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	University - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was a foreshadow of the rise of the University in the 11th century.
		The first European medieval university was the University of Magnaura in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), founded in 849 by the emperor Bardas, followed by the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, and the University of Paris in Paris, France.
		Many historians state that the universities and cathedral schools are part of the continuation of the interest in learning kept up by the monks in their monasteries during the dark age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/University (937 words)

	University - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		University is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corporation (since the first medieval European universities were often groups of scholars-for-hire).
		The vast majority of private and public American universities are non-profit (meaning that excess tuition is plowed into providing higher quality of service), but starting in the 1970s, many for-profit colleges and universities were founded to take advantage of certain changes in the federal student assistance programs.
		Universities have formed non-profit organizations (or arranged for the formation of government agencies) to centralize the administration of standardized admission exams and the processing of applications.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Universities (1077 words)

	International Higher Education # 38
		Many of the private universities that were founded in the early 1990s started with a few dozen students, planning to end up with a few hundred students.
		Furthermore, they are hired as “helpers” rather than as “owners of a university.” They sign a contract with the university, and their income is determined by the number of teaching hours.
		Private universities are realizing that the status of having a huge campus and a large number of students is no longer enough to validate the greatness of a university.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News38/text015.htm (1036 words)

	The Multi-Media Mega University
		All of these universities are more or less directly inspired by the model British Open University and they have made a massive difference to the crisis of access, cost and flexibility in their countries.
		The 3,500 colleges and universities in the USA have an enrolment of 14 million students and annual spending on higher education is around $175 billion.
		Campus universities are full of bright people and, of course, they noticed that the distance teaching universities were stealing a march on them in terms of access, cost and teaching quality.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /educol/documents/000000087.htm (3945 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He argues that universities need to rethink models of limited access and calm the fear of "diluting the brand-name" in order to attain competitive advantage through leadership in cost control and differentiation.
		While holding on to their historical foundations, universities must embrace the possibility that altering what Daniel calls the "craft tradition of university instruction" in favor of the collaborative teaching that distance education demands might, in fact, improve the quality of learning overall.
		They are "mega" partly because they exist in a controlled, relatively noncompetitive environment in which the national government has funneled funds into a single, large institution rather than into many institutions.
	www.ed.psu.edu /acsde/deos/deosnews/deosnews9_7.asp (3139 words)

	ACU Bulletin - Distance learning in the era of networks: What are the key technologies?
		Such activities have, however, obscured the core role of universities and encouraged a host of new players, who may well be better than established universities at teaching straightforward skills and knowledge, to call themselves universities and move into the field.
		The implication, valid for both classroom and distance institutions, is that university learning requires students to engage actively with the operational aspects of the subject matter and to articulate its theoretical aspects.
		Although universities specialise and divide labour as between disciplines, the habit in teaching is for the same individual to do everything: develop the curriculum; organise the learning resources; teach the class; provide academic support; and assess student learning.
	www.acu.ac.uk /yearbook/138-distance.html (1863 words)

	Knowledge Media for Mega-Universities: Scaling Up New Technology at The Open University
		The inaugural ceremony of the Open University was held in 1969, in the week that the Apollo astronauts returned from the first landing on the moon.
		The Open University has shown that people without the usual school qualifications can succeed very well in university study if they are motivated and the teaching and learning system is well designed.
		The University's strategy is to be a leader in using technology in distance education on a large scale.
	www.open.ac.uk /johndanielspeeches/chinatlk.html (3080 words)

	Learning for the Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At Arizona State University in the USA I have worked with National Education Development Project Fellows and Turkish students pursuing doctoral and postdoctoral studies through grants from the Turkish Council of Higher Education.
		The two goals of the Open University were to make university study more available to working people, and to use broadcast media to bring education into the home.
		Most universities are now offering some of their courses on-line using the World Wide Web, and the World Lecture Hall lists thousands of courses available in all areas.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~mcisaac/future/paper.htm (2839 words)

	Keynote Speakers
		From the presidency of Laurentian University, Ontario, he moved to the vice-chancellorship of the UK Open University in 1990.
		As a member of three English-language universities (Oxford, Athabasca, Open), three French-language universities (Paris, Montréal, Québec) and two bilingual universities (Concordia, Laurentian) he has experienced academe ancient and modern; urban and regional; on campus and at a distance.
		Sir John is a citizen of Canada and the UK, holds honorary degrees from universities in eight countries, and serves as a trustee of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
	fie.engrng.pitt.edu /fie2000/keynote.htm (272 words)

