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Topic: Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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	Hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The function of hormones is to serve as a signal to the target cells; the action of hormones is determined by the pattern of secretion and the signal transduction of the receiving tissue.
		Hormone actions vary widely, but can include stimulation or inhibition of growth, induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death), activation or inhibition of the immune system, regulating metabolism and preparation for a new activity (e.g.
		Amine-derived hormones are derivatives of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hormone (897 words)

	Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH; intermedin) (from hormone) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Neurohypophysis and the polypeptide hormones of the hypothalamus
		The hormones of vertebrates > Hormones of the pituitary gland > Adenohypophysis > Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH; intermedin)
		After being released by neurosecretory cells of the brain, the thoracotropic hormone is carried by the blood to the prothoracic glands, where it stimulates the release of ecdysone in insects or crustecdysone in crustaceans, steroid hormones that initiate molting (the periodic shedding of the outer skeleton).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-72725?tocId=72725 (940 words)

	Melanocyte-stimulating hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a peptide hormone produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.
		Different levels of MSH are not the major cause of racial variation in skin colour.
		In many red headed people, and other people who do not tan well, there are variations in their hormone receptors, causing them to not respond to MSH in the blood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone (272 words)

	Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In humans, melanocytes are responsible for moles, freckles, and suntan (and, if they turn cancerous, melanoma).
		In most vertebrates, MSH is produced by an intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.
		The response to MSH does not occur during mitosis; presumably the microtubules with their dyneins and kinesins are needed for operation of the mitotic spindle.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/MSH.html (406 words)

	Hormones of the Pituitary
		stimulated by the arrival of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
		Synthesis and release of FSH is triggered by the arrival from the hypothalamus of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
		The GH-secreting cells are stimulated to synthesize and release GH by the intermittent arrival of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html (1333 words)

	Tatro Laboratory Publications
		a-Melanocyte stimulating hormone prevents fasting-induced suppression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
		a-Melanocyte stimulating hormone is contained in nerve terminals innervating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prevents fasting induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression.
		Interaction of an a-melanocyte stimulating hormone-diphtheria toxin fusion protein with melanotropin receptors in human melanoma metastases.
	www.nemc.org /medicine/ENDO/tatrolabpubs.htm (691 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - melanocyte-stimulating hormone
		hormone origin, function, and target tissue (table), in humans, in lower vertebrates
		Concentrated chemical substances, or hormones, which control 10 to 12 functions in the body, have been obtained as extracts from the anterior...
		In lower vertebrates this part of the pituitary secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which brings about skin-color changes.
	encarta.msn.com /melanocyte-stimulating+hormone.html (113 words)

	NEL, The actions of melanin and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Melanin is a complex of insoluble, polyquinone, brown or red pigment and protein, formed by the oxidation of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the presence of tyrosinase.
		The functions attributed to melanins are acting as a barrier against ionizing radiation; participating in developmental processes, serving as a cosmetic entity, and scavenging cytotoxic radicals and intermediates.
		Melanocytes express numerous receptors that allow interaction with other cells in their microenvironment, including keratinocytes and the immune component of the skin Langerhans cells.
	www.nel.edu /20_5/nel20_5orig1_Ebadi.htm (302 words)

	melanocyte-stimulating hormone - General Practice Notebook
		Melanocyte stimulating hormone - MSH - is a peptide derived from pro-opiomelanocortin in the anterior pituitary.
		It seems to be modulated by the release of two hormones within the hypothalamus: melanoncyte stimulating hormone releasing factor (MSHRF) and melanocyte stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor (MSH-RIF).
		In phylogenetically lower organisms, MSH is clearly involved with pigmentation.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=1718288443 (891 words)

	CND: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
		MSH are also found in the brain where they may play a signaling role.
		Melanocytes are special cells in the skin and eye that synthesize melanin pigments.
		Because MSH are so closely aligned with our skin, it's no surprise that it is surprising to find that one of the MSH, alpha-MSH, apparently plays a critical role in the ability of our gut to function properly.
	www.anapsid.org /cnd/diffdx/msh.html (218 words)

