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	Megasthenes
		Megasthenes is repeatedly referred to by Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus, and Pliny.
		There is every reason for believing that Megasthenes gave a faithful account of every thing that fell under his own observation; and the picture which he presents of Indian manners and institutions is upon the whole more correct than might have been expected.
		Every thing that is known respecting Megasthenes and his work, is collected with great diligence by Schwanbeck, in a treatise entitled "Megasthenis Indica.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Megasthenes.html (587 words)

	Megasthenes @AryanaSite.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Megasthenes was born in Ionia (the region on the western coast of modern Turkey).
		Megasthenes accurately reported on the geography of India, stating that the land was larger from north to south than from east to west, and provided the first mention of the existence of Tibet.
		Megasthenes is thought to have spent as long as ten years in Pataliputra, recording his observations about Hindu religious practices and the caste system, and providing the first descriptions of the plant and animal life found in the lands between the Indus and the Ganges rivers.
	www.aryanasite.com /afghanistan/relatedarticles/megasthenes.htm (348 words)

	[No title]
		Megasthenes says that none of these is inferior to the Maeander, where that river is navigable.
		Megasthenes says that the mussel of it is caught in nets, and that many of them live in the sea at the same place, like bees, and that the pearl-mussels have a king or queen as bees have.
		Megasthenes says that on one side where it is longest this city extends ten miles in length, and that its breadth is one and threequarters miles; that the city has been surrounded with a ditch in breadth 600 feet, and in depth 45 feet; and that its wall has 570 towers and 64 gates.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Indica.html (6530 words)

	India, 320 BCE to 120 CE
		Megasthenes described the people of Pataliputra as uncomplicated in their manners, never drinking wine except at sacrifices, and as seldom going to court against one another.
		According to Megasthenes, some upper class women received an education and some were recognized as accomplished in the arts, but he added that ordinarily Brahmins did not wish to educate their wives, believing that knowledge and learning were not for females.
		Megasthenes described a deterioration in the position of women accompanied by a rise in honor bestowed upon courtesans.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch13.htm (5181 words)

	(33) Two more attempts of Jones to destroy the Divinity of Sanskrit language and to mutilate Bhartiya history.
		But those people (the British diplomats) were determined to do it that way because they wanted to squeeze the entire history of India within the time frame of their Aryan fiction story.
		But Jones found an excuse to quote the writings of Megasthenes where he describes the treaty of Seleucus with Sandracottus, the king of Magadh.
		Strabo was of the opinion that Megasthenes simply created fables and as such no faith could be placed in his writings.
	www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/33_two_more.htm (1295 words)

	History of Iran: Persian Empire
		Megasthenes would have the breadth of India that from east to west which others call its length; and he says that it is of sixteen thousand stades, at its shortest stretch.
		And Megasthenes says that this oyster is taken with nets; that it is a native of the sea, many oysters being together, like bees; and that the pearl oysters have a king or queen, as bees do.
		And Megasthenes says that the length of the city along either side, where it is longest, reaches to eighty stades its breadth to fifteen; and a ditch has been dug round the city, six plethra in breadth, thirty cubits high; and on the wall are five hundred and seventy towers, and sixty-four gates.
	irantarikh.com /persia/arr8.htm (11589 words)

	Project South Asia
		According to Megasthenes the largest tigers are found among the Prasii, being nearly twice the size of the lion, and so strong that a tame tiger led by four men having seized a mule by the hinder leg overpowered it and dragged it to him.
		Megasthenes states--what is more open to belief, since the same is the case in Iberia--that the rivers carry down gold dust, and that a part of this is paid by way of tribute to the king.
		Megasthenes writes that on different mountains in India there are tribes of men with dog-shaped heads, armed with claws, clothed with skins, who speak not in the accents of human language, but only bark, and have fierce grinning jaws.
	www.mssu.edu /projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm (17379 words)

	However, all who have written about India have proved themselves, for the most part, fabricators, but preeminently so ...
		Megasthenes dwelt with the satrap of Arachosia, Sibyrtius, and writes that he often visited Sandracottus, the king of the Indians.
		Megasthenes tends to support this attitude, urging us not to believe the old stories about India, because the Indians never sent an army outside, and were never attacked and conquered from without, except by Heracles and Dionysus, and recently by the Macedonians.
		Now Megasthenes and a few other writers regard the accounts of Heracles and Dionysus as trustworthy, but most of the rest, including Eratosthenes, regard them as incredible and mythical, like the Greek stories about them.
	www.und.ac.za /und/classics/india/megasth.htm (252 words)

