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Topic: Medium of instruction

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	CAL: Digests: Content-Centered Language Learning
		In this approach, the second or foreign language is used as the medium of instruction for mathematics, science, social studies, and other academic subjects; it is the vehicle used for teaching and acquiring subject specific knowledge.
		Instruction is usually given by a language teacher or by a combination of the language and content teachers.
		Among the issues facing content-centered language instruction in the United States is the need for research to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated instruction, specifying optimal conditions for various programmatic effects, including the timing of integrated instruction, the relative effectiveness of different program models, and the use of various instructional strategies, texts, and assessment measures.
	www.cal.org /resources/digest/cranda01.html (1680 words)

	Medium of instruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medium of instruction is the language that is used in teaching.
		In both the People's Republic of China (mainland China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), Mandarin Chinese is used as the medium of instruction throughout the country, although different "dialects" are spoken in daily life in different regions in the country.
		When Chinese is used as the medium of instruction, Cantonese Chinese is usually spoken, though Mandarin Chinese is spoken in some schools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medium_of_instruction (539 words)

	Mahatma Gandhi Album: Curse of Foreign Medium of Instruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		He firmly believed that vernaculars or native languages of India should be the medium of instruction in schools.
		It was for English language as medium of instruction.
		Craze for English language as as medium of instruction went on increasing.
	www.kamat.com /mmgandhi/foreign_medium.htm (630 words)

	Language and Learning in Zambia
		By 1950, the language policy in African schools was that the mother tongue was to be used as medium of instruction during the first two years of primary education and a dominant vernacular to be used up to standard Five and thereafter English was to replace the local languages.
		The proposal was rejected and instead, the 1977 “Educational Reform” re-affirmed the use of English as the medium of instruction from Grade One to University level.
		As language of instruction, English will continue to be used as the official medium of instruction but teachers are encouraged where necessary and relevant to use the familiar language for explanations questions and answers (Ministry of Education 1996).
	www2.ncsu.edu /ncsu/aern/manpisi.html (3694 words)

	Language in India
		The rationale behind the selection of these age groups was the expectation that at this stage the effect of the medium of instruction might have consolidated in the learners in either direction.
		The results of the empirical investigations as to the impact of the mother tongue medium of instruction vis-à-vis the use of English or a non-mother tongue language as the medium of instruction are still mixed, and somewhat confusing.
		But the balance is certainly in favor of the mother tongue as the medium of instruction as a pragmatic approach.
	www.languageinindia.com /oct2001/ramasamyk1.html (1963 words)

	Medium of Instruction \| University of the Philippines Los Baños
		English is generally used as a medium of instruction.
		The University Council of UP Los Baños approved on December 17, 1988 the adoption of the full use of Filipino as a medium of instruction for undergraduate courses which was implemented beginning June 1989 for a period of ten (10) years.
		In the graduate level, Filipino is initiated and/or sustained as a non-exclusive medium of instruction.
	www.uplb.edu.ph /academics/catalog/medium-instruction (83 words)

	PatnaDaily.Com - Readers Write
		In Delhi, Hindi is the most favoured medium with nearly 15.5 lakh students opting for schools with national language as the medium of instruction.
		Thus the reformed language became a medium for social development and now in the rest of the world when we say Chinese we mean mainland Mandarin instead of Traditional Taiwanese-Cantonese which is a relic of the past and confined to Taiwan as an obsolete dinosaur.
		A particular language as a medium of instruction is not a problem; the problem is how to evaluate the learning of a language in the strict sense of the knowledge of a language.
	www.patnadaily.com /readerswrite/2007/feb/indra5.html (2174 words)

	English medium in schools - legal implications - InfoLanka Forum
		However, this restriction of the use of a national language as a medium of instruction does not apply to universities as exceptions have been granted under Article 21 (1&2), and thus the universities have the liberty to impart instructions in any medium.
		Under the present system, this transitional phase of switching-over from one medium of instruction to another at the early stages of the university education is also an additional stress on the new undergraduate.
		In a democratic country, the parents should be given the right to select the medium of instruction for their children, either in the vernacular language or in the English medium, so as to satisfy their needs and aspirations, and the government should provide the necessary facilities.
	www.infolanka.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/001408.html (1019 words)

	Punjabi University, Patiala
		These experts were committed to develop the language in such a manner as to enable it to become a dependable vehicle of knowledge in diverse fields and serve as a viable medium of instruction at all levels in Punjab.
		The university's drive to use Punjabi as the medium of instruction and examination at all levels compulsorly had to be given a new perspective in view of the supreme court verdict on the question of medium of instruction in 1971.
		The university which was at set for enforcing Panjabi as the medium of instruction and examination at Degree level, now allowed its students to receive instruction in the language of their choice.
	www.universitypunjabi.org /pages/ksd.htm (4455 words)

