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	Megarian Decree
		The Megarian Decree served exactly this purpose: it made it very clear that towns that supported Corinth, as Megara had done during the Sybota campaign, would suffer.
		Of course the Megarians would complain in Sparta, but Pericles, who was a personal friend of the Spartan king Archidamus II, knew that the Spartan government was not prepared to go to war for the sake of a Corinthian-Athenian conflict.
		In Thucydides' view, the complaints about the Megarian Decree were mere pretexts for war, and were not the real cause, which he seeks in something that looks more like a philosophical statement about human nature than a historical explanation.
	www.livius.org /mea-mem/megara/decree.html (1165 words)

	Electronic Antiquities Volume II, Number 3
		C.W. Fornara, 'Plutarch and the Megarian Decree', YClS 24 (1975), pp.
		R.J. Bonner, 'The Megarian Decrees', CPh 16 (1921), pp.
		B.R. MacDonald, 'The Megarian Decree', Historia, 32 (1983), pp.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/ElAnt/V2N3/mcdonald.html (0 words)

	Megarian decree Information
		The Megarian Decree was a set of economic sanctions levied upon Megara in 435 BC by the Athenian Empire shortly before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
		The ostensible reason for the Decree was the Magarians' supposed trespass on land sacred to Demeter.
		Aristophanes clearly believes that the Megarian decree was a significant factor in the cause of the war.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Megarian_decree (637 words)

	Megarian decree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Megarian Decree was a set of economic sanctions levied upon Megara in 435 BC by the Athenian Empire shortly before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
		The ostensible reason for the Decree was the Magarians' supposed trespass on land sacred to Demeter.
		Aristophanes clearly believes that the Megarian decree was a significant factor in the cause of the war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Megarian_decree (660 words)

	History 310: Megarian Decree
		THE MEGARIAN DECREE, 433/2 B.C. In either late 433 B.C. or in early 432 B.C. the Athenian assmbly passed the Megarian Decree, which excluded Megarian merchants from the markets of the Athenian Empire.
		Well pretty soon the Megarians were starving by slow degrees, and not unnaturally they asked their allies the Spartans to try and get the decree reversed, since aftaer all it had only been made, as I said, because of three prostitutes.
		When the assembly convened to consider the matter, Pericles, who far excelled all his fellow citizens in skill of oratory, persuaded the Athenians not to rescind the action, saying that for them to accede the demands of the Spartans, contrary to their own interests, would be the first step toward slavery.
	www.tulane.edu /~august/H310/readings/Megarian.htm (0 words)

	Theognidea and Megarian Society
		F 23 (Plutarch 30.2–4) recounts the Megarian version of the responsibility for the issuance of the Megarian Decree and, thereby, for the Peloponnesian War.
		For example, the native population in the hinterland of the Megarian colony of Heraclea Pontica, the Mariandynoi, were reduced to serfdom by the colonists (Posidonius 87 F 8, Euphorion fr.
		Pythion was a Megarian democrat (eukleizōn eni dēmōi 'having won fame among the people', line 4) and, for all we know, a patriotic Megarian, but he seems to have been a democrat first; hence, he threw in his lot with the Athenians.
	www.stoa.org /hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0008:chapter=5 (18297 words)

	Pericles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By other decrees he lowered the property requirement for the archonship (458 BC-457 BC) and bestowed generous wages to all the citizens who were participating in the court of Heliaia, a reform implemented just after 454 BC.
		The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior deemed by the Athenians as very impious.
		In exchange for retracting the Megarian Decree, the Athenians demanded from Sparta to abandon their practice of periodic expulsion of foreigners from their territory (xenelasia) and to recognize the autonomy of its allied cities, a request implying that Sparta's hegemony was also ruthless.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perikles (7249 words)

	Pericles at AllExperts
		By other decrees he lowered the property requirement for the archonship (458 BC-457 BC) and bestowed generous wages to all the citizens who were participating in the court of Heliaia, a reform implemented just after 454 BC.
		According to the provisions of the decree, the Megarian merchants were excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire.
		The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior deemed by the Athenians as very impious.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/pe/pericles.htm (6788 words)

	Pericles - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia
		With other decrees he lowered the property requirement for the archonship in 458 BC-457 BC and bestowed generous wages on all citizens who served as jurymen in the Heliaia (the supreme court of Athens) some time just after 454 BC.
		The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior which the Athenians considered to be impious.
		In exchange for retracting the Megarian Decree, the Athenians demanded from Sparta to abandon their practice of periodic expulsion of foreigners from their territory (xenelasia) and to recognize the autonomy of its allied cities, a request implying that Sparta's hegemony was also ruthless.
	www.medbib.com /Pericles (8053 words)

	The Megarian Decree
		Unlike the historian Thucydides, who seeks the deepest cause of the Peloponnesian War in human fear for someone else's power, Aristophanes/Dicaeopolis offers a more mundane explanation: Pericles's embargo against Megarian merchants, which was meant as a punishment for a sacrilege committed by the Megarians.
		Of course, Aristophanes is writing comedy, and he gives the Megarian Decree a farcical twist.
		We are supposed to believe that the embargo was caused by drunken boys who carried of a prostitute from Megara: a parody on the first chapters of the Histories by Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which in turn was based on the great epics about the Trojan War.
	www.livius.org /pb-pem/peloponnesian_war/war_t17.html (0 words)

