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Topic: Medieval fortification

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	Medieval History: Hand Weapons - information gathered for essay and term paper writing
		The medieval pole arm, also known as a pole weapon, consisted of a slashing or cutting weapon mounted on the end of a long, usually wooden, shaft which was called the 'haft'.
		Heavy armour was something which many swords could not even pierce, yet in addition to the spikes often present on the pole arm, the pole arm's length increased leverage for cutting the armour.
		In this way, the pole arm was a highly useful addition to the weaponry available to those on the battlefield throughout medieval history and led to the increased importance of the infantrymen.
	www.medievalplus.com /weapons/polearms.html (218 words)

	Medieval fortification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval fortification is the military aspect of Medieval technology that covers the development of fortification construction and use in Europe roughly from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance.
		By 1600, the medieval wall is likely to have been seen more as a platform for displaying hangings and the pomery as a gathering ground for the spectators or as a source of building stone and a site for its use.
		Religion was a central part of the lives of medieval soldiers, and churches, chapels, monasteries, and other buildings of religious function were often included within the walls of any fortification, be it temporary or permanent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_fortification (1733 words)

	Fortification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Field fortifications are extemporized by troops in the field, perhaps assisted by such local labor and tools as may be procurable and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as earth, brushwood and light timber.
		Fortifications in the age of flpowder evolved into much lower structures with greater use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire.
		Steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries, however the advances in modern warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fortification (1755 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Medieval fortification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Medieval fortification covers the development of fortification construction and use in Europe roughly from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance.
		During this time of several hundred years, fortifications changed warfare, and in turn were modified to suit new tactics, weapons and siege techniques.
		A moat[?] was a common addition to medieval fortifications, and the principal purpose (just as in antiquity) to make the walls harder to assail and increasing their effective height.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/me/Medieval_fortification (366 words)

	Medieval Castle Layout was Integral to the Castle's Success
		A medieval castle's layout was engineered for optimal fortification and defense and as such each medieval castle was constructed with a moat, an outer curtain, and a drum tower.
		The final defense engineered in the medieval castle layout was the inner ward, or large expanse of land, open and unobstructed, which led directly to the main entrance of the medieval castle.
		Medieval castle layouts were engineered to offer the strongest possible defense against almost certain attacks and sieges, which offers a clue as to the stress under which our medieval ancestors once lived.
	www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com /medieval-castle-layout.html (619 words)

	Medieval Times Dallas - Hear Ye, Hear Ye...
		These free-standing structures are built to resemble a medieval fortification, a castle, a noble home that the proprietors happily loan you and about 1000 other guests multiple times per night.
		Medieval Times Dallas Restaurant staff, dressed in period costumes entertain the guests as everyone eagerly awaits the arrival of their host, the castle nobleman, who will introduce the evening’s gathering.
		Medieval Times Dallas Restaurant employee, or the nobleman as he much prefers to be called (don’t ask him to go and get you another Coke, he’ll surely order your timely execution), will take the podium about half an hour after you have been seated.
	www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com /medieval-times-dallas.html (556 words)

	Salem Press
		Fortification is thus any construction, permanent or transitory, earthen, organic, or stone, designed to shield defenders from an attacker while those defenders either await help or resist assaults themselves.
		The heart of this fortification was the motte, a steeply conical mound surrounded by a ditch and crowned by a timber palisade.
		The Romans left a legacy of urban fortification: In Gaul alone, nearly 90 of the 115 cities received new walls, smaller in circumference but imposing still with their 10-meter height, 4-meter width, and foundations reaching from 4 to 5 meters underground.
	salempress.com /Store/samples/weapons_and_warfare/weapons_and_warfare_medieval.htm (4233 words)

	Castles (and Abbeys) of Tuscany
		The strengthened town of Staggia with its medieval castle is in the council of Poggibonsi, province of Siena.
		This intermediary area to the two fortifications had various functions: it prevented the enemy to penetrate at the same altitude between the two fortresses, it connected the opposite vertexes of the complex, it was used as 'inner ward' and space for protecting the population in case of the collapse of the city walls.
		The abbey of Saint Galgano with the Montesiepi hermitage rise in the valley of the river Merse, between the medieval villages of Chiusdino and Monticiano, in the province of Siena.
	omni.cc.purdue.edu /~corax/castellitoscani.html (6723 words)

