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Topic: Medieval Hebrew

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	Hebrew Translation Services - English to Hebrew Translations
		The core of the Tanach (the Hebrew Bible) is written in Classical Hebrew, and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of Biblical Hebrew that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, near the Babylonian exile.
		Hebrew, long extinct outside of Jewish liturgical and scholarly purposes, was revived as a literary and narrative language by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of the mid-19th century.
		Medieval Hebrew :: Regional Hebrew dialects :: Q.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /hebrew.shtml (706 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Culture: Overview: The Hebrew Language
		Hebrew was employed as both a written and spoken language until the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BCE.
		Hebrew was often thought to be the language of the angels, and indeed, of God.
		Hebrew had not been a spoken language for two millennia, and yet at the end of the 19th century, European Jews dreaming of a cultural renaissance in Palestine began to resurrect the language.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /culture/Languages/Languages_Hebrew_TO.htm (651 words)

	Medieval Hebrew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval Hebrew has many features that distinguish it from older forms of Hebrew.
		Subsequent rabbinic literature is written in a blend between this style and the Aramaized Rabbinic Hebrew of the Talmud.
		Hebrew was also used as a language of communication among Jews from different countries, particularly for the purpose of international trade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_Hebrew (342 words)

	Courses
		Medieval Bible and its shaping effect on medieval culture.
		Examines the views of ethics and self-cultivation held by rabbis of late antiquity and the early medieval period.
		Jewish cultural history from the medieval to the modern period; emphasis on socio-economic and cultural conditions, Jewish civilization in various countries to the First World War.
	www.wisc.edu /grad/catalog/letsci/hebrewC.html (1032 words)

	An Introduction to Hebrew Manuscripts
		Hebrew manuscripts, commissioned by Jews for communal or home use, were often illuminated as well.
		As was typical of medieval manuscripts in general, the illuminations at times occupied a full page, or part of a page, and at other times appeared in the margins.
		As Hebrew does not have capital letters, usually the entire word at the beginning of a text, rather than the opening letter alone, was painted or illustrated.
	www.fathom.com /course/72810016/session3.html (3875 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Hebrew
		In the periods of Mishnaic Hebrew II, Medieval Hebrew, and Maskilic Hebrew (200CE-1880), Hebrew essentially had no function as a spoken language, and served as a high variety, i.e., written or liturgical language, in diglossia with a Jewish language as the low variety in traditional Jewish communities.
		Until then the use of Hebrew had been restricted mainly to religious spheres, but it was expanded to non-religious areas such as secular literature, etc., laying the foundation for the functioning of Hebrew as a spoken language later.
		Structurally speaking, Modern Hebrew may be defined as a fusion language comprising the intracommunal classical components of Biblical Hebrew, Mishnaic Hebrew, Medieval Hebrew, and Babylonian Aramaic, with Yiddish as its main susbtratum.
	www.jewish-languages.org /hebrew.html (1216 words)

	Near Eastern Languages and Cultures (NELC)
		The objectives of this course are: 1) to acquaint the student with the various literary genres of Hebrew literature in the medieval period; 2) to highlight the influences on and development of this literature; and 3) to understand the importance and role of medieval Jewry and their literature in Jewish history.
		The objectives of Hebrew 403 are: to acquaint students with the syntactic structure of Hebrew; to contrast the syntactic structure of Hebrew with that of English and to highlight the differences; and to drill the students in syntactic analysis of Hebrew.
		The objectives of Hebrew 605 are: to introduce students to the foundations of the Hebrew morphological system; to acquaint students with the structure of the Hebrew noun, verb, and particle; and to illustrate the main morphological changes which have taken place in modern Hebrew.
	nelc.osu.edu /courses/Hebrew.cfm (4687 words)

