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Topic: Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub

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	Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub is a temperate biome, characterized by hot-dry summers and mild and rainy winters.
		Forest: Mediterranean forests are generally composed of broadleaf evergreen trees, such as the oak and mixed sclerophyll forests of California and the Mediterranean region, the Eucalyptus forests of Southwest Australia, and the Nothofagus forests of central Chile.
		Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests · Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests · Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests · Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests · Temperate coniferous forests · Boreal forests/taiga ·Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands · Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands · Flooded grasslands and savannas ;· Montane grasslands and shrublands · Tundra ;·
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_shrub (892 words)

	WWF Global 200 Ecoregions -- Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub (123)
		The Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub is one of only five shrublands of its kind, which together support 20 percent of the plant species on Earth.
		The Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub today contain the descendants of species that lived millions of years ago.
		Today, many of the countries that contain areas of Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub are major producers of olive oil..
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/g200/g123.html (515 words)

	Chapter 27. Europe: ecological zones
		Altitudinal ranges of vegetation belts and forests, in particular, depend on such factors as geographical location, climate, height of the mountain system, slope orientation, etc. While temperature is a major limiting factor in the north, the amount of precipitation and air humidity determines the distribution of forest altitudinal belts in the south.
		Forests of the Tuva region are mostly represented by larch, which covers foothills and middle elevation mountains (up to 1 400 m).
		In the mountains of southwestern Russian Asia, forest vegetation is expressed in the northern part by larch forests on cold soils and spruce (Picea ajsnensis) forests on warmer soils, with an admixture of Abies nephrolepis, Betula platyphylla and Pinus sylvestris.
	www.fao.org /docrep/004/y1997e/y1997e0w.htm (4596 words)

	The Construction of Scrub in California and the Mediterranean Borderlands, Dr. C.M. Rodrigue, AGU 2004
		In European writings, Mediterranean scrub is commonly described as degraded secondary successional formations that express the negative impact on the landscape of thousands of years of human activities: deforestation for agricultural clearing or for timber, overgrazing or overbrowsing by livestock (notably goats), and by wanton use of fire for clearance and convenience.
		Mediterranean regions are found in the countries of Europe, Africa, and Asia that border the Mediterranean Sea; in southwest Australia and South Africa; and in Central Chile, Mexico, and the State of California.
		In countries on the northern Mediterranean basin, the collapse of the age-old agrosilvipastoral system is leading to deep changes in the structure and architecture of forest and pre-forest communities of plants and animals and, in general terms, to an aging of forest populations (Barbero et al., 1990).
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/agu04.html (4481 words)

	European Code of Conduct for Coastal Zones
		Coastal woodlands are also favoured areas for recreational pursuits particularly in the Mediterranean where they provide opportunities to picnic in the outdoors in the relative shade of the woodland.
		Coastal forests can be designed and managed in a way which ensures the conservation of wildlife and the environment, including through the conservation of water, soil and natural processes.
		The adaptability of forests to a wide range of natural and human-induced threats can be increased by planting site-adapted tree species and through the development of varied forest structures and cultivation systems.
	www.coastalguide.org /code/forest.html (1137 words)

	HOTSPOT: California On The Edge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The canopy of coastal scrub is not as dense as that of chaparral.
		Northern coastal scrub, dominated by stands of coyote brush or bush lupine; and coastal sage scrub, which predominantly consists of fragrant sages.
		The common poorwill is nocturnal and lives in shrublands, woodlands, chaparral and dry forests where it feeds on insects such as moths, beetles and grasshoppers.
	www.calacademy.org /naturalhistory/california_hotspot/habitat_mediterranean_shrublands.htm (2609 words)

	List of ecoregions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Congolian coastal forests (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Republic of Congo)
		Southern New Guinea lowland forests (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea)
		Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Madeira Islands, Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Western Sahara, Yugoslavia)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_ecoregions (1243 words)

