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Topic: Megachiroptera

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Fruit bat

Microchiroptera

Bat

Blossom

Fruit juice

	Bat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Megachiroptera are allied to the Primates by anatomical features that are not shared with Microchiroptera, so that when adaptations to flight are discounted in a cladistic analysis the Megachiroptera are found to be allied to Primates.
		Genetic evidence has pointed to the common ancestry of Megachiroptera and at least some Microchiroptera; however the validity of these studies is debatable, and most studies of Eutherian relationships have attempted to avoid this issue by assuming monophyly of Chiroptera.
		Bats are usually grouped with the tree shrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates in superorder Archonta because of the similarities between Megachiroptera and these mammals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bat (1754 words)

	Bat - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There is controversial evidence that Megachiroptera evolved flight seperately from the Microchiroptera, a group of mammalswhich would then be of uncertain affinities.
		Megachiroptera are allied to the Primates by anatomical features that are not sharedwith Microchiroptera, so that when adaptations to flight are discounted in a cladistic analysis the Megachiroptera are found tobe allied to Primates.
		Genetic evidence has pointed to the common ancestry of Megachiroptera and at least some Microchiroptera;however the validity of these studies is debatable, and most studies of Eutherian relationships have attempted to avoid thisissue by assuming monophyly of Chiroptera.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=Bat (1530 words)

	* Chiroptera - (Animals): Definition
		Large fruit-eating bat, member of family Pteropodidae, the sole family of suborder Megachiroptera of order Chiroptera, the bats.
		Bats are divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera, meaning large bat, and Microchiroptera, meaning small bat.
		Any of various nocturnal flying mammals of the order Chiroptera, having membranous wings that extend from the forelimbs to the hind limbs or tail and anatomical adaptations for echolocation, by which they navigate and hunt prey.
	en.mimi.hu /animals/chiroptera.html (583 words)

	VARIATION IN MULTIVARIATE FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY LEVELS AND PATTERNS IN Eidolon helvum AND Rousettus egyptiacus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Using a set of cranial morphometric characters, trends of variation in multivariate fluctuating asymmetry were evaluated and compared in populations of African fruit bats Rousettus egyptiacus and Eidolon helvum from the Gulf of Guinea islands, and the adjacent mainland.
		Analyses of asymmetries in the African fruit bats Eidolon helvum and Rousettus egyptiacus (Mammalia, Megachiroptera) from the islands of the gulf of Guinea.
		Asymmetries and morphometric patterns in the skull of Myonycteris brachycephala (Mammalia: Megachiroptera), a fruit bat with an asymmetrical.
	www.ebd.csic.es /Seminarios/juste.html (333 words)

	Chiroptera Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In order to be able to safely fly in the darkness and also to facilitate the capture of insects on the wing members of the Microchiroptera have evolved a unique "radar system" called echolocation where they produce high pitched sounds and then listen for the echo to detect objects around them.
		The Megachiroptera or "flying foxes" tend to be larger animals whose diet consists mostly of fruit.
		The Megachiroptera tend to roost in trees unlike many species of Microchiroptera which prefer to roost in caves.
	research.amnh.org /programs/genomelab/cladogram_pages/pages/chiroptera_text.html (274 words)

	Chiroptera
		Proponents of the hypothesis that bats are diphyletic pointed out that many similarities between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera involve the flight mechanism.
		The bat monophyly hypothesis states the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera are each others closest relatives in an evolutionary sense (i.e., they form a clade).
		In this case, the characteristics common to both groups of bats either evolved as a result of convergent evolution or are simply the result of retention of primitive features.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria (2789 words)

	An Introduction to Bats (Chiroptera)
		Bats may not be dangerous to mankind, but mankind is dangerous to bats, most known bat populations have undergone considerable population reductions in the last 50 years, mostly due to modern agricultural polices and the increased hunting ability supplied by guns, and many species are endangered.
		The Megachiroptera are the old-world fruit bats and blossom bats, generally they are larger than the microchiroptera and they can be found in Africa, across Indochina, down through the East Indies and into Australia and the islands north and east of Australia, they do not occur in the Americas.
		The Megachiroptera are all included in a single family of about 180 to 190 species.
	www.earthlife.net /mammals/chiroptera.html (1340 words)

	Lubee Bat Conservancy :: Fruit & Nectar Bats :: Biology
		The Megachiroptera are the old world fruit bats or flying foxes.
		This hypothesis (Smith and Madkaur, 1980; Pettigrew, 1996) suggests that the Megachiroptera probably developed from an early branch of the primate lineage because they share with them a number of unique features in the arrangement of the neural pathways that are not shared by the Microchiroptera or any other mammals.
		Many clues in the fossil record and anatomical differences in the two suborders suggest the two are evolutionarily distant, and the link between the Megachiropteraand the primates is further strengthened by modern molecular analysis of the amino acid sequence of the haemoglobins (Altringham, 1996).
	www.lubee.org /about-biology.aspx (1262 words)