	Hebrew Grad Program
		The Department of Hebrew and Semitic Studies teaches Hebrew as a classical and living language and provides the opportunity to study the literature and thought of the cultures based on that language, including biblical Israel, Second Temple Judaism, rabbinic and medieval Judaism, and modern Israel.
		The MA in Hebrew Bible focuses on the literature and language of the Hebrew Bible within its Northwest Semitic context.
		The Hebrew Literature track aims at developing skills in a broad range of Hebrew language and literature in its various periods (Biblical, Middle [that is, Rabbinic and Medieval], and Modern), as well as more advanced knowledge in one of these areas.
	polyglot.lss.wisc.edu /hebrew/GRADPRO-04-05.html (2282 words)

	Welcome to NELC at the University of Chicago
		The main areas of supporting preparation are: the principal languages of the area (Hebrew, Arabic, and Akkadian), the archaeological record, and the history of at least one other main area (Egypt, Anatolia, or Mesopotamia).
		Among the medieval branches, the subjects mainly pursued within the Department are medieval Jewish Biblical exegesis and Hebrew literature, history of the Jews of the Near East, and Judaeo-Arabic studies.
		For all of these branches of study, master of Hebrew, including also a reading knowledge of ancient and modern Hebrew, is required as of the time of acceptance to doctoral candidacy.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/programs/NEJudaica_prog.htm (1534 words)

	Medieval Jewish History Resource Directory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Medieval Sourcebook: Ordinance of the Jews of the Crown of Aragon, 1354 CE
		Medieval Sourcebook: Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura: Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews
		Medieval Sourcebook: Antiochus Strategos: The Sack of Jerusalem (614)
	www.hum.huji.ac.il /Dinur/Internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm (2669 words)

	Graduate Courses
		Reading and analysis of medieval Hebrew texts that defined Jewish policy and practices and the beliefs and practices of apparent faiths.
		The short story and its special status in the history of Hebrew literature is examined from the perspectives of both structural poetics and cultural exigencies.
		The classics of the Hebrew Renaissance are read through the eyes of their contemporaries as well as later critics.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/hebrew/gcourses.htm (2996 words)

	Academic Staff Members: Hebrew Literature Department
		Medieval poetry, Eastern secular and liturgical poetry (since the 10th century), Eastern Hebrew poetry after the Spanish expulsion, Early Italian poetry, Research of early Medieval poetry manuscripts in archiving and in early manuscripts
		Hebrew literature in the last generations and nowadays, Hebrew literature centers in the exile and in Eretz- Israel, Aliya literature, The war of independence generation’s literature, Holocaust literature, Women writers, Literary journals, Literature and history, Literature and the bible, Literature and society, Trends in Hebrew criticism, Literary archives
		Poetry and narrative as the motivators of the inter-textual theory in the hebrew medieval texts.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/faculty/hebrew_lit/academic_staff.eng.html (236 words)

	Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hebrew, long nearly extinct outside of Jewish liturgical and scholarly purposes, was revived as a literary and narrative language by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of the mid-19th century.
		Hebrew is a Semitic language, and as such a member of the larger Afro-Asiatic phylum.
		Sephardi Hebrew is the traditional pronunciation of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews as well as Sephardi Jews in the countries of the former Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebrew_language (6574 words)

	An Introduction to Hebrew Manuscripts
		Hebrew manuscripts can teach us a great deal about the reading and study habits of each generation in the various Jewish communities and about the authority and popularity of certain works.
		Hebrew manuscripts reveal a great deal about the attitudes of Jewish communities towards religion, literature and education in the Middle Ages.
		The medieval Church regarded the Talmud as the source and symbol of what it considered to be the perfidy of the Jews.
	www.fathom.com /course/72810016/session1.html (3032 words)

	Israeli Hebrew by David Tene – Ariel 25
		The Committee assumed that this was the Hebrew pronunciation before Hebrew ceased to be a spoken language, and probably considered their decision to be sufficient for this pronunciation to materialize.
		On the one hand, they are "deaf" to the distinctive oppositions in Hebrew, if these distinctions are not relevant in their primary language, and, on the other, they impose irrelevant distinctions on Hebrew only because they are relevant in their primary language and its rules of free variation.
		A consequence of this was the call for the revival of the Hebrew language as a prerequisite for the Jewish national revival.
	www.adath-shalom.ca /israeli_hebrew_tene.htm (7560 words)

