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Topic: Mediterranean States

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	History of the Mediterranean region - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of the Mediterranean region is the history of the interaction of the cultures and peoples of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea —the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples.
		For several centuries the Mediterranean was a "Roman Lake," surrounded on all sides by the empire.
		The Islamic states had never been major naval powers, and trade from the east to Europe was soon in the hands of Italian traders, especially the Venetians, who profited immensely from it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean (1390 words)

	Department of Political Studies
		United States hegemony expansion, patterns of arms trade and expenditures, defence industries linkages, and the multilateral pattern of military intervention are major indicators of the growing intensity of military relations among all political units of the world system.
		Among economic interdependent states, the probability of war is lessened by the rational calculus of the cost of interrupting existing economic ties.
		International law recognised the right of the state to self-defence and security, but the survival of the European state system and not the survival of the individual state (not to mention the survival of extra-European states and state-like entities) was the value defended by international rules and practices.
	www.fscpo.unict.it /EuroMed/jmwp27.htm (11709 words)

	IInd CSCM
		The reinforcement of co-operation between Mediterranean countries, in particular economic co-operation aimed at eliminating disparities between the northern shore and the southern and eastern shores, is one of the best means of preventing terrorism and eradicating it in the long term through the extension of democracy and the consolidation of human rights.
		The Conference urges all Mediterranean States to see to it that the existence and identity of the national, ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious minorities living on their territory is preserved and that members of these minorities enjoy full equality with other citizens in law and in practice, free from all discrimination.
		It urges the Mediterranean States to ensure that religious instruction is moderate and tolerant, to guarantee respect for the values and symbols of collective and individual religious convictions, and to respect the religious rites and holidays of the immigrant and expatriate populations.
	www.ipu.org /splz-e/valetta.htm (6578 words)

	Meda programme
		National sovereignty in the Arab Mediterranean has been problematic in terms of economic independence; whilst the west Europeans eventually learnt the lessons of age-old national rivalries which had plunged European and the rest of the world into catastrophic world wars by setting up the European Union (EU).
		This is in contrast to the newly reunited Europe itself, where former "enemies" states of the West, for example Poland, Hungary can be accommodated in common defence through NATO against (although not often specified) the possibility of resurgent and aggressive Russian nationalism.
		Equally important is top state the obvious and that is that is that relations (North/South) across the Mediterranean are asymmetrical because of the shear predominance of the EU economic strength and through the EU's coherence.
	www.poptel.org.uk /michael.hindley/medaupdate.htm (2893 words)

	Euro Mediterranean Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The long-term objectives of the Euro-Mediterranean partnership between the European Union, the 25 member States and its 12 Mediterranean partners, as a global and comprehensive policy, are the establishment of peace and stability and the creation by 2010 of a free-trade area between the EU and its Mediterranean Partners through:
		As far as reforms in the South Mediterranean States may be considered, these reforms can certainly not be imposed from the exterior but on the contrary be motivated from the interior, taking in consideration the respect for the national specificities and the appropriate realities of every country.
		States on the South Coast of the Mediterranean Sea further to the second level of latitude
	www.cmf.ch /_sArab/2005 (1497 words)

	NATO to enhance dialogue with Mediterranean states (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		HEADS OF states from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) convene here today for a summit poised to substantially enhance the alliance's dialogue with seven Mediterranean countries, including Jordan, and upgrade it into a full-fledged partnership in the near future.
		Brodeur was keen on stressing that the current plans to enhance cooperation with the Mediterranean countries have nothing to do with the possibility of a role for the alliance in a US-threatened military strike on Iraq.
		One such meeting, for example, was convened in October 2001, to inform Mediterranean partners of NATO's response to the Sept. 11 terror attacks in the US, including the decision to invoke Article 5 of the Alliance's Charter, stipulating that an attack against one member country be considered an attack against all.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /11212002002.htm (780 words)

	Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiatives: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Its stated objective is to facilitate relations on trade issues as well as to contribute more generally to the stability of the region.
		Arab states of the Mediterranean continue to be dominated by autocratic governments that restrict political freedoms.
		Most significantly, both the United States and the European Union appear to be converging on the need for some type of conditionality—on the need to insist on a linkage between a country's performance on reform-related objectives and the benefits it accrues, whether in the form of increased financial assistance or improved access to markets.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr127.html (8369 words)

