in the brain that improve function, promote healing, and inhibit pain.
	www.wellness.ma /health-conditions/pain.htm (1060 words)

	Role of T-Type Calcium Current in Identified D-Hair Mechanoreceptor Neurons Studied In Vitro -- Dubreuil et al. 24 ...
		in the presence of NT-4 as isolated D-hair mechanoreceptor neurons.
		Recordings from 11 D-hair and 10 RA mechanoreceptors (n = 4 mice) indicate that D-hair mechanoreceptors are exquisitely sensitive to movement, in particular, very slow movements (1.5-100 µm/sec).
		In A, the mean firing rate and proportion of neurons responding (inset) to a series of 100 µm ramps ranging from 1.5 to 3000 µm/sec is shown for D-hair (fl filled circles) and RA (fl filled squares) mechanoreceptors.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/39/8480 (3470 words)

	The Vollum Institute
		To identify the components of the Drosophila machinery, Walker and colleagues examined mechanosensory mutants for electrophysiological aberrations that hint at defects in transduction molecules.
		One of the mutants, no mechanoreceptor potential C (nompC), showed intriguing phenotypes that strongly suggested that the gene played an important role in the transduction process.
		This preparation will allow simultaneous manipulation of both the interior and exterior of the mechanoreceptor neuron and its transduction machinery.
	www.ohsu.edu /vollum/faculty/walker (537 words)

	Simulation of Different Firing Patterns in Paired Spider Mechanoreceptor Neurons: The Role of Na+ Channel Inactivation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Chambers MR, Andres KH, von Duering M, and Iggo A. The structure and function of the slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptor in hairy skin.
		Lapied B, Malecot CO, and Pelhate M. Patch-clamp study of the properties of the sodium current in cockroach single isolated adult aminergic neurones.
		Intracellular characterization of identified sensory cells in a new spider mechanoreceptor preparation.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/3/1363 (3638 words)

	Muscle mechanoreceptor sensitivity in heart failure -- Middlekauff et al. 287 (5): H1937 -- AJP - Heart and Circulatory ...
		Muscle mechanoreceptor sensitivity in heart failure -- Middlekauff et al.
		muscle mechanoreceptors in patients with heart failure are sensitized
		mechanoreceptors in heart failure in humans or in animals.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/5/H1937 (4298 words)

	Ionic Selectivity of Mechanically Activated Channels in Spider Mechanoreceptor Neurons -- Höger et al. 78 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The detection of internal and external mechanical stimuli by mechanoreceptor
		The receptor current in the mechanoreceptor neurons of the spider slit-sense organ did not reverse at any holding potential
		The dendritic parts of mechanoreceptor neurons, where the mechanically activated ion channels are believed to be located,
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/4/2079 (4539 words)

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