	UW-Madison, Center for Jewish Studies-Major/Certificate
		Students are responsible for reaching the level of fourth semester proficiency in Hebrew necessary for the required courses in Hebrew texts.
		Study of the Hebrew language is integral to a curriculum in Jewish Studies.
		In addition, one course on a subject prior to the modern period (Biblical, rabbinic or medieval) must be taken as one of the seven required courses.
	polyglot.lss.wisc.edu /jewishst/major.htm (1675 words)

	Hebrew Language Instruction at Hebrew College
		Through a four-semester Hebrew language sequence, students gain the ability to read and study Hebrew texts, including biblical, rabbinic, medieval and modern sources.
		Proficiency in Hebrew IV is a prerequisite for core-text courses in the MA and MJEd curricula.
		Hebrew College does not discriminate in admission or any matter with regard to age, sex, religion, handicap, race, color or national origin.
	www.hebrewcollege.edu /html/hebrew_language/hebrew_language.htm (184 words)

	Review of Nicholas de Lange, ed., Hebrew Scholarship and the Medieval World
		Stefan Reif's "Some recent developments in the study of medieval Hebrew liturgy" reviews scholarship which is often indebted to discoveries in the Cairo Geniza, especially the work of Reif's teacher, the late Naphtali Wieder.
		Spanish-Hebrew dirges from the fifteenth century;" and Adena Tanenbaum's "On translating medieval Hebrew poetry." This last article is noteworthy since in her discussion of different methodologies of translation, Tanenbaum uses Raphael Loewe's own translations and compares them to the work of other translators.
		Hebrew was a language used not only for "scholarship" in the Middle Ages, but as the language of the Jewish religious civilization, both in its liturgy (as in Reif's article) and its law.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /JHS/reviews/review041.htm (676 words)

	Petersen, Some Observations on a Recent Edition of and Introduction to Shem-Tob's "Hebrew Matthew"
		Hebrew versions of the Gospel of Matthew have been known to and used by New Testament scholars for centuries.
		One of the distinctive characteristics of Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew is its pronounced tendency to harmonize.
		Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew and the Liège Harmony both interpolate "and with a great shout" after "with a trumpet." But this same interpolation is also found many Greek MSS (D 1241, etc.), the Vetus Latina, the Vulgate, Codex Fuldensis, Codex Sangallensis (Latin and Old High German columns), as well as the Middle Italian Tuscan Harmony.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/vol03/Petersen1998a.html (13061 words)

	A Brief History of the Hebrew Language
		Disclaimer: This page provides a rudimentary overview of the history of the Hebrew script and is by no means intended to replace careful study of paleolinguists and other specialists in the field of ancient writing systems.
		This was the Hebrew (ketav Ivri) used by the Jewish nation up to the Babylonian Exile (or, according to Orthodox Jews, until the Exodus from Egypt).
		At the end of the 6th century BC ketav Ivri was replaced by the Hebrew square script (ketav meruba).
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_One/History/history.html (1145 words)

	Faculty Handbook - Hebrew Part II
		In this course students’ knowledge of Biblical Hebrew is extended and they are taught about the history of the Hebrew language against the background of other Semitic languages.
		In the course for this paper students are taught to render Modern Hebrew literature into English translations of a high literary quality and to develop their skills in critical analysis.
		Candidates will be tested on their communication skills by discussing the reading passage, and in general conversation on a topic of literary, social or cultural interest at a high level of complexity.
	www.oriental.cam.ac.uk /handbook/hebrew_part2.html (851 words)

