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Topic: Megathrust earthquake

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Bob Kennedy

	What is a megathrust earthquake?
		All recorded earthquakes in British Columbia and in the offshore have occurred either within the Juan de Fuca or the North American plates.
		The apparent inactivity within the zone of contact between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates suggests that either the two plates are locked together and are accumulating strain or that the contact zone is well lubricated and the plates are moving smoothly past each other.
		After the earthquake, the strain accumulated is released and vertical deformation results in the over-riding plate that is the reverse of that seen during stress build up.
	www.em.gov.bc.ca /Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/quake/eq4.htm (616 words)

	Earthquake - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust.
		Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslides directly or indirectly triggered by the quake.
		Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of hundreds of kilometres, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Earthquake (2359 words)

	Troubled Times: Megathrust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A megathrust earthquake is produced by a sudden slip along this fault.
		Megathrust earthquakes have never been observed in the short (~150 year) written history of the west coast of Canada, but there is compelling evidence that they did occur in prehistorical times.
		The potential for the next megathrust earthquake for Cascadia is also being studied by monitoring the deformation of the crust using very precise satellite technology (GPS), repeat leveling, changes in gravity, and long term tide gauge measurements.
	www.zetatalk.com /theword/tword10p.htm (354 words)

	Cascadia earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1700 Cascadia Earthquake was a magnitude 8.7 – 9.2 megathrust earthquake in 1700.
		The earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate in the Pacific ocean, from mid-Vancouver Island of southwest Canada off British Columbia to northern California, off what is now known as the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
		Previous earthquakes are estimated to have occurred in 1310, 810 and 170 BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cascadia_Earthquake (527 words)

	The Earthquake of 28 February 2001 in the State of Washington, U.S.A. - Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		The epicenter, the focal depth and preliminary tensor analysis indicate that the mechanism for this earthquake was due to tensional (normal) faulting which occurred along the subducting Benioff seismic zone of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate.
		Future megathrust quakes on the Cascadia Zone are expected to involve large vertical crustal displacements of the ocean floor along an offshore rupture zone which may extend for hundreds of miles - depending on the magnitude of the earthquake.
		However, it is difficult to estimate the recurrence interval of such a historical tsunamis since megathrust earthquakes are infrequent and have occurred at irregular intervals separated by hundreds of years.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Station/8361/Quake2001NWSeattle.html (1559 words)

	British Columbia Earthquake Resources & Information
		The time and date of the earthquake are known because the large tsunami, or tidal wave, generated by the earthquake swept across the Pacific Ocean and did considerable damage at several places along the east coast of Japan.
		This earthquake occurred on the Cascadia Fault, the boundary between the North American and Juan de Fuca plates.
		A megathrust fault is the boundary between a subducting and an overriding plate.
	www.dsuper.net /~innotech/quake/1700.htm (603 words)

	Columbia research examines mega earthquake threats
		Megathrusts are the source of the largest and most devastating earthquakes on Earth.
		From the reflection data, Nedimovic and his coauthors mapped the locked zone on the megathrust along the northern Cascadia margin, which hosts the populous cities of Vancouver and Seattle.
		In 1700, the pressure beneath the Cascadia margin was released, resulting in a magnitude 9 earthquake that devastated the region.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-08/teia-cre080803.php (818 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : STUDY OF 2004 TSUNAMI DISASTER FORCES RETHINKING OF THEORY OF MASSIVE EARTHQUAKES
		The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004, was one of the worst natural disasters in recent memory, mostly due to the devastating tsunami that followed it.
		To the south of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake where the plate is old, "there is now greater concern about a great earthquake on the section of the Sunda megathrust adjacent to the densely populated island of Java," said Bock.
		Yet another factor that should have lessened the likelihood of a giant earthquake in the Indian Ocean is the fact that the oceanic crust is being stretched by formation of a so-called back-arc basin off the continental margin.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=717 (1482 words)

	Killer Tsunami Strikes Asia
		The devastating megathrust earthquake of December 26, 2004, occurred on the interface of the India and Burma plates and was caused by the release of stresses that develop as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate.
		The trench is the surface expression of the plate interface between the Australia and India plates, situated to the southwest of the trench, and the Burma and Sunda plates, situated to the northeast.
		As with the recent event, megathrust earthquakes often generate large tsunamis that cause damage over a much wider area than is directly affected by ground shaking near the earthquake's rupture.
	www.doomsdayguide.org /News/killer_tsunami_strikes_asia.htm (493 words)