	1998 ATEA Conference Papers - B. Chan
		The second one was the issuance of the "firm guidance of medium of instruction in the secondary schools" for schools' and teachers' comments in the spring of 1997, that by December of the year, caught attention of all parents, students, as well as educators in the region.
		The government said that switching to mother-tongue instruction does not mean weakening the English proficiency of the students, as the government plans to strengthen the English language curriculum in CMI schools with different measures.
		The scores from Table 3 show that subjects taught in the same medium of instruction shared by the two groups of students, such as English, Chinese, Chinese History, and Bible study, EMI students achieved higher scores, which indicate that Form One EMI students are higher achievers as they are essentially from Band One of MIGA.
	www.atea.schools.net.au /ATEA/confpapers/nonref/chan.html (2596 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ghana; English As A Medium Of Instruction Accra Mail Africa News July 2, 2002 There has been too much brouhaha over cabinet's directive that English should be used as a medium of instruction in primary 1-3.
		One of which is that introducing English as a medium of instruction at that early age will confuse the children since very few homes use English to communicate.
		In Togo for instance, French is the medium of instruction from the lower primary.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art750.txt (690 words)

	LuisTeodoro.com » Global competitiveness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		By using this argument, however, the partisans of English as medium of instruction assume that every Filipino who has to go through the primary grades, the secondary schools and then to college has to learn English so he or she can communicate with the rest of the world.
		Indeed the unspoken assumption in justifying the use of English as medium of instruction is that it is the lot and aspiration of Filipinos in a globalized planet to empty other people’s trash, or to wash soiled diapers in other countries.
		The use of English as a medium of instruction actually helps make that kind of global competitiveness even more difficult, since the knowledge and skills needed have to be transmitted through a language foreign to both teacher and student, which amounts to creating a barrier to communication in the country’s classrooms.
	www.luisteodoro.com /archives/2003/02/08/global-competitiveness (1666 words)

	Parents want to decide wards' medium of instruction
		With consultations on long-term reforms in secondary school places allocation and the medium of instruction ending on Saturday, parents' groups have urged the government to give them the right of choice for their children.
		The Education Commission began a review of the Secondary School Places Allocation System and the medium of instruction in 2003-04 to reach a decision on the long-term mechanism to be implemented in the current school session.
		The union, however, said schools with the resources and experience should be allowed to have English as the medium of instruction.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-06/30/content_455773.htm (470 words)

	Native Language for Every Subject: Cree Language of Instruction Project
		English or French is taught as a subject of instruction and the medium of one or two subjects (such as art and physical education) starting in Grade Two.
		In the tradition of the mission schools, at least some Cree was used as subject or medium of instruction (Preston and MacKenzie, 1976; Tanner, 1981), and this tradition persisted in a number of the schools under various administrations in the area.
		It appears that the educational materials necessary for Cree medium instruction were on the horizon in 1990 thanks to work done for Cree subject of instruction classes, from the Cree Way Project, and in general curriculum organization in the School Board.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/Burnaby.html (4112 words)

	Articles on NLP, EFL, ESOL, Whole Person, Humanistic Language Teaching and more
		This paper reports on the results of a small-scale survey of the attitudes of instructors of non-language subjects towards the use of English as a medium of instruction in Turkish universities, where Turkish is the native language of the great majority of the students.
		The authorities in universities are unwilling to change the medium of instruction as this may affect the quality of their student intake or they may lose their 'tool' which makes their university an 'elite' one.
		This is to request your participation in a research study to explore instructors' attitudes towards the adoption of English as the medium of instruction in Turkish universities.
	www.hltmag.co.uk /nov06/mart01.htm (3501 words)

	Feature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		However, today the popular clamour among many parents and students is to make English a medium of instruction without treading on the right to continue the medium of education in the mother tongue - either Sinhala or Tamil, for those who desire to do their education in these languages.
		The making of English also a medium of instruction would contribute appreciably to the promotion of inter-communal, inter-religious and inter-linguistic harmony as was seen when English was the only medium of instruction in Sri Lanka several decades ago.
		While the mother tongue should continue as the medium of instruction there should not be any hindrance to provide facilities to have English too as a medium of instruction in our schools and seats of higher learning such as the universities.
	www.dailynews.lk /2005/12/17/fea03.htm (533 words)

	Encyclopedia: Medium of instruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In Macau, English is used as the medium of instruction at many schools, though only Chinese and Portuguese are official languages.
		In Belarus, Russian is used because nobody wants to teach in Belarusian anymore.
		Categories: Education The kohanga reo (English: language nests) are kindergartens where all instruction is given in the Maori language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Medium-of-instruction (569 words)

	BULLETIN Ð September 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Under the guidelines, all public-sector schools must phase in Cantonese as the medium of instruction for students in the first three years of secondary school unless the schools can prove that their students and teachers can handle instruction in English.
		This can only be provided by using English as the medium of instruction in as many subjects as possible." She cites data showing that students in her highly rated English-medium school also perform well in Chinese.
		Since English is the dominant medium of instruction at universities and most of the best schools, many parents believe that children who go to Chinese-medium schools will be labelled as second rate and get a second rate education.
	www.cityu.edu.hk /puo/bulletin/issue19/e1904.html (2105 words)