	Encyclopedia: Maurya
		The most important result of this treaty was that Chandragupta's fame spread far and wide and his empire was recognized as a great power in the western countries.
		Megasthenes wrote about the prosperity of the Mauryan cities, reporting that agriculture was healthy, water abundant, and mineral wealth plentiful.
		Although only fragments of his book are available to us, his account supplements the information provided by the Arthashastra and the other literary sources about governance and social life during the Maurya period.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Maurya (963 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica)
		Megasthenes says that of these none is inferior to the Maeander, where the Maeander is navigable.
		Megasthenes states that there are one hundred and eighteen Indian tribes.
		Megasthenes, however, merely quotes hearsay, and as I have no certainty to write on the subject, I readily dismiss this subject of ants.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.html (11692 words)

	4Reference \|\| Chandragupta Maurya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is said that Chanakya met Chandragupta in the Vindhya forest, after being insulted by the Nanda king.
		Megasthenes, a Greek traveller visited India at this time and although only fragments of his travelogue Indica are available to us, his account supplements the information provided by the Arthashastra and the other literary sources about governance and social life during the Maurya period.
		The year 305 BC saw him Chandragupta back in the Northwest, where Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia, was threatening fresh invasions.
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Chandragupta_Maurya.html (802 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1008 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Whether Megasthenes accompanied Alexander or not in his invasion of India, is quite uncertain.
		Megasthenes is repeatedly referred to by Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus, and Pliny.
		There is every reason for believing that Megasthenes gave a faithful account of every thing that fell under his own observation ; and the picture which he presents of Indian manners and institutions is upon the whole more correct than might have been expected.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2116.html (947 words)

	Maurya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The most important result of this treaty was that Chandragupta's fame spread far and wide and his empire was recognised as agreat power in the western countries.
		Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador at the court of ChandraguptaMaurya in Pataliputra, had expressed his admiration for the efficient administration of the empire.
		Speaking of thegeneral prosperity, Megasthenes wrote, "the Indians, dressed in bright and rich colors, they liberally used ornaments and gems."He also spoke of the division of society according to occupation and the large number of religious sects and foreigners in theempire.
	www.therfcc.org /maurya-11898.html (763 words)

	PATNA - LoveToKnow Article on PATNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Patna city has been identified with Pataliputra (the Palibothra of Megasthenes, who came as ambassador from Seleucus Nicator to Chandragupta about 300 B.C.).
		Megasthenes describes Palibothra as being the capital of India.
		He adds that its length was 8o stadia, and breadth 13; that it was surrounded by a ditch 30 cubits deep, and that the walls were adorned with 570 towers and 64 gates.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PATNA.htm (1087 words)

	Chandragupta Maurya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He then pushed the frontier of the empire farther west into what is now Afghanistan, and apparently reached a settlement with the satrap in which Seleucus exchanged territory for five hundred of Chandragupta's war elephants.
		It included a matrimonial alliance of some kind between the two kingdoms, and Seleucus' dispatch of an ambassador, Megasthenes, to the Mauryan court at Pataliputra.
		As a result of this treaty, Chandragupta's empire was recognized as a great power in the Hellenic world, and the kings of Egypt and Syria sent their own ambassadors to his court.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya (769 words)

	Patna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From Pataliputra, the famed emperor Chandragupta Maurya (a contemporary of Alexander) ruled a vast empire, stretching from the Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan.
		At the meeting of this river and another is situated Palibothra, a city eighty stadia in length and fifteen in breadth.
		Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, after a series of wars and victories, felt remorse at the trail of destruction, and embraced Buddhism.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Patna,_India (2180 words)

	culture
		Seleucus, the ruler of the eastern portion of the Greek empire, encountered Chandragupta in 305 BC and had to cede the Hindu Kush mountain area for 500 elephants, which enabled him to defeat Antigonus at Ipsus.
		Megasthenes was sent as the Greek ambassador to the court at Pataliputra, where he wrote a book on India.
		Megasthenes described how Chandragupta ruled this vast empire, who conducted public business and judged causes throughout his waking day.
	www.narasimhan.com /SK/Culture/culture_history/culture_hist_maurya_ashoka.htm (1658 words)

	Patna - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From Pataliputra, the famed emperor Chandragupta Maurya (acontemporary of Alexander) ruled a vast empire, stretching from the Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan.
		At the meetingof this river and another is situated Palibothra, a city eighty stadia in length and fifteen in breadth.
		Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, after a series of wars andvictories, felt remorse at the trail of destruction, and embraced Buddhism.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Patna (2028 words)

	Iranian Peoples - The Etnic History of Sakas - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS) ©
		Megasthenes noted that the Emod separated India on the north from "Scythia inhabited by the Scythians known as the Sakas" (frag.
		For example, Megasthenes may have based his location of the Sakas and the Bactrians on the fact that upstream the Oxus flowed through lands of the former and downstream passed through Bactria.
		Thus, information about the Scythian Emod is found in works by Megasthenes and Demodamas dating from the late fourth-early third centuries BCE Megasthenes did not differentiate it from the Indian Emod and used the customary term Emodon for it.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Anthropology/scythian/saka_ethnic.htm (5071 words)