	Medieval English urban history
		Although the medieval artist's intent was to portray Constantinople, sight unseen, the end-product resembles instead a generalized representation of an English town of the period with churches, houses, taverns and market square, all surrounded by defensive walls –; he may have conjured up mental pictures of Stamford or Lincoln when executing the illumination.
		Medieval Sourcebook: Roger of Hoveden: The Persecution of Jews, 1189
		Medieval Sourcebook: Leges Edwardis Confessoris: The Liberties of London, c.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/towns.html (2203 words)

	Mobius: Mediating the Channel
		It was a strong fortress with fortification walls built of stone and bricks all around town.
		In the 16th century, during the Venetian government, the new fortification walls were built in front of medieval and the first channel was transformed into huge cistern called Five Cisterns Square.
		Numerous empty spaces in fortification walls, which were used as warehouses during the second half of 20th century, can be used for artistic purposes.
	world.std.com /~mobius/zadar.html (658 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages: Books: J. E. Kaufmann,H. W. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Medieval Fortress covers the origin and evolution of the castles and other walled defenses, their major components, and the reasons for their eventual decline, which was not solely due to the introduction of gunpowder.
		The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts And Walled Cities Of The Middle Ages is a superbly researched and presented historical survey of the castles and other walled defenses of medieval Europe.
		Fortification specialists J.E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann explain the origins and evolutions, compositions and components of these structures, along with their offensive and defensive strategies, weapons, and modifications.
	www.amazon.ca /Medieval-Fortress-Castles-Walled-Cities/dp/1580970621 (1457 words)

	Mysteries and curiosities of the Malbork Castle (in English)
		Thus probably this poor woman locked in the tower shown here still was quite lucky, as she managed to finish her life cemented in a cell in Kwidzyn cathedral, not in the dark interior of that tower.
		Practically all medieval castles had underground tunnels which were used as their hidden communication or escape roots.
		Such medieval tunnels that were discovered around Paczkow, revealed that they were usually so designed, that a messanger (or an escapee) could ride a horse in them.
	members.fortunecity.com /timevehicle/malbork_uk.htm (5226 words)

	Food and Drink in a castle - Castle Quest
		A particular aspect of medieval archaeology in recent years, and mainly associated with large-scale excavations, is the development of the detailed specialist report on faunal and floral remains.
		The examination of the late medieval contents of the kitchen drain at Barnard Castle has revealed details of a late fifteenth-century feast, or perhaps feasts, the remains providing one of the best environmental deposits from a northern site.
		Medieval cooking ranged from pottage or thick soup of meat, vegetables and cereal grains, to the extraordinary creations produced for an aristocratic feast.
	www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum9/HTML/000221.html (2014 words)

	Fortification
		Fortifications are military constructions designed for defensive warfare.
		They have been used for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs.
		The practice of improving an area's defense is also known as "fortification".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fo/Fort.html (60 words)

	Architecture in medieval Serbia
		Most often fortifications were built of stone, very large in their dimensions, closed complexes placed in locations that were carefully defended in a strategic sense, and thus they were easily noticed by the incidental traveler.
		However, in their most important characteristics - the natural need for a fortification, the most common dimensions, and in a certain sense the actual way they were built - and in the overall picture, fortresses were similar to those found in the territory of the Byzantine Empire.
		Monastery fortifications can be classified into a wide range of different categories by their very nature, from the unavoidable individual edifices for basic defense, to the more luxuriant solutions, in which they were realized as ideally designed complexes or even as real fortifications.
	www.suc.org /culture/history/Hist_Serb_Culture/che/Medieval_Architecture.html (8217 words)

	Murs travel: Visit, Maps, Mur de la Peste, Medieval Windmill, Grottos, Wine, History, France - Provence Beyond
		This is an excellent example of a medieval fortification, with its thick walls, donjon, round corner towers and archer's slits.
		The ruins of a medieval windmill (without sails) is located outside the village to the east.
		Medieval: The village of Murs was ruled from the 12th to 15th centuries, successively, by the Lords of Agoult, Crillon and Astouaud.
	www.beyond.fr /villages/murs.html (678 words)