	Essay by Chancellor Mark Emmert - September 1997
		But as we enjoy our current success, it may be too easy to forget that not so long ago, the European universities were the dominant force internationally in both research and teaching, and drew many of the best and the brightest from our country to their campuses.
		Moreover, in recognition of this demand, institutions such as the Open University are now beginning to reach out for students beyond their national borders.
		At the Hong Kong meetings, 40 higher education leaders from traditional research universities around the globe shared a common reaction to the predicted impact of international distance education: anxiety.
	www.advance.uconn.edu /1997/971027/meopin.htm (1496 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		universities primarily exploit modern distance learning technology on a large scale to achieve high levels of quality at costs significantly lower than traditional forms of education.
		The University of Phoenix is a for-profit institution created for this purpose, and its astonishing growth.becoming the second largest private university in the U.S. in less than 20 years, is evidence of a huge, pent up demand among adult learners.
		Walden University was founded in 1970 and operates totally on the basis distance learning to provide established professionals with the opportunity to complete graduate level degrees without sacrificing family and career commitments.
	www.edgecombe.cc.nc.us /v-clroom/O_UNIV.HTM (3861 words)

	ASUonline
		The sheer size of the university, not necessarily the size of the campus, but the number of students, the number of courses, the number of countries they are going outside, and so the whole operation put together.
		Because online has come up to the mainstream, those mega universities are the sheer size of student numbers more particularly and size of the courses, and size of the faculty, or the people involved in the whole course or delivery of distance education.
		In the sense that all mega universities are not necessarily open universities, or distance teaching universities per se.
	asuonline.asu.edu /stream/transcript.cfm?id=71 (2561 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Daniel argues that although the U.S. presently has the world's strongest university system, we should be cognizant of the emergence of "mega-universities" that exhibit features that allow them to overcome what he sees as the three primary challenges facing higher education world-wide: access, cost, and flexibility.
		The cost of sending a child to a public university in the U.S. is nearly 15 % of the median family income (40% for a private school).
		For example, the UK Open University with its 187,000 students relies on the delivery of sophisticated up-to-date courseware produced by cross functional academic teams (815 full-time faculty), individualized academic support (via 7367 adjuncts), and a highly efficient and reliable distribution network.
	www.admin.mtu.edu /ctlfd/newtt25.html (669 words)

	UNESCO - E-9 Initiative
		I mention again the UK Open University, which I have had the great privilege of leading for the last eleven years.
		Finally, surveys conducted by the government of the Province of Alberta in Canada on the quality of service and support to students in all its colleges and universities showed that the top performer was Athabasca University, the distance education university.
		The reason why university education is so prominent in distance education is that modern distance education began in that sector thirty years ago.
	www.unesco.org /education/e9/beijing/adg_expertmeet.shtml (2705 words)

	Article Abstracts
		The reason the U.S. is lagging behind other countries in developing large, open universities, says Sir Daniel, is because our system is "peculiarly wedded to the technologies of real-time teaching" and to the "outmoded idea that quality in education is necessarily linked to exclusivity of access and extravagance of resource" (11).
		Mega-universities enroll millions of students who can study whenever they choose and wherever they are at a cost of about half the average cost of other universities in their same countries (in two cases, it's only 10% of the average) (14).
		A project this large must of course be carefully and thoroughly structured, and that is why, Daniel concludes, universities must develop technology strategies which are planned by faculty and administration--not simply by "technology experts" who then impose their strategy upon the university.
	www.auburn.edu /administration/horizon/97sept_abstracts.html (1510 words)

	NEWS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Most conventional universities and quite a few Open Distance Learning (ODL) institutions have been found to be so engrossed in their own institutional operations and priorities, that collaborations are often reduced to be the subject matter of announcements from the podium, useful inclusions in the annual reports and indeed good boardroom discussion, the study states.
		The university is working in collaboration with the Office of the Commissioner for Khadi and Village Industries (KVIC) for the cause of rural artisans with a view to upgrade and develop their skills through print and electronic media in the area of art, craft and design.
		The degrees of IGNOU are duly recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) as IGNOU was established by an Act of Parliament in 1985.
	www.ignou.ac.in /news1.htm (10791 words)

	RILW - Jean Wood paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stakeholders in Australian university education provision have called for academic staff development in new technologies to be given serious and urgent consideration.
		Daniels states that the purpose of his study is "to suggest how large distance teaching universities (the mega-universities) could use technology, especially the emerging combination of communications and information technologies (the knowledge media) to retain and enhance their competitive advantage".
		11) which means that "as many conventional universities become 'dual-mode' institutions and offer some courses through distance education, the mega-universities will need to understand what special strengths they bring to the form of education that they have pioneered" (p.12) and learn how to exploit those special strengths if they are to maintain their competitive advantage.
	rilw.emp.paed.uni-muenchen.de /97/Jean.html (3368 words)

	Mega university - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A mega university is a university with a large number of enrolled students in which distance learning techniques are used to deliver courses to them, which also makes the courses particularly cost-effective.
		The University of the Air (放送大学 Hōsō daigaku), Japan
		This university, college or other education institution article is a stub.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mega_university (160 words)