	Evaluation of the effects of medium of instruction on the science learning of Hong Kong secondary students: Performance ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This paper is the first of a series of articles reporting the findings of a longitudinal study on the impact of a new language policy about the medium of instruction on science learning of secondary students in Hong Kong.
		Prior to 1998, individual schools were free to decide their own instruction medium.
		After Primary 6 (Grade 6), students are streamed according to MOI into different types of secondary schools: those with English as the medium of instruction (EMI) and those with Chinese as the medium of instruction (CMI).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200307/ai_n9277910 (978 words)

	Masangu Matondo Translation Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		One group argues that Swahili should be used as a medium of instruction in all levels of education.
		One of the main arguments of this group is that many Tanzanian students' mastery of English (which serves as the medium of instruction from junior secondary schools to university level) is poor and continuing teaching them in the language they do not completely command hinders the learning process.
		Second, in Tanzania, it is already used as a medium of instruction in the first seven years of education, in Teachers Training Colleges (especially in colleges preparing primary teachers) and in the Open University where Swahili is optional to students.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/linguistics/people/grads/matondo/Translation.html (1451 words)

	Computer-Assisted Instruction/Programmed Instruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Now that the movement toward web-based instruction is underway, the question and thesis of this paper, is whether a paradigm shift is necessary or required to support the nontraditional student in their use of web-based instruction.
		Therefore in extrapolating and interpolating the term instructional paradigm we could state that the definition would be a set of forms or examples of educational theory and practice based upon particular elements.
		The fact of the matter is that much of web-based instruction includes the ability of the student to engage in forum discussions with other students, and at predetermined times with an educator leading the course of discussion.
	informatics.buffalo.edu /faculty/ellison/Syllabi/519Complete/formats/programmedinstr/program.html (10746 words)

	Tollefson and Tsui, eds. - Medium of Instruction Policies
		All over the world, the majority of dominant-linguistic-group children are educated through the medium of their own (dominant) languages, with the exception of those who are in immersion programs or other program models in which they voluntarily learn through the medium of another language.
		Most articles show, as the editors conclude, that "choices made in medium of instruction are not purely about educational efficacy but also about social, political, and economic participation, social equality, and human rights" (p.
		In most contexts, it has been shown that the choice of a foreign medium of instruction for dominated groups is, from an educational and linguistic point of view, less than efficient, and often disastrous, except for a privileged elite.
	www.aaanet.org /cae/aeq/br/tollefson2.htm (777 words)

	Language of force
		They say that the move to make Tamil the medium of instruction in schools up to class VIII smacks of collective hypocrisy when the top brass in Government administration and politics including those in the ruling party, have put their children and grandchildren in the Angrezi convents and schools rather than in Tamil medium schools.
		Though several academicians, teachers and principals do welcome the move to popularise Tamil, the move to make Tamil the medium of instruction in private schools has been viewed as an undemocratic step, denying the right of parents to choose the medium of instruction for their wards.
		However, opinion is divided on the question of the medium of instruction.
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19981124/32850714.html (768 words)

	Slide 1
		The report also found that only about thirty percent of Hong Kong secondary school students were deriving any benefit from the English medium instruction and proposed that primary school students be assessed for language ability and streamed into Chinese or English medium secondary schools based on these assessments.
		In September 1997, the Hong Kong government for the first time firmly advised all local public sector secondary schools to adopt Chinese as the medium of instruction, starting with their Secondary 1 intake in the 1998-99 school year and progressing each year to a higher level of secondary education.
		(At Secondary 4 of the Chinese medium school, the medium of instruction can be changed to English at the discretion of the school authorities.) Only schools satisfying certain criteria regarding students' language ability, teacher capability and support services were allowed to use, or continue to use, English as the medium of instruction.
	www.stanford.edu /class/chingen73n/lecture6_files/slide0049.htm (208 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 244 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Recently, the government took the decision that English will be the medium of instruction for the cadet colleges.
		It is the fault of methodology of teaching, not the medium of instruction.
		If there is any fault in English teaching in Bangla medium, the teaching method should be changed and modernised, without changing the medium of instruction.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/01/30/d40130110892.htm (421 words)

	Medium of Instruction @ IUBAT
		Faculty members are mostly with wide teaching experiences in different countries using English as medium of instruction.
		IUBAT programs emphasize task based and participative methods of instruction and use modern teaching aids like overhead projector, audio and video mediums, flip charts, etc. IUBAT invites professionals from different fields of interest as guest speakers to familiarize the students with advances and trends in the field of interest.
		To ensure effective communication and learning, the methods of instruction are carefully chosen for a course from a wide array of lecture, discussion, case analysis, project work, term paper, film shows, exercises, role playing, seminars, supervised reading, organization visits, etc. A heavy reliance is placed on coaching, project work, practice session and laboratory work.
	www.iubat.edu /About/medium.htm (214 words)

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