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Topic: Membrane processes

	Membrane Filtration as an Alternative: Part 1
		Microfiltration is loosely defined as a membrane separation process using membranes with a pore size of approximately 0.03 to 10 microns, a MWCO of greater than 100,000 daltons and a feedwater operating pressure of approximately 100 to 400 kPa (15 to 60 psi).
		It is the "loosest" of the membrane processes and, as a consequence of its large pore size, it is used primarily for removing particles and microbes and can be operated under ultra-low pressure conditions.
		The variables that should be considered in cleaning MF membranes include frequency and duration of cleaning, chemicals and their concentrations, cleaning and rinse volumes, temperature of cleaning, recovery and reuse of cleaning chemicals, and neutralization and disposal of cleaning chemicals.
	www.wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/625177/CFTOKEN/47888385/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/1775 (2145 words)

	WATER ENGINEERING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first chapter " The emergence of membranes in water and wastewater treatment" explaines why the membranes (in fact semipermeable membrane) which are the thin layers of material and which are capable to separate material, in function of their physical and chemical properties, have appeared (emerged) in water and wastewater treatment.
		In chapter 3 "Membrane applications: A Contaminant – Based Perspective" is shown that the nature of the feed waters to be treated by membrane process will determine the best membrane for each application, that is, the choice of membrane depends of the concentration, isolation or removal of the contaminant.
		Chapter 8 "Multiphase membrane processes" treaties the problems that appear at using of the membranes which expose the water to a different phase to facilitate the removal of particular contaminants or the transfer of gases.
	www.library.tuiasi.ro /ipm/vol12no12/water.html (2571 words)

	Hollow Fiber Membranes
		In this process, liquid mixture are fed under pressure to a non-porous membrane, where components pass through the membrane by solution-diffusion and evaporate at the permeate side of the membrane.
		Membrane separation, together with the bioaffinity chromatography, liquid extraction and selective precipitation are the few techniques in the bio-separations, which gain attention from both the industries and researcher in order to upgrade the product quality of the biochemical industry.
		New membrane materials to be used is still a big option in the research of this brand new technology, as most of the researchers are always intend to get a better improvement for this separation process.
	www.cheresources.com /hmembranes.shtml (2594 words)

	Membrane Separation Processes - Technology and Business Opportunities
		Membranes used for NF are of cellulosic acetate and aromatic polyamide type having characteristics as salt rejections from 95% for divalent salts to 40% for monovalent salts and an approximate 300 molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) for organics.
		The silicalite filled polymer membrane and process are particularly suitable for the removal of acetone and butanol from clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation media.
		Although the basic scientific principles behind membrane technology have been developed in the 1950s, it was not until the 1970s that crossflow membrane technology, in the form of UF and RO, began to be recognized as an efficient, economical and reliable separation process.
	www.tifac.org.in /news/memb.htm (6506 words)

	Arsenic in Groundwater \| Membrane Processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Membrane processes can be separated into two groups: reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.
		Membrane effectiveness is affected by suspended solids, scaling by carbonates, silicates and sulfates, hydrogen sulfide and the tendency of the source water to support microbial growth.
		In this process, the membranes are arranged in an array or stack placed between opposite electrodes, with alternating cation and anion exchange membranes.
	www.uwgb.edu /gradstu/projects/groundwater/treatment/membranepro.htm (464 words)

	McMaster Chemistry: Membrane Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The membrane research group at McMaster University is involved in the preparation, characterization, evaluation and modelling of a wide range of membranes and membrane separation processes.
		Existing membranes are being studied for the separation of organics and inorganics from water, and design of membrane systems using reverse osmosis/nanofiltration and pervaporation membranes; particularly for environmentally important applications.
		The membrane group and the university have the facilities to analyze all facets of the membrane research from chemical analysis of monomers to surface and performance analysis of the membranes.
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /membrane (1521 words)

	Membrane Processes - Future Potential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The greatest uptake of membrane and crystallisation techniques is expected in applications where they have a natural advantage, eg in the separation of heat-sensitive materials or for azeotropic mixtures.
		The membrane that is examined is the so-called facilitated transport membrane, a membrane combining high selectivity with high permeability.
		Membranes were demonstrated to provide a cost-effective separation that results in energy-savings and capacity increase.
	europa.eu.int /comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/spfpot.html (1372 words)

	Article Archives
		The membrane filtration processes, MF and UF, are used for particle (turbidity) and microbial/pathogen removal, and are not effective in DBP precursor or salinity control.
		In addition, membrane processes are now being used for the treatment of many different types of wastewater processes, primarily for reclamation and reuse of those waters.
		The development of membrane processes for widespread application in small system applications is limited by source water fouling and because of the fact that the disposal of concentrates from these processes can pose regulatory burdens for water purveyors relative to compliance with the Clean Water Act.
	www.waternet.com /article.asp?IndexID=6632137 (1030 words)