	Prof A.J.Thody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		a-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) is a tridecapeptide with a sequence identical to the first 13 amino acids of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH).
		This action is mediated via the melanocortin (MC-1) receptor present on melanocytes and involves the activation of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in the melanogenic pathway.
		These POMC peptides also affect other aspects of melanocyte function and it is possible that their effects on melanin production are the consequence of some other fundamental action that they have in the melanocyte.
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/biomed/STAFF/PERSONAL/AJT.html (390 words)

	ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Here, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which targets the endocrine glands at the top of the kidneys, called the adrenals, and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) which targets the endocrine thyroid gland are considered.
		-endorphin inhibit GnRH release from the mediobasal hypothalamus and consequenctly LH (leutinizing hormone) by the anterior pituitary.
		MSH should not be confused with melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland that stimulates lightening of skin in fish and amphibians and whose function in humans is also not well understood.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/ACTH.htm (4567 words)

	ERI patents treatments for insulin resistance in diabetes accompanying obesity
		Insulin is a hormone that prompts cells to store glucose, a natural sugar, while another hormone called glucagon has the opposite effect, prompting cells to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
		Because melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) causes the pancreas to secrete glucagon, MSH must be present for type II diabetes to develop.
		Administering different MSH compounds to mice with different modifications to the POMC gene stimulates the secretion of various other hormones, which can be further studied for their roles in insulin resistance.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/uod-ept033004.php (542 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL--SECOND HOME EDITION, Introduction in Ch. 162, Pituitary Gland Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin) regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys and is therefore important in maintaining water balance in the body (see Water Balance: Introduction).
		Some of the hormones, such as corticotropin, which controls the adrenal glands; growth hormone, which controls growth; and prolactin, which controls milk production, follow a circadian rhythm: The levels rise and fall predictably during the day, usually peaking just before awakening and dropping to their lowest levels just before sleep.
		Some pituitary hormones are not easy to measure because their levels vary greatly during the day and according to the body's needs; measuring a random blood sample does not provide useful information.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/print/sec13/ch162/ch162a.html (747 words)

	Variants of the melanocyte−stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans ...
		Variants of the melanocyte−stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans
		In mammals the relative proportions of phaeomelanin and eumelanin are regulated by melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), which acts via its receptor (MC1R), on melanocytes, to increase the synthesis of eumelanin
		Burchill, S.A., Ito, S. and Thody, A.J. Effects of melanocyte stimulating hormone on tyrosinase expression and melanin synthesis in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/ng1195-328 (576 words)

	American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine: [alpha]-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone Inhibits Lung Injury ...
		[alpha]-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone ([alpha]-MSH) is an antiinflammatory cytokine, which inhibits inflammatory, apoptotic, and cytotoxic pathways implicated in acute renal injury.
		MSH inhibits renal injury from ischemia/reperfusion, cisplatin administration, or after transplantation from a marginal donor, but not after mercury administration (26-28).
		Recent studies have shown that [alpha]-MSH suppresses NF-[kappa]B stimulation in brain inflammation (31) and in cultured cells exposed to LPS (31-33).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_200403/ai_n9381506 (1305 words)

	Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone protects from ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage -- Böhm ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The anti-apoptotic activity of a-MSH is not mediated by filtering or induction of melanin synthesis in melanocytes.
		The reduction of UV-induced DNA damage by a-MSH appears to be related to induction of nucleotide excision repair (NER) since UV-mediated apoptosis was not blocked by a-MSH in NER-deficient fibroblasts.
		Besides its ability to induce photoprotective melanin synthesis, a-MSH appears to exert the capacity to reduce UV-induced DNA damage and thus may act as a potent protection factor against the harmful effects of UV radiation on genomic stability of epidermal cells.
	intl.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/M406334200v1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=melanoma&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1102118400278_57507&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=&fdate=11/24/2004&usestrictdates=yes&journalcode=jbc&ct (399 words)

	patent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Receptors for neuroendocrine hormones and factors have been found to exist on a variety of cell surfaces and have been shown to increase during certain disease conditions, namely, cancer.
		Receptors for alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone have been shown to exist on cancerous cells and increase during the progression of the disease.
		The findings raise the possibility that interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes may be regulated by IL-1 and MSH, and suggest a possible mechanism for stimulation of cutaneous melanogenesis by solar radiation: enhancement of MSH receptor activity by induction of IL-1.
	www.bio-logicsolutions.com /patent.htm (2062 words)

