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Topic: Meditations on First Philosophy

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	René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His insistence on a radical philosophy that dispensed, as far as possible, with authority; his insistence on the perspective of consciousness in epistemology; his attempt to raise the standard of philosophical argumentation to a science akin to geometry; his close integration of philosophy and physical science; his emphasis on methodology, all were hugely important.
		The first 12 of the planned 36 rules deal with the general aspects of his proposed methodology, and are considered early versions of principles that made their way into his later writings.
		First: 'It does not seem to me that the human mind is capable of forming a very distinct conception of both the distinction between the soul and the body and their union' (III, 227) because it involves a self-contradiction.
	www.iep.utm.edu /d/descarte.htm (19639 words)

	Philosophy- Squashed Descartes- Meditations - Conndensed Abridged
		In the first place, knowing that I am feeble and limited, while God is infinite, I recognise that some of his ends, which seem imperfect, would be found to be perfect if we could but comprehend the whole.
		First I shall consider those matters perceived through the senses which I hitherto held to be true.
		Against Meditation VI 15th OBJECTION: It is no sin for doctors to deceive their patients for the sake of their health; or parents deceive their children for their own good; the wrongness of deception does not consist in the falsity of what is said, but in the harm caused by the deception.
	www.btinternet.com /~glynhughes/squashed/descartes.htm (8765 words)

	Descartes' "Meditations of First Philosophy" (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Meditation I: Of the Things which may be brought within the Sphere of the Doubtful.
		But the case is different in philosophy where everyone believes that all is problematical, and few give themselves to the search after truth; and the greater number, in their desire to acquire a reputation for boldness of thought, arrogantly combat the most important of truths.
		First of all, then, I perceived that I had a head, hands, feet, and all other members of which this body -- which I considered as a part, or possibly even as the whole, of myself -- is composed.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~fdoull/des-med.htm (10958 words)

	shaolin overview @ shaolin.com
		This is the first lesson in the Shaolin interpretation of its spiritual roots and principles that we shall present.
		By recognition is meant that meditation reveals the truth that all living things share a common nature, a nature concealed by the veils of illusion.
		Those who shun illusion for reality, who meditate on walls and the loss of self and other, on the unity of mortal and sage, and are undeterred by written holy words are in accord with the faculty of reason.
	www.shaolin.com /shaolin_philosophy.aspx (3052 words)

	René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His insistence on a radical philosophy that dispensed, as far as possible, with authority; his insistence on the perspective of consciousness in epistemology; his attempt to raise the standard of philosophical argumentation to a science akin to geometry; his close integration of philosophy and physical science; his emphasis on methodology, all were hugely important.
		The first 12 of the planned 36 rules deal with the general aspects of his proposed methodology, and are considered early versions of principles that made their way into his later writings.
		First: 'It does not seem to me that the human mind is capable of forming a very distinct conception of both the distinction between the soul and the body and their union' (III, 227) because it involves a self-contradiction.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/d/descarte.htm (19639 words)

	Term Paper on Philosophy. Free Philosophy Essays and Research Papers
		In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes suggests that the senses are like a friend who has lied to you once and...
		Philosophy is a subject that can take many twists and turns before it finds an answer to a general question.
		First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could be a universal law for all rational beings.
	www.customessaymeister.com /customessaytopics/Philosophy.htm (5697 words)

	René Descartes’ Meditation on First Philosophy
		The title of Meditation Two, “Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That It Is Better Known Than the Body,” clearly articulates the purpose of the meditation.
		In the Third Meditation, entitled, “Concerning God, That He Exists,” Descartes attempts to erase all of his doubt by proving the existence of God.
		Descartes concludes the sixth meditation by looking at one of the chief reasons for his doubting in meditation one, namely, that there are no definitive signs to tell if you are awake or dreaming.
	www.ithaca.edu /hs/history/journal/papers/fa03Descartes.htm (4013 words)

	Meditation
		Meditation may serve simply as a means of relaxation from a busy daily routine; as a technique for cultivating mental discipline; or as a means of gaining insight into the nature of reality, or of communing with one's God.
		For example, in an early study in 1972, transcendental meditation was shown to affect the human metabolism by lowering the biochemical byproducts of stress, such as lactate (lactic acid), and by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure and inducing favorable brain waves.
		As a method of stress reduction, meditation is often used in hospitals in cases of chronic or terminal illness to reduce complications associated with increased stress including a depressed immune system.
	www.buddhaindex.com /browse.php?cat=71818 (4471 words)

	Meditations on First Philosophy
		First of all, there is the fact that, apart from God, there is nothing else of which I am capable of thinking such that existence belongs ^1 to its essence.
		First, I know that everything which I clearly and distinctly understand is capable of being created by God so as to correspond exactly with my understanding of it.
		The first observation I make at this point is that there is a great difference between the mind and the body, inasmuch as the body is by its very nature always divisible, while the mind is utterly indivisible.
	www.hfu.edu.tw /~huangkm/ration/meditation-4-6.htm (8720 words)

