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Topic: Medieval technology

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	Technology - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Technology, general term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment.
		Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.
		Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition (see Scientific Method).
	www.encarta.msn.com /text_761557685_1/technology.html (1078 words)

	Technology in the Medieval Age
		In addition to the redesign of the plow, the way the crops were grown changed in Medieval Europe when farmers changed from a two-field crop rotation to a three-field crop rotation beginning in the 8th century.
		As we can see from the stories of the various technologies, the development and diffusion of a technology depends not only on its invention but also on the social and cultural climate in which it was invented.
		The impact of a technology on society is always unexpected because technologies are rarely "the end of the story." They lead to new technologies--or new uses--or new social modes.
	www.engr.sjsu.edu /pabacker/history/middle.htm (4348 words)

	Technology - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Technology, general term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment.
		Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.
		Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition (see Scientific Method).
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557685_1/Technology.html (1066 words)

	Medieval
		The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB) is an academic site, written and maintained by medieval scholars for the benefit of their fellow instructors and serious students.
		The Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts aims to "resurrect the combat skills, philosophies and principles of the accomplished European Medieval martial artist and to achieve a state which would be consistent with that of the medieval warrior in both technology and ideal."
		The Heroic Age is dedicated to uniting professionals, students, and amateurs on a quest to explore all aspects of early medieval Northwestern Europe.
	www.bmarch.atfreeweb.com /medieval.htm (2610 words)

	History of technology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Three-age system does not accurately describe the technology history of groups outside of Eurasia, and does not apply at all in the case of some populations, such as the Spinifex People, the Sentinelese, and various Amazonian tribes, which still make use of Stone Age technology, and have not developed agricultural or metallurgical technology.
		Major technological contributions from China include early seismological detectors, matches, paper, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and gun powder.
		Timekeeping which had been done by hand, by priests, and then for commerce, with watchmen to note time, as part of their duties, was advanced as the tabulation of the equinoxes became standardized, and the sandglass was replaced with the water clock, whcih became more accurate over time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_technology (2785 words)

	The Medieval Machine (Jean Gimpel) - book review
		Then there are chapters on two more specific aspects of medieval technology: one on the role of the great architect-engineers (focusing on Villard de Honnecourt) and their construction of the cathedrals that were the pinnacle of medieval achievement, and one on the development of the clock.
		It is worrying that much of the evidence he presents in the other chapters for the forward-looking and progressive nature of medieval technology in fact dates to within the period he wants to describe as an "era of decay" (this can be seen by internal analysis — Gimpel isn't falsifying the evidence).
		I can heartily recommend it to anyone interested either in medieval history or in the history of technology, but it is the sort of book that will also be enjoyed by people who have no interest in either.
	dannyreviews.com /h/The_Medieval_Machine.html (1066 words)

	Medieval 2: Total War Q&A - The First Details on Medieval 2 - PC News at GameSpot
		Medieval 2 uses an advanced version of Rome: Total War's graphics engine, with at least double the polygons and texture resolution.
		BS: Medieval 2 will use an enhanced version of the 3D map as first seen in Rome, and there are some significant changes to the map itself and the turn-based campaign game.
		Medieval: Total War achieves that rare quality of having something for nearly all strategy gamers, and most will find a lot to like in it, for a very long time.
	www.gamespot.com /pc/strategy/medieval2totalwar/news.html?sid=6144512 (2087 words)

	Steven Bednarski's Medieval Technology
		Against a background of the decline of Roman imperial power and the establishment of the barbarian kingdoms, the course traces the growth of medieval economic, social, political, religious and judicial institutions.
		The purpose of the assignment is to train students to interpret edited and translated medieval documents.
		Medieval courts penetrated, and attempted to regulate, all realms of human existence whether expressly public or intimately private.
	www.medieval-tech.com /4students.htm (2993 words)

	Randomality: Resources: Medieval Links
		Medieval Life - The Magazine of the Middle Ages - "Medieval Life aims to be a popular printed magazine yet one which presents to its readers information, ideas and images which are not easily accessible elsewhere.
		Medieval English Brewing - Info on the how beer and ale was made as well as their differences from their modern counterparts.
		Medieval Armies and Navies - An article on the development and use of medieval armies and navies.
	www.geocities.com /nova_dkorat/medieval.html (2005 words)

	MEDIEVAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to ...
		In Medieval Technology and Social Change, White examines the role of technological innovation during the rise of social groups in the Middle Ages.
		Although White's work falls short in a few areas, it is valuable for the attention that it pays to aspects of medieval history that too often go ignored White's work is important because he advocates the importance of science and technology to medieval history.
		Medieval Technology and Social Change also discourages the common man from enjoying the wonderful work of White by choosing not to translate numerous quotations.
	www.masteressays.com /essay/011115.html (1276 words)

	Medieval Research Project - English II
		Medieval churches and monasteries in England - The church was the main focus of community life in the Middle Ages.
		Medieval Technology Page - Technology of the Middle Ages includes subjects such as agricultural tools, cannons, paper, soap, and windmills.
		The day-to-day lives of medieval women of all classes and callings are often glossed over in modern history courses in favor of sequences of events.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/fil/pages/listmedievalli.html (1801 words)

	Medieval Philosophy Resources at Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base
		Not so, say the Gieses: Early modern technology and experimental science were direct outgrowths of the decisive innovations of medieval Europe, in the tools and techniques of agriculture, craft industry, metallurgy, building construction, navigation, and war.
		The Medieval Technology Pages are an attempt to provide accurate, referenced information on technological innovation and related subjects in western Europe during the Middle Ages.
		The PSC Medieval Society was founded by students and faculty to study the people, culture and history of the Middle Ages.
	www.erraticimpact.com /~medieval/html/medieval_resources3.htm (430 words)

	Medieval Studies Theme
		Medieval China: How to Put Some "Tang" in your Medieval Dynasties Fifteen lessons for intermediate students on the T'ang and Sung dynasties.
		ORB is an on-line source of resources on medieval studies prepared in aÊcooperative WWW project by Medieval scholars in many institutions.
		It includes: an index of original essays arranged by topics, a number of resources for teaching (e.g., readings on the various periods, full text of original sources), links to other medieval resources on the WWW, and a reference shelf that has links to primary source graphics that may be downloaded.
	www.cln.org /themes/medieval.html (1309 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The ORB is an academic site, written and maintained by medieval scholars for the benefit of their fellow instructors and serious students.
		Authors are held to high standards of accuracy, currency, and relevance to the field of medieval studies.
		New transcriptions and/or translations of important medieval texts that have not previously been accessible in print or electronic format.
	the-orb.net (539 words)

	Technology Review: Medieval Global Warming
		The hockey stick contradicted previous work that had concluded that there had been a "medieval warm period." In fact, it disagreed with a plot published by the IPCC itself a decade earlier (in its 1990 report) that showed pronounced warm temperatures from the years 1000 to 1400.
		Critics of Soon and Baliunas charged that their paper wasn't balanced; because it consisted of a compilation of data showing warming at different locations at different times, the criticism went, the work was not a valid refutation of the hockey stick analysis, which had combined a much larger set of data.
		This year, as every year, we present the 10 technologies we find most exciting--and most likely to alter industries, fields of research, and even the way we live.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/03/12/wo_muller121703.asp (733 words)

	Technology and the Advancement of Medieval Arms and Armour
		Armour development increased and advanced due to refinements in metallurgy, new technologies, and the arms race where fighters wanted the best weapon to penetrate the latest armour, and the best armour to protect against the latest weapon.
		Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: technology and invention in the Middle Ages.
		Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History of Weaponry in the Middle Ages.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jselmer/technology_article.htm (3915 words)

	Technology and medieval charm
		On one hand, its culture, dining and nightlife continues to be concentrated in its medieval Old Town, a network of winding, cobblestone streets lined with 14th- 17th-century buildings, all surrounded by nearly 2km of intact city walls and towers.
		In medieval times the port brought enough trade and prosperity to allow the city to develop.
		Both classic and progressive, medieval and modern, Tallinn is somewhat of an enigma.
	www.baltictimes.com /news/articles/13016 (333 words)

	WebQuest
		In order to really show what life was like back then, you need to look at many different aspects of that time, including the daily life of people such as knights, peasants, merchants, and nobles, music, trade, clothing, food, castles, homes, art, farming, the Crusades, the feudal system, science, health, and medicine.
		These websites cover several areas of medieval life, from the different kinds of people to the way they live their lives.
		Each member will have a chance to discuss their object with their group members to undergo any fine-tuning that is needed and to make sure that the time capsule is a collaborative project.
	eprentice.sdsu.edu /J03OW/engebretsen/webqueststudentpage.html (1247 words)