	Harrison - Castles of God
		Fortifications associated with three religions - Christianity, Islam and Buddhism - are examined, although greater attention is devoted to the first of these, given the particularly large volume of evidence.
		The emphasis of this book is on the physical character of ecclesiastical fortifications - in particular their architecture and the technologies used in their construction - rather than their actual military usage (which in cases was relatively limited).
		Also begging further study is the religious provision afforded within the domestic planning of castles and other fortifications: the phenomenon of castle chapels has received little attention other than in studies of discrete sites, for instance, and the pan-European phenomenon of chapels and churches found in conjunction with town gates awaits serious study.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/Harrison_Castles.htm (918 words)

	Osnabrück
		Most of the towers that were part of the medieval fortification are still visible in the city.
		Osnabrück became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 12th century, as well as a member of the Westphalian Federation of Cities[?].
		Osnabrück suffered very much from the bombings at the end of World War II, but selected parts of the historic buildings were reerected.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/os/Osnabruck.html (638 words)

	Warwick, England
		By the time of the Domesday Survey, Warwick was a royal borough, containing 261 houses, of which 133 were in the kings hands, while 19 belonged to burgesses who enjoyed all the privileges they had had in the time of Edward the Confessor.
		This impressive fortification is built on a small hill which controlled not only the river valley but also the river crossing on the road to London and the roads to Stratford, Coventry and the salt way to Droitwich.
		The medieval core of the town was prevented from expansion by the open spaces that surround it: the Common and Racecourse, the grounds of the Priory, St Nicholas Meadow, the River Avon, and later, Warwick Castle.
	www.warwickri.gov /heritage/warwickengland.htm (559 words)

	Great Wall of China - Great China Wall - Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind
		The Seven Forgotten Wonders of the Medieval Mind
		The Great Wall of China, also known in China as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li¹ (), is an ancient Chinese fortification built from the end of the 15th century until the beginning of the 16th century, during the Ming Dynasty, in order to protect China from raids by the Mongols and Turkic tribes.
		The Great Wall was originally built in the Spring, Autumn, and Warring States Periods as a defensive fortification by the three states: Yan, Zhao and Qin.
	www.allwondersoftheworld.com /seven-medieval-wonders/great-wall-of-china.html (444 words)

	Gardos
		MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION was built in the 14th century at the place of the former one, which was noticed back in 11th century.
		It belongs to so-called gothic type fortification, and it has rectangular, almost square form with four circle towers on the corners.
		After the Turkish forces conquered the town the fortification has been neglected, and the tooth of time has left its marks.
	www.geocities.com /kadezi/Gardos.html (238 words)

	Serbia Info / Facts and Figures / Districts
		Krusevac and its vicinity are distinguished by numerous historic monuments: The Lazar's Town, with the remnants of the medieval fortification and the Lazarica Church has an epic quality in the Serb tradition.
		A Donjon Tower, the military fortification of the medieval castle, bears witness of the great cultural and historic heritage of the Serb people.
		The Monastery of Ljubostinja was founded by Princess Milica, Lazar's wife, in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, after the Battle of Kosovo, when she made a decision on her withdrawal as a ruler, and on assemblying the widows of the Serb gentry killed at the Kosovo.
	www.serbia-info.com /facts/districts/rasinski.html (247 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Today, some date the beginning of the Middle Ages to the division and Christanisation of the Roman Empire (4th century) while others, like Henri Pirenne see the period to the rise of Islam (7th century) as "late Classical".
		medieval books, manuscripts, scribes and the art of making books
		See also: medieval warfare, medieval fortification, medieval siege weaponry, medieval Inquisition, medieval European music, Pilgrimage, Romanesque Architecture
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/mi/Middle_Ages (416 words)

	Paul Halsall/Fordham University/Medieval New York Guide
		It is of interest to medievalists for three reasons: it is constructed in a medieval architectural style; it is dedicated to a medieval saint; and it is still run by a medieval religious order.
		A Medieval castle may be defined as a "fortified residence", and, although some doorpersons on Park Avenue are pretty fierce, such castles never seem to have existed in New York.
		Medieval New York describes as a group the various buildings and institutions which reflect the continuing impact of medieval art and life on the people and fabric of New York city.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/medny.html (3982 words)

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