	[No title]
		But the case is different in philosophy where everyone believes that all is problematical, and few give themselves to the search after truth; and the greater number, in their desire to acquire a reputation for boldness of thought, arrogantly combat the most important of truths3.
		Now the first and principal matter which is requisite for thoroughly understanding the immortality of the soul is to form the clearest possible conception of it, and one which will be entirely distinct from all the conceptions which we may have of body; and in this Meditation this has been done.
		Now (after first noting what must be done or avoided, in order to arrive at a knowledge of the truth) my principal task is to endeavour to emerge from the state of doubt into which I have these last days fallen, and to see whether nothing certain can be known regarding material things.
	www.sacred-texts.com /phi/desc/med.txt (10571 words)

	Myswizard » Meditations on First Philosophy
		Meditations on First Philosophy (subtitled In which the existence of God and the real distinction of mind and body, are demonstrated) is a philosophical treatise written by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641.
		The Meditations consist of the presentation of Descartes’ metaphysical system in its most detailed level and in the expanding of Descartes’ philosophical system, which he first introduced in the fourth part of his Discourse on Method (1637).
		In the first meditation, he considers whether he is mad, dreaming, or deceived by an evil demon.
	www.myswizard.com /2006/09/26/meditations-on-first-philosophy (4508 words)

	Rene Descartes
		Here he provides a simile: philosophy is like a tree, with metaphysics as the roots, physics as the trunk, and the various sciences (principally medicine, mechanics and morals) as the branches.
		Meditation I, therefore, consists of a sustained attack on the principle of the reliability of the senses.
		In Meditation III he argues that God is not a deceiver, and in Meditation IV he argues that although I do indeed make mistakes, and thus am 'deceived', nevertheless it is false that God deceives me or even allows me to be deceived.
	home.wlu.edu /~mahonj/Descartes.Meditations.htm (4844 words)

	Rene DescartesIntroduction to Rene DescartesMeditations on the First Philosophy In Which The Existence Of God And ...
		While Descartes approaches philosophy from an a priori position independent of sense experience, his position regarding the attitude of doubt necessary for the mind to arrive at truth is the unique contribution which he makes to science and modern philosophy.
		Meditation II Descartes declares that the acceptance of his universal doubt likens him to a swimmer plunged suddenly into deep water.
		Meditation VI In this, the final meditation, Descartes continues his demonstration of the validity of his idea of the existence of material reality.
	www.columbia.edu /~kdc2101/ebz5/cc/descartes-meditations.htm (5050 words)

	SparkNotes: Meditations on First Philosophy
		Third Meditation, Part 1: clear and distinct perceptions and Descartes' theory of ideas
		Third Meditation, part 3: the existence of God and the Cartesian Circle
		Philosophy Classics is your one-stop guide to everything philosophy.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/meditations (335 words)

	Amazon.ca: Meditations on First Philosophy: In Which the Existence of God and the Distinction of the Soul from the Body ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy is one of the few works of philosophy that absolutely every educated person needs to read at least once.
		So the Meditations is a work of value to both newcomers to philosophy and to those with a great deal of philosophical background.
		The First Meditation is Descartes's implementation of his method of doubt.
	www.amazon.ca /Meditations-First-Philosophy-Distinction-Demonstrated/dp/0872201929 (1487 words)

	Guides to Meditations
		The first paragraph indicates why Descartes wants to undertake "a general demolition of all my opinions." Understand precisely what he means by this, and why he undertakes it.
		By the end of Meditation IV, Descartes believes that he has doubted everything that can with reason be doubted; demonstrated his own existence and essence; proven the existence of God; and found the source of all human error.
		At the beginning of Meditation III, Descartes identifies his criterion or standard for distinguishing true beliefs from false: "everything I very clearly and distinctly perceive is true." He then proceeds to use this principle in an argument for the existence of God as a perfect being.
	cda.mrs.umn.edu /~okeefets/meditations-guide.html (2154 words)

	Descartes' Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		First of all, as soon as we think that we correctly perceive something, we are spontaneously convinced that it is true.
		It ensures that the method only approves candidate first principles that are unshakable in their own right: it ensures that the appearance of unshakability in a candidate is not owed to its logical relations to other principles, themselves not subjected to collective doubt.
		Descartes first argues from clearly and distinctly perceived premises to the conclusion that a non-deceiving God exists; he then argues from the premise that a non-deceiving God exists to the conclusion that what is clearly and distinctly perceived is true.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/descartes-epistemology (17532 words)

	Meditations on First Philosophy
		Well, the first thought to come to mind was that I had a face, hands, arms and the whole mechanical structure of limbs which can be seen in a corpse, and which I called the body.
		In this first item of knowledge there is simply a clear and distinct perception of what I am asserting; this would not be enough to make me certain of the truth of the matter if it could ever turn out that something which I perceived with such clarity and distinctness was false.
		First, though it is true that there is a gradual increase in my knowledge, and that I have many potentialities which are not yet actual, this is all quite irrelevant to the idea of God, which contains absolutely nothing that is potential;^2 indeed, this gradual increase in knowledge is itself the surest sign of imperfection.
	www.hfu.edu.tw /~huangkm/ration/meditation-1-3.htm (8289 words)