	New Markets for Meeting Old Needs: U.S. Distance Education and Developing Countries
		U.S. universities are in an unique position to help address these challenges and at the same time shore up enrollments and further internationalize their own institutions.
		The vast majority of developing countries and their universities are completely unprepared to accommodate the growth in student numbers and increased expectations they bring regarding access to relevant, quality higher education.
		Private universities have stepped in, often with low tuition levels and commensurately low academic quality, further fueling the notion that, somehow, "education is cheap." In this context, the disparities between U.S. tuition levels and those in many countries can be huge.
	www.educause.edu /ir/library/html/edu9918/edu9918.html (4934 words)

	BEEP - Best Educational E-practices: Number 23
		Although U. colleges and universities often imagine e-learning to be an American invention, the truth is that this nation is a relative newcomer to using a method of education prevalent throughout the rest of the world.
		Although it closed its United States Open University in June 2002, the Open University continues to partner with the University of Maryland and may add additional schools.
		Predicts that highly selective universities are unlikely to be successful in global ventures and tells what it takes to prevail in the global arena.
	www.spjc.edu /eagle/research/beep/BEEP23.htm (871 words)

	FNF: HIGHER EDUCATION and ITS SURVIVABILITY IN THE INTERNET AGE 2001-05-21
		There is a now a new type of university, based on different technology, that is the most successful answer to the crises of access, cost and flexibility.
		Unlike your big federated universities with thousands of faculty and many campuses, the mega-universities are unitary institutions with hundreds of faculty and just one campus that looks more like a business park.
		The traditional classroom of the campus university has had a good run as a means for achieving the goals of the academy.
	www.hi.is /~joner/eaps/wh_surv.htm (3214 words)

	ABC Radio National - Education Report Transcript - 31 January 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sir John Daniel is the Vice-Chancellor of one of them, the Open University in the U.K. Sir John Daniel: The two biggest are the Chinese Television University system which has over half a million students, and there's a university in Turkey, surprisingly, Anatolia University, which has over 500,000 students.
		And for me of course, the importance of these institutions is that people don't realise how the growth in world population is going to require us to expand university education, even to retain the present participation rate, which goodness knows is very small in some developing countries.
		Jane Figgis: But these mega universities are not just for developing countries, as Sir John's own Open University attests.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/talks/8.30/edurpt/estories/er310102.htm (849 words)

	Presentation to Netties 2000
		The macro universities are businesses which aim to provide portals for clients into large collections of existing content – much of it being re-versioned conventional university courses.
		The micro universities are new ventures in the education and training space that is now being provided at a distance internet penetration into businesses and homes.
		In the vision of one of the mega universities (discussed above), the UKs Open University, Quality in this new medium means using using it appropriately to frame the learners experience.
	kmi.open.ac.uk /people/scott/talks/finland00 (1295 words)

	Main Articles: 'Virtual Universities – Institutional Issues for Information Professionals', Ariadne Issue 25
		In February 2000, in response to the growth in virtual and corporate universities which has emerged in the United States and elsewhere, the HEFCE announced its e-University project (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/Partners/euniv/default.asp).
		Virtual university models can be located on a spectrum, from the wholesale dedication of institutional resources to distance learning on the one hand to the development of individualized courses on the other.
		There appears to be no one generic model of the virtual university or of virtual provision and its particular nature will depend on a number of local factors such as technology, pedagogy, assessment, training, communications, legal issues and support staff (McConnell, Harris and Heywood, 1999).
	www.ariadne.ac.uk /issue25/foster (1736 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A Stanford University faculty member writes about her experiences researching the term paper mills as they pertained to her Victorian literature class and is not all that impressed.
		My fear is that this lack of understanding between the culture of universities and the culture of high-tech business is going to lead to some well-intentioned but possibly very destructive initiatives by corporations and wealthy entrepreneurs to set up new kinds of institutes that are going to try and train more engineers and technologists.
		Oklahoma State University's $45 million plan to renovate athletic facilities was given the financial go-ahead Friday by the Board of Regents for Oklahoma A&M Colleges, according to a published report." and "UC Headquarters Relocate to New Oakland Building"—"UC officials unveiled yesterday their new 12-story downtown-area administrative headquarters, where they plan to permanently reside.
	www.scup.org /98links.htm (13707 words)

	Speeches & Presentations - The Commonwealth of Learning
		From the Triangle to the Pentagon: Open Universities in the 21st Century, Presented at the Asian Association of Open Universities, 2004 Conference, Shanghai, China (28-30 November 2004) by Sir John Daniel
		Remarks at the 2001 Convocation, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University on the occasion of the receipt of an Honorary Doctorate, Hyderabad, India (25 November 2001) by H.
		Remarks, upon being conferred an Honorary Doctor of the University by the UK Open University (13 June 1998) by H.
	www.col.org /resources/speeches (3454 words)

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