	::Enigmatic Earth:: - Tremors, is the BIG ONE on the way? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		That locked zone is where the next megathrust earthquake is expected to come from when it suddenly releases.
		But he said the slip is important because it is the only predictable event related to earthquakes, and it may hold clues as to when and where a megathrust will occur.
		Cassidy said a slip event is not an earthquake but involves the release of tectonic pressure in tremors that seismographs are picking up.
	www.enigmaticearth.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=200 (731 words)

	StarIQ.com - NewsScope March 5
		This recent earthquake can be astrologically compared to the megathrust earthquake* of January 26, 1700 (9:00 pm at 126W00 49N30) which was the largest known earthquake to hit the Northwest region.
		Megathrust earthquakes are produced by a sudden slip between a subducting and overriding tectonic plate, and are the world's rarest and most massive earthquakes.
		On the theory that a region's earthquakes are reactions to the megathrust earthquake as the fault lines settle and shift over the years, the megathrust earthquake can be used as a foundation horoscope and forecasting tool.
	www.stariq.com /pagetemplate/article-printer.asp?pageid=2250 (773 words)

	Megathrust earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A megathrust earthquake is an interplate earthquake where one tectonic plate slips beneath (subducts) another.
		Due to the size of the tectonic plates and the shallow dip of the plate boundary, these earthquakes are among the world's largest, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0.
		All five earthquakes since 1900 of magnitude 9 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Megathrust_earthquake (283 words)

	Earthquake Scenario and Probabilistic Ground Shaking Maps for the Portland, Oregon, Metropolitan Area
		Earthquake scenario ground shaking map for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, Cascadia subduction zone M 9.0 earthquake, peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface
		The scenario maps are for a moment magnitude (MW) 9.0 earthquake along the megathrust of the Cascadia subduction zone and a hypothetical MW 6.8 event on the Portland Hills fault.
		These include (1) earthquake scenario maps for a MW 9 megathrust event along the Cascadia subduction zone and a nearby crustal earthquake of MW 6.8 on the Portland Hills fault and (2) probabilistic maps for approximate return periods of 500 and 2,500 years (10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, respectively).
	nwdata.geol.pdx.edu /DOGAMI/IMS-16/Text/IMS-16-CD-TEXT.html (7234 words)

	.::The End-TimeMessage HomePage::.
		The chance of a major earthquake is 30 times higher now for a roughly two-week period, but the odds are still remote, scientists say.
		The event does not mean an earthquake is imminent, but geologists are eager to study it and learn more and they say sooner or later an ETS event is likely to trigger a major quake.
		A separate study recently concluded that a major earthquake along the fault could be overdue, given clusters of the events seen in the geologic record.
	www.endtimemessage.info /earthquakes.htm (2802 words)

	Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake
		From the size of the earthquake it is likely that average displacement on the fault plane was about 15 meters.
		Epicenters of the December 26, 2004, northern Sumatra earthquake and its large aftershocks are plotted as stars.
		The Sumatra earthquake was recorded by the first of five NSF-funded long-baseline tiltmeters in Washington State designed to monitor slow earthquakes associated with deep subduction zone activity.
	www.iris.iris.edu /sumatra/FirstPage.htm (626 words)

	CDNN News :: Megathrust Sumatra Earthquake Equals One Million A-Bombs
		BANDA ACEH, Indonesia (28 Dec 2004) -- Scientists describe the devastating earthquake off the island of Sumatra as a "megathrust" — a grade reserved for the most powerful shifts in the Earth's crust.
		The term does not entirely capture the awesome power of the fourth largest earthquake since 1900, or the tsunami catastrophes it spawned for coastal areas around the Indian Ocean.
		A 8-magnitude earthquake on the island's southern tip was the most deadly tremor of 2000, causing at least 103 fatalities and more than 2,000 injuries.
	www.cdnn.info /industry/i041228c/i041228c.html (709 words)

	ScienceDaily: Columbia Research Examines Mega Earthquake Threats
		Silent Earthquakes May Foreshadow Destructive Temblors, Study Finds (July 6, 2006) -- A team of American geoscientists is urging colleagues around the world to search for evidence of tiny earthquakes in seismically active areas, such as the Pacific Northwest, that are periodically...
		This moderate earthquake was the strongest seismic event to shake the area in 30 years,...
		Earthquake -- An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/08/030811065935.htm (2160 words)