	NATO Acad. Forum: Conferences.
		In response to this "southern threat"--and at a time when the United States, which for 40 years ensured regional security, is engaged in a drawdown of its forces in the area--France has attempted to assume a leading role in the establishment of a regional security system for the western Mediterranean.
		Furthermore, the European states are particularly concerned with the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction in the region.
		In this way, a broad Mediterranean security regime fulfills most of the major prerequisites necessary for the formation of a security regime: that the great powers want it; that the main actors perceive other actors as also seeking mutual security and cooperation; and that war and the "individualistic" approach to security is perceived as costly.
	www.nato.int /acad/conf/future95/lansford.htm (4552 words)

	gillespie
		Certainly, an appeal to materialistic motives was made in the Commission documents that called for a ‘rebalancing’ of the EU’s external relations: the neighbouring Mediterranean states represented a market of 304 million consumers (compared with 116 million in the east); they also had a higher combined GDP and greater energy dependence on the south.
		Northern European states endorsed the Euro-Mediterranean initiative with some doubts regarding its viability and, although somewhat unsure where it would lead, were convinced at least that the EU needed to take concerted action in relation to a peripheral area containing threats to the stability of Europe.
		The northern states are, however, prepared to consider new initiatives in the strictly security domain, but there is a strong belief here that enough exist already, and that, inded, there are too many security structures for European states to use (Fenech, 1997): new ones, it is though would simply increase an existing tendency to duplication.
	www.euforic.org /cidob/gilles.htm (3779 words)

	Waigani Treaty
		After reception of the notification, the State of transit brings to the attention of the State of export all the obligations relating to passage through its territorial sea in application of international law and the relevant provisions of its domestic legislation adopted in compliance with international law to protect the marine environment.
		The State of export shall reimport the hazardous wastes if the transboundary movement cannot be completed by reason of impossibility of performance of the contracts relating to the movement and disposal of the wastes.
		The State of export and the State of import shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol and whenever possible and appropriate, give the public an opportunity to participate in relevant procedures with the aim of making known its views and concerns.
	www.ban.org /Library/izmir.html (4589 words)

	[13 Nov 1997] GA/DIS/3099 : FIRST COMMITTEE RECOMMENDS TEXT CALLING ON MEDITERRANEAN STATES TO ADHERE TO MULTILATERAL ...
		Following approval of the revised Mediterranean security text, which noted the peace negotiations in the Middle East, the representative of Israel said that although he still had reservations about the call for adherence to all disarmament and non-proliferation treaties, he was able to join consensus on the revised text.
		By the terms of a text on strengthening security and cooperation in the Mediterranean region (document A/C.1/52/L.36/Rev.1), the Assembly would call upon all States of the region to adhere to all the multilaterally negotiated legal instruments related to disarmament and non-proliferation, thus creating the necessary conditions for strengthening peace and cooperation in the region.
		It would also encourage the Mediterranean countries to further strengthen their cooperation in combating terrorism, which posed a serious threat to regional peace, security and stability, and therefore, to the improvement of the current political, economic and social situation.
	www.un.org /news/Press/docs/1997/19971113.GADS3099.html (1713 words)

	A/52/427
		The safeguarding of peace and the promotion of closer and sustained cooperation among Mediterranean countries should enable the enjoyment of complete sovereignty by all the peoples of the region, free and protected by established and accepted territorial borders and adhering to a mutual policy of non-interference and non-intervention in the internal affairs of each other.
		Malta reiterates its conviction that it would be in the interest of all participating States that the Mediterranean Partners for Cooperation are given access and facilities to attend meetings of the Permanent Council of OSCE and the Forum for Security Cooperation.
		The situation in the Mediterranean is negatively affected, in view of its geographical interconnectedness, by the domestic conflicts in a number of Balkan countries and hotbeds of inter-ethnic contradictions in the Black Sea basin.
	www.un.org /Depts/ddar/Firstcom/SGreport52/a52427.html (4427 words)