	BRILL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This is the first of three planned volumes which deal with the techniques and technology of agriculture in Europe in the period from 600 A.D. down to the 17th century.
		The volume discusses methodological approaches and their limitations, the development of medieval agriculture in terms of the transmission of technological ideas, improvements in productivity, regional variations, social responses to agricultural technology, and those common trends that unite the Northwest European region.
		It will be of interest to all those working on the social, economic and political history of Northwest Europe in the medieval and early modern periods as well as to those undertaking research in the specific field of the history of technology.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=2721 (1004 words)

	Medieval History
		The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe peer-reviewed journal on "the study of Northwestern Europe from the Late Roman Empire to the advent of the Norman Empire"
		Medieval Technology Pages accurate, referenced information on technological innovation and related subjects in western Europe during the Middle Ages
		Medieval Writing introductory material for the study of medieval handwriting, as well as medieval handwritten historical evidence
	www.accd.edu /pac/lrc/hist-med.htm (457 words)

	Leithart.com \| Medieval Technology
		He cited three medieval inventions that provide evidence "of the striking modernity ofthe Middle Ages." So many innovations came from the Middle Ages that "as late as the eighteenth century [medieval technology]formed the basis of all industrial skill." Jaki describes what he calls "the medieval birth of modern science."
		The first notable medieval invention was the mechanical clock, which appeared around 1250.
		The basic principles of mechanics and some of Newton's laws of motion were already intimated in the work of two professors at the Sorbonne in Paris in the early 13th century.
	www.leithart.com /archives/001705.php (558 words)

	Home
		Science and Technology in Islam is a major work in the history of science.
		Since more information emerges continually as a result of recent research into the various subjects of science and technology in Islam this web page aims at reporting some results of this new research.
		Because of the length of time associated with the publication process it was deemed useful to present them here.
	www.history-science-technology.com (188 words)

	Technology of Medieval Crafts: Bidri Ware
		During the medieval period, guns were made of wrought iron, brass, and bronze.
		Employing the Damascene technology, the Tanjore metal work consisted of soldering, wedging, or screwing of silver patterns and figures of deities on copper vessels. 'The white figures in the famous Swami style on red copper ground reproduced an effect at once bold and striking.'
		The art of enameling or fixing color by melting objects in fire has been practiced in India ever since the ancient times. During the medieval period, there were many techniques employed for coloring ornaments and other objects of gold and silver as well as other metallic objects made of copper and brass.
	www.indianscience.org /essays/t_es_agraw_crafts.shtml (696 words)

	Medieval Technology, Agricultural Tools
		The plough is considered to be one of the most important (and oldest) technologies developed.
		In fact, the history of the plough stretches back to the Neolithic (New Stone) Age that began about 8000 BC in Mesopotamia.
		A sickle was the main tool used by medieval farmers for cutting corn.
	www.medievaltravel.co.uk /technology/medieval-technology-agricultural-tools.html (553 words)

	Medieval technology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gutenberg’s printing press made possible a dissemination of knowledge to a wider population, that would not only lead to a gradually more egalitarian society, but one more able to dominate other cultures, drawing from a vast reserve of knowledge and experience.
		Technologies were often a matter of cultural exchange and date and place of first invention are not listed, see main links for a more complete history of each.
		First mention of a rat trap in the medieval romance Yvain, the Knight of the Lion by Chrétien de Troyes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_technology (1073 words)

	Amazon.com: Medieval Technology and Social Change (Galaxy Books): Books: Lynn White (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This is one of the classic works of medieval studies to emerge out of the past half century, and its importance far outstrips whether or not White's famous stirrup thesis is correct or not.
		White virtually ushered in the age of the study of medieval technology and seeing it as intimately connected and underlying the social and even political history.
		By connecting medieval technological change (eg agrarian practices, stirrup, clock) to societal change (eg feudal system, settlement/town patterns), this book provides readers with a conceptual starting point to begin thinking about the impact of modern and future technologies.
	www.amazon.com /Medieval-Technology-Social-Change-Galaxy/dp/0195002660 (1785 words)

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