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Topic: Medellin Cartel

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	Medellín Cartel - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Medellín Cartel was a well-organized but very loose network of drug smugglers originating in the city of Medellín in Colombia and operating through the 1970s and 1980s.
		It existed in permanent conflict with the Cali Cartel and from the early 80s onward, the Colombian government.
		The cartel lost much of its consolidated power and influence after the death or capture of many of its leading figures, which led to its disappearance as an unified entity, but several of its surviving associates and former members are still active in the international drug scene.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Medellin_Cartel (211 words)

	THE MENDELLIN CARTEL
		The Colombian cartels are really just a group of drug dealers that come from the same city and who made a name for themselves early and rose to prominence in the drug trafficking industry.
		The Medellin cartel as the media first called it is supposed to have been formed in 1978 when Carlos Lehder's purchased a large portion of Normans Cay, a small island off the coast of the Bahamas.
		This is where the association between the 6 kingpins of the cartel are said to have originated.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/tyjones/COLOMBIAWEBSITEPROJ/MEDELLIN.htm (354 words)

	IMPUNITY: Cases (previous investigations)- Guillermo Cano Isaza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Medellín drug cartel overlord Pablo Escobar regarded E l Espectador and Guillermo Cano as major enemies, because of the paper’s unceasing campaign against the illicit drug trade and its support for extradition of the drug traffickers to the United States.
		Cartel men warned Medellín establishments to stop dis-tributing the newspaper, or they would be attacked.
		Identifying the gang as the Medellín Cartel’s most important group of enforcers, she concluded they were also responsible for the 1984 murder of Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, and the 1985 murder of Col. Jaime Ramírez, director of the anti-narcotics police.
	www.impunidad.com /cases/guillermo97E.htm (5435 words)

	DEA History, 1990 - 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By the time Pablo Escobar, the most notorious and murderous drug lord of the Medellin Cartel, was killed by the CNP on a Colombian rooftop in 1993, the cartel had already been severely damaged.
		In the early 1990s the Medellin Cartel was waging a campaign of terror and bribery to pressure the Colombian government to prohibit the extradition of native Colombians.
		However, the many law enforcement efforts to topple the Medellin cartel were resulting in numerous surrenders and arrests that eventually led to the cartel's demise.
	www.usdoj.gov /dea/deamuseum/dea_history_book/1990_1994.htm (6959 words)

	DEA History Book, 1990 - 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Decline of the Medellin Cartel and the Rise of the Cali Mafia
		Escobar's death, along with the surrender and arrest of the Ochoa brothers marked the decline of the Medellin cartel.
		Up through the early 1990s, the Medellin Cartel had dominated the drug trade, but its reign of relentless public terror against the Colombian government had driven Colombian authorities to serious action that led to their ultimate defeat.
	www.usdoj.gov /dea/pubs/history/deahistory_05.htm (7218 words)

	GANGSTERS INCORPORATED - ROBERTO ESCOBAR INTERVIEW
		Medellin (Colombia) - At the side of his notourios brother Pablo (picture on the left), Roberto Escobar co ruled the biggest and most dangerous crime group of the last decades, the notourius Medellin-Cartel of Colombia.
		Salsa music is chanting trough the narrow streets of Itagui, a suburb of Medellin, when we are on our way to the clinic where one of the biggest drug bosses of all time is being treated and kept under tight security.
		Pablo ruled his Medellin Cartel with an iron hand until he - on December 2nd 1993 - was shot down on a roof in the streets of Los Olivos after an intensive manhunt that went on for months and had the worlds eyes on it from the get go.
	gangstersinc.tripod.com /tele.html (1560 words)

	THE CALI CARTEL
		The structure and reason for the Cali Cartel being called a cartel is the same for that of the Medellin Cartel.
		The Medellin cartel started trying to move into the New York territory and accused the Cali cartel of collaborating with the Colombian government to have leaders of the Medellin cartel arrested.
		Because of the violent nature of the Medellin cartel their leaders were targeted more and eventually all were put into jail or killed.
	fbox.vt.edu /users/tyjones/COLOMBIAWEBSITEPROJ/CALI.htm (736 words)