	USGS NEHRP External Grant Award 04HQGR0088
		During the earthquake, it is assumed that the entire seismogenic zone ruptures, releasing the amount of strain accumulated since the previous earthquake.
		In addition, the expected moment magnitude for a megathrust earthquake along the northern 100-200 km of the Cascadia subduction zone is 8.2-8.4 (assuming a rupture width of 75 km and 10 m of co-seismic slip).
		A megathrust earthquake may induce aseismic slip of the fault downdip of the main seismic rupture over timescales of days to years following the earthquake (e.g., Wang, 2004).
	erp-web.er.usgs.gov /reports/abstract/2004/pn/04HQGR0088.htm (5534 words)

	12262004 - West Coast of Northern Sumatra
		The earthquake was felt (VIII) at Banda Aceh and (V) at Medan, Sumatra and (II-IV) in parts of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
		This is the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and is the largest since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake.
		The devastating megathrust earthquake of December 26, 2004, occurred on the interface of the India and Burma plates and was caused by the release of stresses that develop as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate.
	www.usd306.k12.ks.us /earthquake/select/12262004-1-CoastofSumatra.htm (624 words)

	LiveScience.com - Tsunami-Generating Earthquake Near U.S. Possibly Imminent
		The historical record for this zone, which has the longest recorded data about its earthquakes of any major fault in the world, shows that earthquakes occur in clusters of up to five events, with an average time interval of 300 years between quakes, said Chris Goldfinger, a marine geologist at Oregon State University.
		Tsunamis are the result of sudden rises or falls in a section of the earth’s crust under or near the ocean, usually caused by earthquakes, volcanic activity or landslides.
		Earthquakes at subduction zones (rather than at other types of faults such as thrust faults) produce the highest energy tsunamis, especially when they occur in deep water.
	www.livescience.com /forcesofnature/050103_cascadia_tsunami.html (986 words)

	9.0 Earthquake in Indian Ocean -- Dec. 26, 2004 -- Collinsville, OK -- www.cvilleok.com
		The worlds largest recorded earthquakes were all megathrust events and occur where one tectonic plate subducts beneath another.
		As with the recent event, megathrust earthquakes often generate large tsunamis that can cause damage over a much wider area than is directly effected by ground shaking near the earthquake's rupture.
		The time for the earthquake was Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 07:58:50 AM at epicenter in the Indian Ocean.
	www.cvilleok.com /2004DecNews/Earthquake.html (526 words)

	lamonitor.com: The Online News Source for Los Alamos
		A series of small earthquakes recorded near the Heron and El Vado reservoirs were caused by the weight of the water in the reservoirs.
		Historical and recent records of New Mexico earthquakes show that, although the area overlying the Socorro Magma Body along the Rio Grande from Socorro north to Bernardo occupies only two percent of the total area of the state, it accounts for about 45 percent of all state earthquake activity.
		Aster explained that Sunday's megathrust earthquake occurred on the interface of the India and Burma plates and was caused by the release of stresses developed as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate.
	www.lamonitor.com /articles/2004/12/31/headline_news/news03.txt (1142 words)

	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004 with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
		The earthquake is estimated to have resulted in an oscillation of the Earth's surface of about 20–30 cm (8–12 in), equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon.
		The deadliest earthquakes since 1900 were the Tangshan, China earthquake of 1976, in which at least 255,000 were killed; the earthquake of 1927 in Xining, Qinghai, China (200,000); the Great Kanto earthquake which struck Tokyo in 1923 (143,000); and the Gansu, China, earthquake of 1920 (200,000).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake (6784 words)

	TSUNAMI DONATIONS
		The undersea 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that occurred on December 26, 2004 produced tsunamis that were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern history.
		Since 1900, the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and two Alaskan quakes: the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake in Prince William Sound (9.2) and a March 9, 1957 quake [3] (http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/usa/1957_03_09.html) in the Andreanof Islands (9.1).
		Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis (in the Pacific Ocean), but the death toll from these was significantly lower — a few thousand for the worst one — probably because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts.
	www.webspawner.com /users/cworrell (1722 words)

	The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700
		The earthquake also left unmistakeable signatures in the geological record as the outer coastal regions subsided and drowned coastal marshlands and forests that were subsequently covered with younger sediments.
		This causes tremendous strain and deformation of the Earth's crust in the coastal region and causes ongoing earthquake activity.
		Some onshore earthquakes can be quite large (there have been four magnitude 7+ earthquakes in the past 130 years in southwest B.C. and northern Washington State).
	earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca /historic_eq/15-19th/1700/1700_e.php (483 words)

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