	S-Cool! - GCSE Geography Revision - Summary Notes
		Mediterranean soils are a mixture between brown earths in the wetter areas and desert soils in the dry places.
		Forest fires are very common in the Mediterranean area, and this has helped to destroy much of the original woodland.
		This means that the forests are used, but in a way which does not affect their long term growth.
	www.s-cool.co.uk /topic_glossary.asp?loc=gl&Subject_id=20&Topic_ID=138&ebt=138&ebn=&ebs=&ebl=&elc=4 (461 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Mediterranean woodlands and forests (PA1214)
		The Mediterranean Woodland and Forest ecoregion stretches from the coastal plains to the hills of northern Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and eventually surrounds the Atlas Mountains.
		The Mediterranean Woodland and Forest ecoregion includes the lowlands and mid-elevations of the northern half of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and two Spanish sovereign areas, Ceuta and Melilla, located in Morocco.
		Berber thuya forests and woodlands are mainly distributed in the dry and mild lowlands and hills of the northern half of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Morocco, the western half of the Algerian coast, and some mountain areas along the north-eastern coast of Tunisia.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa1214_full.html (2690 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Chocó-Darién-Western Ecuador - Unique and Threated Biodiversity
		The dry forests of southwestern Ecuador and northern Peru are dominated by large, emergent trees of the family Bombacaceae, including the ceiba (Ceiba trichistandra).
		The diversity of habitat types in the dry forest region includes scrub and desert, deciduous tropical thorn-scrub forest, deciduous ceiba forest, semi-evergreen lowland and premontane tall forest, and intermontane scrub.
		The forests of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena hotspot are globally important for bird endemism, holding nearly 900 total species, around 110 of which are found nowhere else in the world.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/tumbes_choco/biodiversity.xml (1236 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - California Floristic Province - Human Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The magnificent redwood forests, which once occupied 8,000 km² along the California coast, have been reduced by intensive logging operations to 15 percent of their original standing area during the last 150 years (although many of these stands have regenerated).
		Other seriously threatened ecosystems include wetlands, riparian woodlands and southern maritime sage scrub, which have all been reduced to 10 percent or less of their original area.
		Riparian forests face threats from logging, grazing, and development (having been reduced by about 90 percent), while coastal sage scrublands are threatened by housing development, commercial development, and the increasing use of off-road vehicles.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/california_floristic/impacts.xml (324 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Mediterranean woodlands and forests (PA1214) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Dry pine forests mix holm oaks and junipers, cork oak forests grow along the coastal plains, and wild olive and carob woodlands grow in short scrubby vegetation.
		Cork oak forests are distributed over the entire western Mediterranean and wild olive woodlands grow in Europe.
		Forest is converted for agriculture and pasture, a long-standing practice that first began in Classical times.
	nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa1214.html (474 words)

	Mediterranean Woodlands
		A climate of mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers characteristically produces woodlands composed of evergreen shrubs and small trees.
		In southwestern Australia, eucalyptus trees and protea shrubs dominate the jarrah and karri forests that occupy the zone of Mediterranean climate.
		In Chile, south of the desert, is a sclerophyllous scrub community called the matorral, and in central and southern California, the coastal hills are covered with the manzanitas, ceanothus, scrub oaks, and other plants that make up the chaparral.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/eco_meditwoodlands.html (397 words)

	CPD: North America, Site NA16, California Floristic Province, California and Oregon, U.S.A.; Baja California, Mexico
		Evergreen sclerophyll vegetation in the CFP (mixed evergreen forest, live-oak woodland, chaparral, closed-cone pine and cypress forests, and the soft-leaved coastal scrub) are derived from Eocene floras of the south-western U.S.A. and north-western Mexico which lived in a warm, summer-moist climate.
		Conifer forests of the north coast are more closely related to forests of the Miocene north-west, which flourished in a cooler climate (Raven and Axelrod 1978; Axelrod 1977).
		Forests, especially old growth, are being cut faster than they will regrow and are being converted to types less supportive of indigenous biodiversity.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/na/na16.htm (4870 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Western Ghats & Sri Lanka - Overview
		Faced with tremendous population pressure, the forests of the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka have been dramatically impacted by the demands for timber and agricultural land.
		Remaining forests of the Western Ghats are heavily fragmented; in Sri Lanka, only 1.5 percent of the original forest remains.
		While dry evergreen forests occupy almost the entirety of the “dry zone,” dipterocarp-dominated rainforests dominate the lowlands of the wet zone, and some 220 km² of tropical montane cloud forest still persist in the central hills, which rise to a maximum altitude of 2,524 meters.
	www.biodiversityscience.org /xp/Hotspots/ghats/index.xml (573 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Cyprus Mediterranean forests (PA1206)
		Although the island of Cyprus is small, the Cyprus Mediterranean Forests ecoregion includes a very wide range of elevations and habitats.
		Butterflies are abundant along the forest edges and near standing water, where they often drink from puddles with their long tongues.
		The most endangered forests today include the endemic cedar forests and fl pine forests, which are threatened by logging.
	nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa1206.html (526 words)

	Mediterranean Forest
		In the northern part of the Mediterranean Basin, the migration of traditionally rural populations to the cities and the concentration of agricultural production and forestry in the most fertile, best irrigated and most accessible areas have left many Mediterranean woodlands lying idle.
		The future of Mediterranean woodlands is not only influenced by the technical and economic issues of forest production and by environmental protection problems, but also by many sectoral and intersectoral dynamics and by policies integrating rural and urban management.
		In an effort to enable the Mediterranean countries to share their experiences and analyses in this area, a regional forum on “Forestry sector and sustainable development in the Mediterranean: challenges, policies and governance” was jointly organised in 2005 by FAO and Plan Bleu, with the support of France.
	www.planbleu.org /themes/foretUk.html (890 words)