	Godfather of Coke
		Soon the Medellin cartel was running five flights a week into the U.S. and Escobar would be making a million dollars a day.
		Violence was a trademark of the Medellin cartel and extraordinary violence was their special trademark.
		When terrorists acting in league with the cartel kidnapped the justices of the supreme court, government troops were forced to lay siege to the Palace of Justice.
	www.angelfire.com /ca5/weedpeace/godfather_of_coke.htm (5916 words)

	042404pcommentary
		During the 1980s, the term "narco terrorism" was used to describe the actions of the Medellin cartel, the powerful drug trafficking group headed by Pablo Escobar.
		The Medellin cartel was not afraid of violent confrontation with the Colombian government, and it did not hesitate to use indiscriminate violence to eliminate its enemies.
		The Medellin cartel and, to a lesser extent, its chief rival, the Cali cartel, were willing to resort to terrorist acts like these because of the huge profits that the drug trade generated.
	www.hispanicvista.com /html4/042404pc.htm (1277 words)

	DEA History Book, 1980 - 1985
		The rise of the Medellin cartel, the influx of cocaine into the United States, and the violence associated with drug trafficking and drug use complicated the task of law enforcement at all levels.
		By the early 1980s, the drug lords of the Medellin cartel were well established in Colombia, where they used murder, intimidation, and assassination to keep journalists and public officials from speaking out against them.
		The Medellin cartel was fast becoming the richest and most feared underworld crime syndicate the world had ever encountered.
	www.dea.gov /pubs/history/deahistory_03.htm (6458 words)

	CNN.com - Colombian drug kingpin convicted of charges he rejoined the drug trade - May. 29, 2003
		A founder of Colombia's former Medellin drug cartel was convicted of charges he rejoined a smuggling network after he was given amnesty.
		A founder of Colombia's former Medellin drug cartel was convicted Wednesday of charges he rejoined a smuggling network after he was released from prison and given amnesty.
		The Medellin cartel was accused of sending as much as 30 tons of cocaine a month into the United States.
	cnn.com /2003/LAW/05/28/drug.kingpin.conviction (672 words)

	CNN.com - Transcripts
		Ochoa is one of the heads of the Medellin cartel for many, many years, and this is the first time since the mid-'80s when we had Carlos Lehder out here that the United States has been able to prosecute and convict a trafficker of this stature.
		He also -- his organization, the Medellin cartel, was basically in control of the country in Colombia for many, many years, intimidating the whole country to the point that the president himself of Colombia was afraid to act against him and the organization for fear of his life and the life of his loved ones.
		I personally believe the Cali cartel is still behind the scenes, pulling the strings of some of these organizations, and as long as we have the demand that we have in the United States, we are going to have the drugs that we're getting.
	cnnstudentnews.cnn.com /TRANSCRIPTS/0305/30/lt.05.html (864 words)

	Colombia: Cocaine
		It was the strongest cartel during the 1980s and dominated a significant portion of the cocaine business, but it has since been overshadowed by the Cali Cartel.
		The Medellín Cartel continued to operate throughout the 1980s and began to invest its profits in land, and later in industry.
		Recent crackdowns on the Cali Cartel involved 3000 soldiers raiding houses in Cali and Bogotá, and the arrest of cartel leader Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela.
	www.gypsylounge.com /x/sam/history_lesson/col2.htm (1466 words)

	frontline: drug wars: interviews: jorge ochoa \| PBS
		Ochoa was a drug trafficker from Medellin and helped to found the Medellin cartel in the late 1970s.
		The cartel's key members were Pablo Escobar, Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, Jorge Ochoa and his brothers Juan David and Fabio.
		Medellin is a very small town and so everybody finds out what people are doing.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/ochoajorge.html (3610 words)