	Recent trends in describing Hebrew manuscript collections - 66th IFLA Council and General Conference - Conference ...
		In order to establish the standard description for medieval manuscripts, in order to establish what are the various elements which should be included without fail in any bibliographic notice of a medieval text, the cataloger or the bibliographer turns toward the already published catalogues of manuscripts.
		The Hebrew manuscripts described are both kept on the British soil, at these two famously rival universities, Oxford and Cambridge.
		Both collections are in England and have similar origins, having started with a nucleus of Hebrew books collected by Christian hebraists in the 17th and 18th centuries, complemented with massive purchases in the 19th century, two large collections for Oxford, many purchases from a few German and Austro-Hungarian bookdealers for Cambridge.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla66/papers/044-174e.htm (2787 words)

	Gideon Toury: Hebrew [Translation] Tradition
		Hebrew vs. Ezra 5: 14 or 6: 5 in Aramaic).
		Hebrew texts but that very few of these were
		ature and the Hebrew literary centre of the
	www.tau.ac.il /~toury/works/routledge.html (2475 words)

	H-Net Review: Steven Bowman on Hebrew Manuscripts of the Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For some reason the prolific Hebrew publications of these two codicologists are not included in the bibliography to this English translation of the Hebrew version.
		All phases of the medieval Hebrew script are explored, and here in her very presentation is a revelation that may change our perception of the medieval period.
		Medieval scribes lovingly, one might even say religiously, produced their texts and many are inscribed with an ancestral calligraphic skill.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=61011040006826 (1259 words)

	Archeology - Hebrew Manuscript
		"Back in medieval times, book covers were made firm by padding, or filling them with other documents thought to be of no value," Matas told The Associated Press by telephone Wednesday.
		The Hebrew documents are most likely remnants of what Jewish families left behind them when they fled.
		He said many Hebrew documents from the city had been destroyed in an anti-Semitic attack in 1391.
	www.ancient-hebrew.org /21_spain.html (406 words)

	Hebrew Scholarship and the Medieval World - Cambridge University Press
		Hebrew language is at the heart of the volume, but beyond that there is a specific focus on scholarly investigation and writing, interpreted in the broad sense to include not only linguistic study pursued for its own sake but also as applied in other areas, such as biblical commentary or poetic creation.
		Thirdly, the place of Hebrew scholarship within a wider medieval world is a subject that receives special attention, and particularly the interaction between Jewish scholars and their Christian and Muslim counterparts.
		Hebrew philology in Sepharad: the state of the question Angel Sáenz-Badillos; 4.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521781167 (439 words)

	Texts of Judaism
		The Tanakh is the Hebrew Bible, the quintessential sacred text.
		The Kabbalah, or the Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews by Adolphe Franck [1926]
		A key medieval Jewish Spanish poet and philosopher's devotional poetry, some of which was adopted into liturgy.
	www.sacred-texts.com /jud (717 words)

	Words Without Borders -> Three Hebrew Poets from Medieval Spain
		In 1140, in the wake of the Almohad invasion, and deeply conflicted about the ultimate worth of Andalusian Hebrew culture and all it stood for, he set sail for the Holy Land.
		Historical records find him thriving in Alexandria and Fustat (medieval Cairo), where he spent some six months waiting for favorable winds to continue his journey.
		In early 1141, he left the port of Alexandria, heading for Acre, and though the facts remain unclear, it seems that he died en route or shortly after arriving in Palestine.
	www.wordswithoutborders.org /article.php?lab=Hebrew (607 words)

	List of Medieval and Ancient Monsters
		In some accounts, they are carnivorous, and in others they are vegetarians who model their lives on principles akin to that of Beneditine monks.
		Humorous monster in medieval manuscripts, usually depicted with two legs, a head, a tail, and no body or arms.
		Most mythological critters of this sort were probably transmitted to medieval readers by Isidore of Seville, whose encyclopedic works, the Etymologiae, included a compendium of strange words, creatures, herbs, and gems, discussing their magical properties.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/monster_list.html (1753 words)

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