	Literature of Travel and Exploration -- M Entries
		Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, 1877; reprinted with new notes by R.C. Majumdar, 1960; reprinted with a new introduction, notes and index by Ramchandra Jain, 1972
		Megasthenes and Indian Religion: A Study in Motives and Types, Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1962; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977
		Megasthenes en de indische maatschappij, Amsterdam: H.J. Paris, 1930
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/travellit/azentriesm2.html (5421 words)

	Greek Legend: INDOI THAUMASIOI the Fabulous Tribes of India ( aka Astomoi Astomi Kalingoi Calingi Khromandai Chromandi ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Megasthenes tells of a race among the Nomads of India that has only holes in the place of nostrils, like snakes, and bandy-legged; they are called the Sciritae.
		Clitarchus gave them the name of Mandi; and Megasthenes also assigns them three hundred village, and says that the women bear children at age of seven and old age comes at forty.
		"Megasthenes states that on the [Indian] mountain named Nulus there are people with their feet turned backwards and with eight toes on each foot." -Pliny Natural History 7.23
	www.theoi.com /Thaumasioi/Astomoi.html (1611 words)

	Notes on India 2
		Seleucus' ambassador to the court of Chandragupta, whose name was Megasthenes, wrote a detailed account of India, fragments of which have survived.
		So busy was Chandragupta with the details of his surprisingly modern administration that, according to Megasthenes, he had to hear court cases during his daily massage.
		One was the professional army, which Megasthenes reports was an incredibly large force of 700,000 men, 9000 elephants, and 10,000 chariots.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/mauryanempire.htm (2943 words)

	Military Use of Elephants in the Greek and Roman Period
		3 Arrian records a method of hunting Indian elephants from which he quotes Megasthenes: “They choose a place that is level and open to the sun’s heat and dig a ditch in a circle wide enough for a great army to encamp within it.
		The elephant and tank bear in common all of the major uses I have outlined: infantry and cavalry attack, defensive screens, camp storming, and siege warfare.
		Megasthenes writes that “the elephant carries four persons, the driver and three bowmen (Strab.
	www.clickfire.com /viewpoints/articles/political/elephants.php (3496 words)

	Punjabi.net discussions chat forums
		Between the writings of Chanakya and Megasthenes, we are given a a fairly clear picture of India during the early years of the Mauryan Empire.
		Megasthenes gave a vivid description of the city of Pataliputra and said that the king was carried in a golden palanquin adorned with tassels of pearls.
		Megasthenes was sent to the court of King Chandragupta Maurya as an ambassador by hellenistic King Seleucus I Nicator after a peace treaty was signed between them and sealed with a marriage alliance of Seleucus'; daughter and Chandragupta's son.
	www.punjabi.net /talk/messages/1/19026.html?1084428518 (11149 words)

	Vedic Discoveries
		At any rate, the three gods who could have been confused with Dionysos by Megasthenes are apparently Indra, Siva and Sankarsana, all the three are associated with wine and renowned for their bacchanalian habits.
		The assertion of another scholar (Pusalkar) about Megasthenes "The Greek ambassador definitely states that Krsna was regarded as an incarnation of Visnu" is evidently baseless.
		All that Megasthenes is reported to have said is "This Herakles is held in especial honour by Sourasenoi, an Indian tribe who possess two large cities Mathora and Cleisobora and through whose country flows a navigable river called Iobares." Herakles has been identified with Vasudeva Krsna and Sourasenoi with the Surasena Yadavas.
	www.gosai.com /chaitanya/saranagati/html/vedic-upanisads/vedic-discoveries.html (1159 words)

	Max NELSON Beer and Elephants: On Some Unnoticed Fragments from a Los (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		None of these texts are to be found in FGrH, but E. Schwanbeck (Megasthenes Indica [Bonn 1846 (Amsterdam 1966)]) assumed that the passages from Strabo and Aelian came from Megasthenes (= frs.
		Megasthenes in fact wrote about Indians eating rice (FGrH 715F2), and his work on India was known to Strabo (6d, 7a, 8, 9b, 10b, 11a, 18b, 19b, 27a, b, 31, 32, 33, and 34a), Pliny (7b, 13d, 26, 28, and 29), and Aelian (24), though there is no evidence for its availability in Byzantine times.
		A more probable source for the six passages is Ctesias's Indica, which is known to have dealt with alcoholic drinks (see FGrH 688F50 on the impossibility of the Indian King becoming drunk) as well as elephants (see H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World [New York 1974] 33-36).
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/02mtg/abstracts/NELSON.html (478 words)

	Megasthenes -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Its prosperity in ancient times resulted from its position at the junction of three great trade routes: one from eastern India described by a Greek writer, Megasthenes, as the “Royal Highway,” the second from western Asia, and the third from Kashmir and...
		According to Megasthenes, Mauryan society comprised seven occupational groups: philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors.
		Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador who was in India, recorded the use of irrigation in the 4th century BC.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9051795 (418 words)

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