Kehoe, F. The adaptive significance of creching behaviour in the white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca deglandi).
Meissner, W. 1993: Wintering of the Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) and the Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) on the Gulf of Gdansk during the seasons of 1984/1985 - 1986/1987.
Nehls, H.H. and Zöllick, H. The moult migration of the Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) of the coast of the GDR.
KOSKIMIES, J. Juvenile mortality and population balance in the Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) in maritime conditions.
Female White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca) banded at Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan, have an annual survival rate of 78.2 +/- 2.0%.
Intensive trapping of female White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca degandi) nesting at Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan in 1984 and 1985 has provided additional information on their survival and longevity.
Auk, The: NESTING ECOLOGY OF WHITE-WINGED SCOTERS (MELANITTA FUSCA DEGLANDI) AT REDBERRY LAKE, SASKATCHEWAN
Population surveys indicate a trend of declining abundance of scoters (Melanitta spp.) in North America.
Little is known about changes in life-history traits that may be responsible for the recent population decline of White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca deglandi).
Four additional species, common eider (Somateria mollissima), king eider (Somateria spectabilis), long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), and fl scoter (Melanitta nigra) are at risk and deserve immediate attention.
Surveys of seaducks wintering on the Atlantic coast (1991-99) have shown major declines for the long-tailed duck, fl scoter, and surfscoter (Melanitta perspiculla), whereas, the white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca) increased in numbers (Caithamer et al.
Relationship of surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) distribution with macrobenthic fauna in the mesohaline region of the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland.
The role of herring spawning grounds as Marine Protected Areas for scoters (Melanitta spp.) in the Puget Sound-Georgia Basin
Scoters (Melanitta spp.) are sea ducks that breed in inland wetlands of Canada and Alaska and winter in estuaries and bays on the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts.
Like many sea ducks, scoters have declined throughout their Pacific Coast ranges.
Introduction: Historically, the Chesapeake Bay has been a major wintering area for seaducks.
Based on aerial surveys, three species of seaducks, surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), fl scoters (Melanitta nigra), and long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis), have shown major declines in recent years.
One possible explanation for this decline is a reduction of available food items.
It is also the most important spring location in Norway for the Scandinavian population of Common ScoterMelanitta nigra with 1230 birds present simultaneously.
?rin is also a very important migration and wintering location for many other shorebirds and ducks such as Common Eider Somateria mollissima, Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis, Velvet ScoterMelanitta fusca, Surf ScoterMelanitta perspecillata and Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula.
White-winged and Surf Scoter - Melanitta fusca, Melanitta perspicatta
People know the three species of scoters when they look at the pictures of the males in the bird book, but call the ones they see ‘fl ducks’ or ‘pie ducks’.