	JS Online: Colombia President Pens Ochoa Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ochoa's peaceful appeals stand in stark contrast to the terror campaign waged by the Medellin cartel in the late 1980s, as the drug kingpins sought to avoid U.S. prisons.
		In January 1988, cartel gunmen kidnapped Pastrana, then a candidate for mayor of Bogota, and spirited him off to a farmhouse near Medellin, Colombia's second-largest city 200 miles to the northwest.
		The Medellin cartel's heyday ended when Escobar was slain in a gunbattle with police on a Medellin rooftop in 1993.
	www.jsonline.com /news/intl/ap/aug01/ap-colombia-ochoa082701.asp?format=print (486 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cartel, believed to be responsible for much of U.S. cocaine imports, was described by Mermelstein as a loose-knit organization of Colombia's cocaine traffickers.
		The government does not allege that Restrepo was a member of the cartel, and Mermelstein said he did not know Restrepo, a businesman in the Colombian town of Medellin who is accused of running a large-scale money-laundering operation for cartel members.
		Mermelstein said he attended a ``good number'' of cartel meetings, but made only one trip to Medellin, in 1984, to attend a party he said was thrown by a cartel member.
	ils.unc.edu /~viles/172i/users/big/docs/AP881102-0043 (533 words)

	USATODAY.com - Former Medellin drug boss extradited to U.S. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ochoa, a former top leader of the notorious Medellin cartel, is the highest-profile Colombian sent to face charges in the United States since Colombia revived extraditions in 1997.
		Another Medellin cartel leader, Pablo Escobar, was killed by police in 1993.
		Under the Medellin cartel's pressure, extradition was declared unconstitutional in 1991.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2001/09/07/colombia-drug-boss.htm (646 words)

	Brief Void From Demise of Pablo Escobar and Medellin Cartel Being Filled by Cali Cartel
		However, the Cali cartel is also forcing Medellin traffickers to pay reparations for the violent conflicts of the past.
		U.S. agents say that the cartel has used semi-submersible boats, almost like submarines, that carry one ton drug cargos, ride low in the water and are almost invisible to radar.
		The term "cocaine cartel" was probably coined by a journalist or a DEA public relations officer because the term is alliterative, it drew associations with great power and with the "evil" oil cartel that disrupted American gasoline distribution twenty years ago, and it sounded ominous.]
	www.ndsn.org /july94/cali.html (620 words)

	Trafficker in trouble / Colombian drug lord Fabio Ochoa beat a U.S. trial once - but not this time
		During the heyday of the Medellin cartel in the 1980s, the weekly newsmagazine Semana estimated the wealth of the Ochoa clan -- which includes Fabio's elder brothers, Juan David and Jorge Luis -- at a colossal $12 billion.
		The threat of drug-fueled violence diminished with the breakup of the Medellin cartel after Escobar's death and the arrest in 1995 of the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers, heads of the rival Cali cartel.
		In contrast to the Medellin cartel's violent campaign against extradition in the late 1980s, this time Ochoa has waged a slick PR appeal.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/09/06/MN161988.DTL (1112 words)

	U.S. Sentences Colombian Drug Lord to More Than 30 Years in Prison
		The cartel was also linked to the deaths of government officials, opposition party leaders and journalists.
		As part of that cartel, Ochoa and his associates waged a campaign of terror and bribery to pressure the Colombian government to prohibit the extradition of native Colombians.
		The DEA said Ochoa's 1990 surrender led to the demise of the Medellin Cartel.
	usinfo.state.gov /xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2003&m=August&x=20030828123336neerge0.4903986&t=usinfo/wf-latest.html (435 words)

	2nd Committee - Issue 1, 40th Session
		Drug cartels spend most of their profits on business related expenditures such as processing equipment, boats, and planes, and on overseas investments and recreation.
		The godfather of the Medellin Cartel is Pablo Escobar.
		Cartel planes then take the paste to laboratories in the Colombian jungle for refinement into cocaine powder.
	www.munfw.org /archive/40th/2nd1.htm (2283 words)