	Island of Freedom - René Descartes
		He was the first mathematician to attempt to classify curves according to the types of equations that produce them.
		Descartes was the first to use the last letters of the alphabet to designate unknown quantities and the first letters to designate known ones.
		His philosophy contained the seeds of idealism that began with Berkeley and continued with Schelling and Hegel through the 19th century.
	www.island-of-freedom.com /DESCARTE.HTM (1811 words)

	Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy
		One thing that happened during the Renaissance that was of great importance for the later character of modern philosophy was the birth of modern science.
		And in a day when philosophy and science were not distinguished from each other, Descartes was a famous physicist and mathematician as well as a philosopher.
		In the third meditation Descartes' use of the history of philosophy explodes out of control: technical terminology ("formal cause," etc.) flies thick and fast, the argument itself is inspired by Anselm, and the whole process is very far from the foundational program of starting from nothing.
	www.friesian.com /hist-2.htm (5057 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the first term, Sarah Patterson will lead classes on Descartes’s Meditations on First Philosophy, together the Objections raised by some of his contemporaries, and Descartes’s Replies.
		Although Descartes advertised his Meditations on First Philosophy as providing proofs of God’s existence and the immortality of the soul, he privately described it as providing new metaphysical foundations for his scientific programme and as destroying the traditional principles of Aristotle.
		By reading the Meditations with the Objections and Replies, we can reconstruct some of the debates in which Descartes was engaged, and see how his position departed from philosophical tradition.
	www.bbk.ac.uk /phil/programmes/macourses/earlymodern (746 words)

	studyguide2/Meditations
		The first objection maintains that the inference from the premiss that the mind perceives itself to be only a thinking thing to the conclusion that the whole nature or essence of the mind is to think is an invalid inference.
		Descartes urges that people read his Meditations only if they are able and willing (a) to meditate along with him, and (b) to withdraw their minds from their senses and from all preconceived opinions.
		Second, the fifth meditation is concerned to eliminate the hyperbolical or metaphysical doubt which Descartes raised about mathematical knowledge in the first meditation; he is not here concerned to remove his doubts about an external world which remain very much in force.
	www.pitt.edu /~gmas/studyguide2.htm (7253 words)

	Meditation, A First Step in Opening Up Psychically/ GlobalPsychics.com
		Meditation is useful for clearing, centering, focusing, receiving, destressing, relaxing....
		First I am withdrawing, taking time to notice how I feel and what's going on in my body, emotionally, physically, mentally and spiritually...
		My message to you is that there Is a way to escape from the grief that we all experience, and there Is a way to spread that joy to our brothers and sisters, and that those of us who are spiritual aware should act now.
	globalpsychics.com /involving-you/meditations/index-meditations.shtml (949 words)

	Buy.com - A Guided Tour of Rene Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy with Complete Translations of the Med : ...
		Descartes was raised by his maternal grandmother--his mother died shortly after giving birth to him--and was sent to the Jesuit School of La Fleche in Anjou at the age of 10.
		He spent several years in the military in Holland and Germany, obtained a law degree, and then embarked on a series of travels to seek knowledge within himself and in "the great book of the world." In 1619, inspired by his mathematician friend, Isaac Beeckman, Descartes founded a new scientific and philosophical method.
		He is responsible for the branch of mathematics known as coordinate or "Cartesian geometry." Descartes lived in Holland from 1629 to 1649.
	www.buy.com /prod/a_guided_tour_of_rene_descartes_meditations_on_first_philosophy_with_complete_translations_of_the_med/q/loc/106/print/1/33671197.html (342 words)

	Descartes, Rene - Meditations on First Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Meditation of yesterday has filled my mind with so many doubts, that it is no longer in my power to forget them.
		In the first place, then, I thought that I possessed a countenance, hands, arms, and all the fabric of members that appears in a corpse, and which I called by the name of body.
		The first mentioned were the powers of nutrition and walking; but, if it be true that I have no body, it is true likewise that I am capable neither of walking nor of being nourished.
	www.classicallibrary.org /descartes/meditations/5.htm (2163 words)

	FIRST THINGS: A Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life
		The first is understanding the nature of reality in a way that engages universal truths and the second is knowing what ought to be done in the light of the way things are.
		Although both wisdom and prudence are highly desirable in a bishop, neither is guaranteed by the “charism” of episcopal office.
		We may anticipate that such confidence will increase as the bishops exercise the discipline of acting and speaking in a manner congruent with their indisputable competence and authority.
	www.firstthings.com (1629 words)

	Descartes' "Meditations of First Philosophy"
		Meditation I: Of the Things which may be brought within the Sphere of the Doubtful.
		But the case is different in philosophy where everyone believes that all is problematical, and few give themselves to the search after truth; and the greater number, in their desire to acquire a reputation for boldness of thought, arrogantly combat the most important of truths.
		First of all, then, I perceived that I had a head, hands, feet, and all other members of which this body -- which I considered as a part, or possibly even as the whole, of myself -- is composed.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~jwcwolf/Papers/des-med1.htm (11030 words)

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