	U.S.-European Relations: Impact on the Mediterranean Region
		In all cases, it was the United States that seized the initiative and imposed its solutions upon a European Union that was not even able to agree on the basic principles to solve these issues and that could not stand up against the overwhelming military, logistic and communication power of the United States.
		The establishment of a "new order" of co-operation in the Mediterranean region on the Western side must not be left to those forces that are, because of their superpower alliances, involved in "intractable" conflicts in the region of the Mediterranean or the Middle East.
		As stated previously, a basic condition for such a partnership and for a lasting order of peace or peaceful co-existence in the Mediterranean will be that European countries give up the colonial habits of interfering in the affairs of the countries of the Maghreb and the Middle East.
	i-p-o.org /medit.htm (4074 words)

	Articles - Mediterranean States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Mediterranean States are the two countries of Cyprus and Malta.
		They are the only two Island countries in the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Mediterranean States are not to be confused with the Mediterranean-bordering countries of Southern Europe such as Italy and Greece.
	www.beadscenter.com /articles/Mediterranean_States (106 words)

	2005-03-14: Representatives of the Mediterranean states find out more about food safety
		The Mediterranean states Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, as well as the new EU members Malta and Cyprus each sent two delegates to the seminar, which was held as part of the European Commission's MEDA Programme.
		The MEDA Programme accompanies economic and social reform in the third countries of the Mediterranean region, and aims to help realize a major goal of the partnership, the gradual establishment of a free-trade zone between the EU and its Mediterranean partners by 2010.
		The experts from the Mediterranean were not only able to increase their knowledge of food safety in Berlin.
	www2.din.de /sixcms/detail.php?id=19642 (246 words)

	EUbusiness - Leaders of Mediterranean states gather in Tunis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Leaders of five southern European and five north African countries were gathering in Tunisia on Friday for a summit devoted to regional cooperation, but which was also set to be marked by controversy over human rights.
		In Tunisia, a multiparty state, the opposition nevertheless has strictly limited parliamentary representation and Ben Ali was re-elected for a third presidential term in 1999 with 99 percent of the vote, although the opposition did field candidates.
		Another pre-summit row involved French relations with Libya, now returning to the international fold after UN sanctions imposed after the 1988 Lockerbie airliner bombing were removed thanks to the payment of compensation by Libya.
	www.eubusiness.com /afp/031205090900.u8nmw0x6 (648 words)

	The search for peace in the Mediterranean Region
		It advocated a policy of complete transparency amongst the Mediterranean states in human rights issues and endorsed the principle that all countries concerned ensure the preservation of all religious, ethnic, cultural and linguistic minorities on their territory.
		Although the establishment of a CSCM appears to remain a priority for countries bordering the southern shores of the Mediterranean, support for the Council among the participants at the Taormina conference was widespread.
		While a Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean remains the comprehensive security regional arrangement that should be sought in the long-term, the complementary Council of the Mediterranean blueprint appears to be better positioned to address the existing security vacuum in the short to medium-term.
	www.unesco.org /webworld/peace_library/MALTA/PEACE/CONFLICT.HTM (3523 words)

	Jmwp40 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This section considers in turn (1) why the Mediterranean is important for the EU; (2) why the EMP was set up in 1995 and how it works; (3) and, finally, what are the particular problems it has faced to date.
		In the Mediterranean, in addition to the EP’s involvement in EU-Mediterranean relations and the existence of the EMP Parliamentary Forum, there are also the activities of the respective national parliamentary institutions of the 27 EMP partners.
		Mediterranean observatory on migration is foreseen (this was also demanded in the two January 2001 EP reports).
	www.fscpo.unict.it /EuroMed/jmwp40.htm (9020 words)

	Stronger communications network among European, Mediterranean states (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Addressing the inaugural session of the expanded conference, held on the European-Mediterranean partnership on behalf of Prime Minister Atef Ebeid, Ghali said the program is organized in concert with the Federation of Egyptian Industries (FEI) with the aim of updating trade and investment cooperation and transferring technology.
		The conference was attended by 1500 businessmen from European and Mediterranean states, European Union (EU) members, heads of businessmen organizations and ambassadors of 15 EU member-states.
		Assistant Foreign Minister Gamal Bayoumi who is in charge of the Egyptian-European partnership said that the convocation of the two-day conference after 2000 hours of preparation is a success and achievement in its own.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/001004/2000100446.html (515 words)

	Mantranet - Europe, Mediterranean & Arab States Region Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Europe, Mediterranean and Arab States Region Home Page
		Kirsten Thompson commenced her duties as Regional Director for the European, Mediterranean and Arab States in September 2005
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	www.intaward.org /iaa/index_8.html (200 words)

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