	Morphological Synapomorphies of Chiroptera
		Modification of elbow; reduction of olecranon process and humeral articular surface on ulna; presence of ulnar patella; absence of olecranon fossa on humerus.
		Modification of hip joint; 90 degree rotation of hindlimbs effected by reorientation of acetabulum and shaft of femur; neck of femur reduced; ischium tilted dorsolaterally; anterior pubes widely flared and pubic spine present; absence of m.
		Dorsal view of the foot of (A) Rousettus amplexicaudatus (Megachiroptera), and (B) Phyllostomus hastatus (Microchiroptera).
	tolweb.org /accessory/Chiroptera_Synapomorphies?acc_id=506 (674 words)

	Lubee Bat Conservancy :: The Lubee Bat Center :: Bat Husbandry, Enrichment & Exhibition
		The captive environment for Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera) should be based on the natural history of each species since this large group includes approximately 42 living genera and 166 species (Koopman, 1993).
		Megachiroptera have a variety of roosting requirements, feeding strategies and sensory capabilities.
		Megachiroptera are found in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Old World tropics and sub-tropics from Africa through southern Asia to Australia and on islands in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans (Mickleburgh et al.
	www.lubee.org /center-bathusbandry.aspx (3509 words)

	Halloween Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		They actually see with large prominent eyes and aren't even nocturnal, meaning that they are not at all to blame for the evil goings on during All Hallows Eve.
		However their giant wing span makes them appealing as a terrifying unit of length, if you're under the age of five, that is. However inappropriate, the megachiroptera are a menacing symbol, far more chilling than the foot.
		Volume: The unit of volume, originally conceived to be the "coffin" has, in recent years, been changed to the "pumpkin", mostly because the coffin carried such negative connotations.
	www.chemistrycoach.com /hallowee.htm (679 words)

	Sources for compilation of Africa databases: mammals
		Bergmans, W. A revision of the African genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 (Mammalia, Megachiroptera).
		The taxonomy of the African bat Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 (Megachiroptera, Macroglossinae).
		On the occurrence of a short period of delayed implantation in Schreibers long-fingered bat (Minopterus schreibersii) from a tropical latitude in Zimbabwe.
	www.zmuc.dk /commonweb/research/biodata_sources_mammals.htm (6160 words)

	Facts About Bats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Divided into two major groups, the Megachiroptera and the Microchiroptera, they account for almost a quarter of mammal species.
		The larger Megachiroptera or megabats are found only in the tropical habitats of Africa, India, and Australia.
		These bats are almost as demanding as insectivorous bats; in tropical Africa, the dwarf epaulette bat must eat 500 g (18 oz) of fresh fruit in one night and only weighs an average of 170 g (6 oz).
	www.alumni.ca /~kocka3m/facts_about_bats.htm (1448 words)

	The Bat – Chiroptera – Pictures
		All Bats are classified into the suborder Megachiroptera or the suborder Microchiroptera.
		With very little exception, the large bats like the “Flying Foxes or Fruit Bats” are placed in the suborder Megachiroptera and the small bats like the “Vampire Bat“ in the suborder Microchiroptera.
		Bats are recognized as the only Flying Mammal, with some scientists theorizing that some of the larger species of Fruit Bats “Megachiroptera” are actually primates.
	www.tigerhomes.org /animal/the-bat.cfm (446 words)

	TellTalePress : Vampyre Archives
		These are grouped in 17 families and are found in almost every part of the world.
		There are two suborders of bats - Megachiroptera (greater bats) and Microchiroptera (lesser bats).
		The largest of these is the Flying Fox of Java with a body as big as a crow and a wing span of 5 feet.
	www.telltalepress.com /archives.html (358 words)

	Introduction to Bats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Microchiroptera are small bats with quite large ears and are the sort of bat people living in Europe and North America are going to see.
		Microchiroptera bats eat insects while the megachiroptera with their large eyes eat fruit and are found mainly in rainforest.
		It is one of the megachiroptera that is so small it was wrongly classed as a micro bat.
	www.batdetective.com /intro.htm (379 words)

	RedNova News - Science - Phylogenetic Relationships Among Recent Chiropteran Families and the Importance of Choosing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Results of recent molecular studies cast doubt on the validity of the superorder Archonta, suborders Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera, and infraorder Yinochiroptera and has even led some to consider novel alternatives for the evolution of flight and echolocation in mammals.
		Once the most appropriate out-group is determined, we assess the phylogenetic relationships among chiropteran families by including 104 exemplars of Chiroptera to better represent the morphological, ecological, and biogeographic diversity than has been used in previous studies.
		We further evaluated the hypotheses of Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera as opposed to Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera using the Kishino and Hasegawa (1989) and Shimodaira and Hasegawa (1999) tests.
	www.rednova.com /news/stories/2/2004/05/07/story108.html (5884 words)

	Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From February 1, 2000, to December 4, 2001, a total of 119 bats (85 Megachiroptera and 34 Microchiroptera) were tested for Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) infection.
		Eight Megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive ntibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein.
		A case study of cross-species transmission of ABLV supports the conclusion that a bat reservoir exists for ABLV in which the virus circulates across Megachiroptera species within mixed communities.
	bvs.insp.mx /componen/svirtual/ppriori/nbibliodet.asp?idb=7936 (95 words)

	Saudi Bats
		The order is divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera which includes the larger fruit bats, and Microchiroptera which includes the smaller bats which feed primarily on animal food, especially insects.
		In contrast with the Megachiroptera, the eyes of the Microchiropteran bats are very small.
		Since bats rely extensively on the sense of hearing by using the sonar system, the ears, and especially the external parts, are well-developed, and have different forms in different species.
	www.saudicaves.com /saudibats (3213 words)

	CDC - Public Health Surveillance for Australian Bat Lyssavirus in Queensland, Australia, 2000–2001
		Eight Megachiroptera were positive by immunofluorescence assay that used cross-reactive antibodies to rabies nucleocapsid protein.
		A second strain has been shown to infect the four species of Megachiroptera in the genus Pteropus that occur in mainland Australia (1,3).
		Bats submitted for testing had either bitten or scratched a person, or testing was considered to be in the interests of public health.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol9no2/02-0264.htm (1878 words)

	Encyclopedia Smithsonian:Bat Facts
		The order is divided into two suborders, the Megachiroptera, consisting of a single family, the flying foxes and their Old World fruit and flower eating relatives, and the Microchiroptera, composed of the rest of the bat families, some 17 in all.
		These families are further classified into about 180 genera and over 900 species; only rodents have a greater number of species.
		Although it is true that certain species of flying foxes have wingspans of up to 5 feet, one member of the Megachiroptera, the flower-feeding Macroglosus, has a wingspan of only 10 inches.
	www.hrw.com /science/si-science/biology/animals/batfacts/batfacts.html (2899 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The traditional view that Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and insect or echolocating bats (Microchiroptera) are closely related has been challenged by claims that megachiroptera are the sister group to flying lemurs (Dermoptera) or Primates.
		Thus, the vascular morphology was examined to ascertain whether the arteriolar branching patterns in the head region of the fruit bat might reveal the primate characteristics.
		The right angle branching in the cerebrum and cerebellum are similar in the primate, thus, this anatomical feature may be indicates the relative evolution between the megachiroptera and primate.
	www.nu.ac.th /nu_journal/Abstracts/ab12-1.html (1819 words)

	Welcome to Lincoln's Folsom Children's Zoo and Botanical Gardens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bats are actually divided into two different sub-orders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera.
		As you might guess, since "mega" means large, and "micro" means small, the Microchiroptera are the smaller bats, some of them very tiny indeed, while the Megachiroptera represent the larger species of bats, some of them approaching the size of a squirrel or fox.
		Rodrigues Fruit Bats belong to the Megachiroptera sub-order, and in fact another name for this species of bat is the Rodrigues Flying Fox.
	www.lincolnzoo.org /index.php?src=gendocs&link=rodrigues_fruit_bat&category=Animals (820 words)

	Mrs. O'Donnell's Bat Lecture and Links
		We learned about two taxa of bats: Microchiroptera (microbats) and Megachiroptera (megabats).
		Microchiroptera bats primarily use echolocation to hunt for food.
		Megachiroptera use their eyes to search for food.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~scilinks/batlecture.htm (714 words)

	Bat Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There are approximately 1000 species of bats in the world, and bats live on every continent except Antarctica.
		There are two subgroups of bats, the Microchiroptera, and the Megachiroptera (also called fruit bats or flying foxes).
		The Megachiroptera are a group of large bats (primarily fruit or nectar-feeding) found in subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and many Pacific islands.
	members.shaw.ca /ecologic/bat_biology.htm (1325 words)

	Gander Academy's Types of Bats
		The larger "Megachiroptera" or Megabats feed on fruit and blossoms.
		Australia has 12 species of megabats of which 7 are flying foxes.
		The thousand species of bats are divided into two main groups - Megachiroptera (big hand-wing) and Microchiroptera (small hand-wing).
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/bat_types.htm (390 words)

	Arial Ancestors? CHEM-647 Case Study Problem 2 Pg 1 - Fall 2000
		There are two major subdivisions of bats: the large diurnal vegetarian Megachiroptera (fruit bats and flying foxes of the Old World) and the smaller, nocturnal, often insectivorous Microchiroptera (typical bats found in Delaware).
		Based on a number of characteristics, some evolutionists have suggested that the Megachiroptera are actually more closely related to primates (including us) than they are to the Microchiroptera.
		For example, fruit bats and primates are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid (4,5).
	www.udel.edu /chem/white/teaching/CHEM647/CSP2BatsPg1.html (524 words)

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