	WWF - Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub - A Global Ecoregion
		Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub - A Global Ecoregion
		The ecoregion is threatened by continuing conversion to agriculture, pasture, and urban areas.
		Frequent fires, logging of remaining native woodlands, exotic species, and intensive grazing are also threats.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/mediterranean_forests_scrub.cfm (421 words)

	The Construction of Mediterranean Scrub in Biogeography and Ecology, C.M. Rodrigue, AAG 2005
		The widespread presence of Mediterranean scrub is seen as an artifact of human disturbance over thousands of years, mediated through overgrazing, deforestation, accelerated erosion, and anthropogenic fire.
		One of the Mediterranean vegetation formations is the Mediterranean scrub, familiar to Californians as chaparral and to Europeans as maquis [ PPT 3 photographs ].
		In countries on the northern Mediterranean basin, the collapse of the age-old agrosilvipastoral system is leading to deep changes in the structure and architecture of forest and pre-forest communities of plants and animals.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/aag05.html (2730 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Southwest Australia - Overview
		The forest, woodlands, shrublands, and heath of Southwest Australia are characterized by high endemism among plants and reptiles.
		Vegetation in the province is mainly woody, comprising forests, woodlands, shrublands, and heaths, but no grasslands.
		A number of vegetation units are endemic, including some types of eucalyptus forests and some forms of kwongan.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/australia (353 words)

	Champion Trees and Ancient Forests
		This vertical woodland, and many others like it around the world, harbor many rare plants and provide habitat for a greater variety of animals than can be found in adjacent level-ground forests—making such rocky bluffs perfect natural refuges.
		And a forest it truly is. Although the cliffs appear largely bare, we count about 1,000 trunks on average protruding from each hectare of the rocky wall—roughly the same concentration as in most other mature forests, which appear denser only because the trees are normally so much taller and fuller.
		Vertical forests are also far less prone to the scorching heat of fire than are typical woodlands, in part because they are well watered, but mostly because the density of vegetation is too low to allow a conflagration to propagate.
	www.championtrees.org /oldgrowth/articles/AmericanScientist00901.htm (3264 words)

	WWF - Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub Ecoregions
		WWF - Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub Ecoregions
		Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub ecoregions are characterized by hot and dry summers, while winters tend to be cool and moist.
		Only 5 regions in the world experience these conditions: the Mediterranean, south-central and southwestern Australia, the fynbos of southern Africa, the Chilean matorral, and the Mediterranean ecoregions of California.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat12.cfm (335 words)

	ENN: Environmental News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The montados, where the cork oaks thrive, are largely open swaths made up of grassland and scrub vegetation interspersed by trees, where farmers have practiced a low-intensity mix of agriculture and forestry for millennia.
		Careful forest management not only provides for the continued extraction of the cork oak but helps to create the conditions for a diverse range of other products harvested from the woodlands.
		The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international nonprofit organization founded to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable management of the world's forests through independent forest management certification and marketplace labeling of certified forest products.
	www.enn.com /aff_PF.html?id=685 (914 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Southwest Australia woodlands (AA1210) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Due to a mild, Mediterranean climate, these dry woodlands are filled with eucalyptus trees, including the bushy wandoo, york gum, and tuart tree.
		Scattered throughout the woodlands is the Christmas tree--technically a mistletoe plant and the only one to grow as a tree.
		The forest understory contains wattles (acacias), she-oaks, and cypress pines, with peppermint and sandalwood found closer to the ground.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/aa/aa1210.html (469 words)

	GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL ZONING FOR THE GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2000
		Subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation (forests, scrub and dwarf shrub communities in combination with grasslands and tall forb communities)
		Forest steppes (meadow steppes or dry grasslands alternating with deciduous broadleaved forests or xerophytic scrub)
		Subcontinental meadow steppes and dry grassland alternating with oak forests or scrub:
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e12.htm (408 words)

	Valley Habitats: Number Five
		This California realm is characterized by a Mediterranean climate,geologic isolation by the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, a high number ofendemic (found no where else) species of plants and animals, and a uniqueassemblage of vegetation communities.
		Examples are:California thrasher, scrub jay, mallard, great blue heron, wood duck,white-tailed kite, killdeer, Nuttall's woodpecker, and rufous-sided towhee.Ninety-two species of permanent resident birds occur in the Valley (Appendix).Some species are only resident in portions of the Valley.
		Nesting trees are typically located on the edgesbetween woodlands and either grasslands or shrub habitats, or in isolated treesand clumps in open country.
	ceres.ca.gov /ceres/calweb/DU/Valley_Habitats5.html (2760 words)

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