	Perfect Villas - About Greece: Ancient Greece
		It prevented Corinth from landing on Corcyra at the Battle of Sybota, laid siege to Potidaea, and forbade all commerce with Corinth's closely situated ally, Megara (the Megarian decree).
		There was disagreement among the Greeks as to which party violated the treaty between the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues, as Athens was technically defending a new ally.
		Fearing the growing might of Athens, and witnessing Athens' willingness to use it against the Megarians (the embargo would have ruined them), Sparta declared the treaty to have been violated and the Peloponnesian War began in earnest.
	www.perfectvillas.net /about-greece-31.html (1393 words)

	Megarian decree - Japan
		The Megarian Decree was a set of economic sanctions levied upon Megara circa 433 BC by the; Athenian Empire shortly before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.
		The ostensible reason for the Decree was the Megarians' supposed trespass on land sacred to Demeter.
		What reference we do have to the decree in Thucydides also seems to suggest its importance, the Spartans claim in 1.139.1 that war could have been avoided had the decree been repealed.
	megarian-decree.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Megarian_decree (979 words)

	G.E.M. de Ste. Croix at AllExperts
		Most scholarship hitherto had considered the decree to involve economic sanctions by excluding the Megarian state and Megarian traders from access to ports throughout the Athenian Empire.
		Croix instead interpreted it as a religious sanction, drawing an analogy to the Spartan demand (in response to the Megarian Decree and other Athenian policies) that Athens expel some religiously tainted citizens (the Alcmaeonidae, one of whom happened to be Perikles son of Xanthippus).
		He maintained that the sanction was exercised not to hurt the Megarians - which it could not do, given the nature of trade and economics in the Ancient World, but on religious grounds felt to be genuine by the Athenians.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/g/g.e.m._de_ste._croix.htm (444 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The First Revisionist Historian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		...The hard kernel of opinion central to all this is the common belief that the cause of the war was the Megarian decree and that Pericles was responsible for it...
		...Aristophanes is clearly having fun by connecting the Megarian decree, which we know was supported by Pericles, with the rape of women which, according to Homer, started the Trojan War, and according to Herodotus, was said to have caused the war between Greeks and Persians as well...
		...There is clear evidence that Athenian opinion focused on the Megarian decree as the main cause of the war, and held Pericles responsible for both it and the war that ensued...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V85I5P45-1.htm (5787 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After the conclusion of the alliance with Corcyra, (note 3) on the trumpery excuse that the Megarians had cultivated some sacred land at Eleusis, or received fugitive slaves, or what not, Pericles moved that the Megarians should be excluded (not merely from the Athenian market, but) from all ports in the Athenian empire.
		Such a reader would be left with the idea that the decree was in itself, as Periclcs calls it, `a trifling matter,' exaggerated by the Spartans, and merely held to by the Athenians as a point of honour.
		The Megarians, says Isocrates, (note 2) started with few advantages; they had no territory, no harbours, no mines; they were `tillers of stones'; yet now they have the finest houses in Greece.
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /Thucydides/Cornford/CCh.3.html (4515 words)

	Temporary Peace in Sparta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because Athens controlled virtually all seaports and sea trade, and because the decree banned Megarian merchants from all Athenian ports, the embargo was devastating to Megara.
		Although imposing the embargo didn't technically violate the letter of the truce, it violated the spirit of the truce in a manner that could not be ignored.
		Finally in 431 B.C., an impatient Thebes made a provocative attack on Athens and her ally Plateau, and the Pentakontaetia, the period between the Persian and (Second) Peloponnesian Wars, was over.
	www.helleniclife.net /temporary_peace_in_sparta.htm (616 words)

	Pericles
		An alliance with the Megarians, who were being hard pressed by their neighbors of Corinth, led to enmity with this latter power, and before long Epidaurus and Aegina were drawn into the struggle.
		In this crisis Pericles induced the Spartan leaders to retreat, apparently by means of a bribe, and hastened to reconquer Euboea; but the other land possessions could not be recovered, and in a thirty years' truce which was arranged in 445 Athens definitely renounced her predominance in Greece Proper.
		A further casus belli was provided by a decree forbidding the importation of Megarian goods into the Athenian Empire, presumably in order to punish Megara for her alliance with Corinth (spring 432).
	www.nndb.com /people/872/000092596 (2417 words)

	Pericles
		By other decrees he lowered the property requirement for the archonship (458 BC-457 BC)[15] and bestowed generous wages to all the citizens who were participating in the court of Heliaia (Ηλιαία), a reform implemented just after 454 BC[16].
		According to George Cawkwell, with this decree Pericles breached the Thirty Years Peace "but, perhaps, not without the semblance of an excuse".[40] The Athenians' justification was that the Megarians had cultivated the sacred land consecrated to Demeter and had given refuge to runaway slaves, a behavior deemed by the Athenians as very impious.[41]
		In exchange for retracting the Megarian Decree, they demanded from Sparta the abrogation of its internal laws against foreigners and the autonomy of its allied cities, a request implying that Sparta's hegemony was also ruthless.[44] From that moment, both alliances marshaled for war.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Pericles.html (5232 words)