	Regulation of c-met expression in B16 murine melanoma cells by melanocyte stimulating hormone -- Rusciano et al. 112 ...
		Regulation of c-met expression in B16 murine melanoma cells by melanocyte stimulating hormone -- Rusciano et al.
		Regulation of c-met expression in B16 murine melanoma cells by melanocyte stimulating hormone
		stimulating hormone, while retinoic acid had almost no influence.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/112/5/623 (334 words)

	Duke Weight Loss Surgery Center: The Leptin Story
		The hormone appears to act by suppressing the appetite center of the brain and there was great enthusiasm that injections of the normal leptin hormone into obese patients might be effective in inducing significant weight loss.
		Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide that is known to lighten the color of fish scales.
		These neurons are probably inhibited by neurons producing a-MSH and stimulated by neurons producing NPY and AgRP, and also connect with the smell centers of the cerebral cortex.
	dukehealth1.org /obesity/leptin_story.asp (1026 words)

	Hypothalamic/Pituitary Axis
		Stimulation of the hypothalamic neurons causes vasopressin or oxytocin to be released from the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary directly into the circulation.
		Secretion of these hormones is controlled by cells in the hypothalamus via releasing factors.
		The releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) in the blood by a portal system.
	sun.science.wayne.edu /~bio669/Hypothal.html (255 words)

	Agent provocateur pursues happiness -- 321 (7252): 12 -- BMJ
		stimulating hormone, which is responsible for skin pigmentation
		To influence skin colour, melanocyte stimulating hormone binds to a G protein coupled receptor, mutations in which cause pale
		As one of the audience observed, melanocyte stimulating hormone is much more complicated than depicted in Dr Watson's idea,
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/321/7252/12 (855 words)

	GeneCard for MC1R (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MSH-R) (Melanotropin receptor) (Melanocortin-1 receptor)
		Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans.
		Molecular cloning and expression of the human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor cDNA.
	bioinfo.cnio.es /cgi-bin/genecards/carddisp?MC1R (684 words)

	Opioid peptides and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice during development. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Compared to littermate controls (C57BL/6J ob/?), body weights of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice are significantly higher at 1-6 months of age; the greatest percentage weight gain of the ob/ob group occurs during the first 3 months of life.
		Levels of pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin and immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are also significantly elevated in ob/ob animals compared to controls.
		Levels of immunoreactive Leu5-enkephalin in pars nervous are also 200% higher in ob/ob mice; this increase is apparent at 1-6 months of age and is highly correlated with changes in body weight.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_287046.html (219 words)

	Characterization of melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor variant alleles in twins with red hair -- Box et al. 6 ...
		Two broad classes of mammalian pigments may be synthesized by the follicular melanocytes and it is incorporation of eumelanin pigments, which are fl or brown, that results in dark hair, while yellow or red hair results from incorporation of eu- and pheomelanins (4).
		However, intrinsic to the melanocyte is the ability to respond to these proteins through their interaction with the melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR).
		Functional testing of the Val92Met variant has suggested that it may display an altered affinity for the MSH ligand (19), but if this is the case any loss of binding potency is not seen when testing the ability of the receptor to activate adenylyl cyclase (20), predicting its functional equivalence to the wild-type state.
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/6/11/1891 (5322 words)

	Zengen, Inc - NEW STUDY CONFIRMS REDUCTION OF POTENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MOLECULE (a-MSH) IN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The findings, “a-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone is Decreased in Plasma of Patients with Acute Brain Injury,” appear in the March 27, 2003 issue of the Journal of Neurotrauma, the official peer-reviewed journal of the National Neurotrauma Society.
		Results show that baseline concentration of plasma (a-MSH) in patients with acute brain injury of either traumatic or vascular origin was significantly lower than in controls.
		Lipton and his collaborators first demonstrated that (a-MSH) possesses anti-inflammatory properties and uncovered the specific activity of the carboxy-terminal tripeptide region (C-terminal peptide) of the (a-MSH) peptide.
	www.zengen.com /news_3-27-03.htm (811 words)

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