	Salon.com News \| Death of a drug lord (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The death of Pablo Escobar was the death of the Medellín cartel.
		But killing off the Medellín cartel was a long process, and through that process the Cali cartel grew more and more powerful.
		And the destruction of the Cali cartel created the present situation, which is that the narco-trafficking is now protected and controlled by the leftist guerrillas, FARC and the ELN.
	archive.salon.com /news/feature/2001/05/24/bowden/print.html (3740 words)

	President Uribe’s Hidden Past
		He inherited huge swathes of cattle ranching land from his father Alberto Uribe, who was subject to an extradition warrant to face drug trafficking charges in the United States until he was killed in 1983, allegedly by leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrillas.
		After the reports aired, unidentified men began calling the news station, threatening to kill the show’s producer Ignacio Gómez, director Daniel Coronell, and Coronell’s 3-year-old daughter, who was flown out of the country soon thereafter.
		The DEA confirmed that GMP was Colombia’s biggest importer of potassium permanganate between 1994 and 1998, when Uribe was governor of Medellin and Moreno Villa was his chief of staff.
	www.colombiajournal.org /colombia185.htm (1288 words)

	Shot through her heart at an early age / Novel offers a provocative look at the Medellin cocaine cartel's rise to power
		The novel begins with a startling, powerful sentence: "Since [they shot her] at point-blank range while she was being kissed, she confused the pain of death with that of love." Gravely wounded, Rosario is on her way to the hospital, accompanied by her long-suffering admirer Antonio.
		She was born in the hillside slums that surround and overlook Medellin, a world of violence and vengeance far removed from the world of Antonio and his best friend, Emilio, sons of the city's wealthier, more European ruling class.
		She is raped, the first time at the age of 8; when her brother kills the man, he starts becoming the right kind of "soldier" for the Cartel.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2004/03/07/RVG7V58THE1.DTL&type=books (945 words)

	DAWN News from Colombia, Africa and Romania (2000 #17)
		Following her release, she travelled to Medellin with the aim of bringing the gospel to the cartel members, starting in the Bellavista jail.
		However, Pablo was only the first of the 17 members of the Medellin cartel to give his life to Christ; today, another 13 have taken the same step.
		The Medellin cartel was responsible for the bomb.
	www.jesus.org.uk /dawn/2000/dawn0017.html (899 words)

	frontline: drug wars: the business: colombian traffickers \| PBS
		And the violent leader, Pablo Escobar, was a common street thief who masterminded the criminal enterprise that became known as the Medellin cartel.
		The men from Medellin joined together with a young marijuana smuggler named Carlos Lehder, who convinced the leaders that they could fly cocaine in small airplanes directly into the United States, avoiding the need for countless suitcase trips.
		Part of the downfall of the Medellin cartel was due to their main rivals in the Colombian city of Cali, the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers and Santacruz Londono.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/inside/colombian.html (1058 words)

	Webspace/Chris.Holt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		11 Pablo Escobar & Jorge Ochoa: THE MEDELLIN CARTEL
		Colombians Pablo Escobar and Jorge Ochoa are the leaders of the Medellin Cartel, which is responsible for 80% of the cocaine entering the U.S. Escobar, known as "Godfather", is a former car thief and gun-for-hire who started his own organization in 1977 and is now believed to be the world's richest criminal.
		The Medellin Cartel and the CIA had a relationship of convenience.
	homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk /chris.holt/home.informal/bar/corsair.afdq/contra.cards/11.html (261 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Cartel Leaders Indicted for Assassinations
		Bannister was accused of taking money from the cartel to allow traffickers to use the island nation off Florida's shores as a way station for $1 billion in drug imports.
		The indictment accuses cartel leader Pablo Escobar Gaviria of organizing the assasination of Colombian Justice Minister Lara Bonilla on April 29, 1984, and says Escobar and Fabio Ocho Vasquez directed the February 19, 1986 slaying of former Drug Enforcement Administration informant Barry Seal.
		Most of the cartel members were indicted earlier in Miami, but none have been taken into custody.
	www.thecrimson.com /printerfriendly.aspx?ref=142330 (654 words)

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