	Dept. of Classics at Mount Allison University --
		The Megarian decree, according to Thucydides, was over the Megarians cultivating some land that didn?t belong to them.
		Much of the speech was devoted to putting down the Spartans (they abandoned the siege of Potidaea, they wanted the Athenians to revoke the Megarian Decree, etc.), and said that they wouldn't arbitrate, but wanted war instead.
		He went on to say that Athens should feel confident in ultimate victory- they were willing to submit to arbitration, but would fight the war if it was started (though they would not be the aggressors)-it was being forced upon them.
	www.mta.ca /faculty/humanities/classics/Course_Materials/CLAS3001/ThucB.php3 (1312 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Pericles
		An alliance with the Megarians, who were being hard pressed by their neighbours of Corinth, led to enmity with this latter power, and before long Epidaurus and Aegina were drawn into the struggle.
		A further casus belli was provided by a decree forbidding the importation of Megarian goods into the Athenian Empire, presumably in order to punish Megara for her alliance with Corinth (spring 432).
		It is not quite easy to see why he abandoned this successful policy in order to hasten on a war with Sparta, and neither the Corcyrean alliance nor the Megarian decree seems justified by the facts as known to us, though commercial motives may have played a part which we cannot now gauge.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/eb11-pericles.html (2931 words)

	The Major Causes of the Peloponnesian War
		Bradley points out that Thucydides “has often been accused of misunderstanding the causes of the war, that is, of not estimating accurately the relative seriousness of the incidents leading to it and not giving the Megarian decree as a cause”.
		Bury states that “the Megarian decree did not determine Corinth’s action and it was Corinth’s action which was decisive”.
		The Megarian economy was destroyed by this move, and if Megara wanted to trade again with Athens she would have to become a tribute paying ally.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/362821 (1725 words)

	United Jerusalem - - Week in Review -- 2/25/2007
		Economic sanctions refer to the deliberate withdrawal or threat of withdrawal of trade and financial relations with a country in an effort to alter its behavior/policies.
		The first recorded example of economic sanctions was the Megarian Decree in 433 BC.
		Since the Megarian Decree and with the growing desire to avoid warfare economic sanctions have been used to encourage democracy, respect for human rights, end civil war, stop drug trafficking, fight terrorism, combat weapon proliferation and promote nuclear disarmament.
	www.unitedjerusalem.org /index2.asp?id=884558 (715 words)

	LRB \| Thomas Jones : Short Cuts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to Thucydides, as Olson observes in his lucid introduction, the 'truest cause' was Spartan anxiety about Athenian power; but the precipitating cause popularly fixed on at the time - the shooting of the Archduke, as it were - was Athens' refusal to rescind the Megarian Decree.
		The Megarian Decree, enacted sometime between 446 (when the Megarians revolted from Athens and slaughtered the Athenian garrison in Megara) and 433, barred Megarians from Athens' agora and harbours - imposing economic sanctions on them, effectively.
		He buys a Megarian's daughters for the absurdly low price of some salt and thyme; he refuses to help his neighbours, rejoicing instead at the discrepancy between the wartime austerity they labour under and the cornucopia he revels in.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v24/n19/print/jone01_.html (720 words)

	Constitution of the Megarians
		In his discussion of the Megarian Decree, Plutarch gives an important part to the assassination by the Megarians of the Athenian herald Anthemokritos.
		For the dates of the Megarian democracy, see the Chronological Table, Note Q. If the Megarians were thought to have invented comedy, then a tradition that comedy was performed in Megara about this time may have existed.
		In the epigram and elsewhere Susarion is identified as a Megarian from the town of Tripodiskos (scholia Dionysius Thrax [Kaibel
	www.stoa.org /hopper/xmlchunk.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0008:chapter=5 (16086 words)

	Peloponnesian War
		These sanctions, known as the Megarian decree, were largely ignored by Thucydides, but modern economic historians have noted that forbidding
		The decree was likely a greater catalyst for the war than Thucydides and other ancient authors admitted, more so than simple fear of Athenian power.
		The Spartans issued the ultimatums in order to placate the Megarians and, more importantly, the Corinthians with their powerful naval force.
	www.mpsaz.org /mrmac/PeloponnesianWar.htm (1321 words)

	sg_16
		Next time we will think about the immediate causes (Corcyra and Potidaia) and the grounds of complaint (the Megarian decree, the complaints of Aigina, etc.) and the sequence of events during the period 435-431 B.C. It is useful to consider Thucydides' treatment of the cause of the Peloponnesian War as a play in eight acts:
		Special blame was attached to his role in the passage of the Megarian Decrees, a topic which Thucydides underplayed.
		There seem to have been several decrees concerning Megara at least one of which seems to have barred the Megarians from the harbors of the Delian League.
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~perlman/history/sg_16.html (807 words)

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