	Civil Engineering Magazine - September 1998 Cover Story - The Membrane Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although membrane processes have been used successfully for many years in desalting brackish water and seawater, new kinds of membrane processes are now capable of treating water for a wide range of other uses.
		Membrane fouling occurs during an increase in transmembrane pressure to maintain a particular water flux or during a decrease in water flux when the system is operated at constant pressure.
		Direct-flow filtration for MF or UF Direct-flow filtration for nanofiltration or reverse osmosis
	www.pubs.asce.org /ceonline/sepfeat.html (2407 words)

	[No title]
		However, the various electro-membrane processes differ significantly in terms of their fundamental process design, the properties of the different components needed, their state of development and their area of application.
		membrane preparation or system design; coordination of exchange of personnel between the participants of the network; organizing local or national networks in order to transfer knowledge to companies or institutes outside the network; identifying important research topics and coordinate the preparation of proposals for research in the framework of European and national programmes.
		A thematic network on electro-membrane processes which is focused on the application of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes in environmental pollution control and cleaner production is of relevance for the entire European Union with significant benefits for industry and academic research groups as well as for the society as a whole.
	www.gkss.de /Deutsch/technotransfer/euprojekte.old/PSP6/elmempro.doc (792 words)

	Electro-membrane Processes 2000 - Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Membrane Technology has developed from a useful laboratory technique to an industrial separation technology and is now applied for a large scale of applications in chemical industry, biotechnology and environmental technology.
		Electrodialysis is a well known process for desalination or recovery of ionic compounds, but it can also be applied for conversion of salts to the corresponding acids or bases.
		The selectivity of ion-exchange membranes is determined by the equilibrium at the membrane / solution - interface and the transport processes in both phases.
	pcvt12.icvt.uni-stuttgart.de /RESEARCH/ELMEMB/COURSE00/elmempro00.html (305 words)

	VITO - Research fields Environment
		A membrane process is a separating process, in which a feed flow is divided into two flows, either gaseous or liquid.
		The flow containing the components retained by the membrane is the retentate flow, while the components passing through the membrane form the permeate flow.
		The pressure driven membrane filtration processes are: microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO).
	www.vito.be /english/environment/environmentaltech7a.htm (185 words)

	Membrane Processes to Achieve High Product Recoveries
		The use of membrane processes in difficult applications, such as the treatment of contaminated water streams for general reuse, would be made economically viable if high recoveries could be achieved.
		Commercial heterogeneous membranes are inadequate for many applications because of high polarization and fouling, but with the use of a novel coating, performances have been achieved with low polarization and an output equal to the best commercially available homogeneous membranes, plus the addition of high fouling resistance.
		The result is a stable composite membrane which for the initial times they have been tested are equivalent to the best commercial homogeneous ED membranes with low and polarization at a fraction of the cost.
	www.bgu.ac.il /cwst/water/membrane.htm (647 words)

	Membrane separation processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Membrane separation processes and their application for purification and concentration of dilute hazardous waste, particularly radioactive
		The solution retained by the membrane - the retentate - has then a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the feed solution; this concentration increases in course of time, and the retentate volume decreases.
		The membrane retains ions and molecules and then the membrane method can be applied to the treatment of various very dilute hazardous waste, particularly liquid radioactive waste.
	www.ichtj.waw.pl /ichtj/market/m-eng/dep_06/membrane.htm (293 words)

	Membrane Processes -- Turning Seawater into Drinking Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Membranes are used in two commercially important desalting processes: Electrodialysis (ED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO).
		Each process uses the ability of the membranes to differentiate and selectively separate salts and water.
		In the RO process, pressure is used for separation by allowing fresh water to move through a membrane, leaving the salts behind.
	cape.uwaterloo.ca /che100projects/sea/membrane.html (148 words)

	Koch Membrane :: Industrial Processes :: Industrial Water & WasteWater
		Membrane technology can be used to remove any or all of the rinse water constituents.
		Membrane techniques can reduce the heavy metals in wastewater to less than one quarter of the amount left after traditional chemical water treatment and precipitation methods.
		Membrane technology produces water that consistently meets discharge limits and can even enable the oils to be reused.
	www.kochmembrane.com /iww_ind.html (858 words)

	Membrane Processes:0471911100:R. Rautenbach; R. Albrecht:eCampus.com
		The success of two membrane processes, reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, has helped make membrane processes a central technique in solving separation problems for fluid systems.
		This book discusses the various applications and developments in membrane technology and shows how accurate membrane processes can be designed.
		Starting with the local transport phenomena, the behavior of individual elements such as tube or plate membranes and the behavior of the technical unit--the module--are discussed in detail.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=0471911100 (91 words)

	Laboratory of Membrane Processes Slovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Study and modeling of pertraction through liquid membranes and membrane based solvent extraction (MBSE), especially in recovery of organic acids and metals.
		The second topic is microfiltration and ultrafiltration, mainly through ceramic membranes with emphasis to suspensions of spent beer yeast and fermentation broth.
		Flux decline mechanism and fouling of membranes is studied and modeled.
	sschi.chtf.stuba.sk /membranelab (133 words)

	Terminology for membranes and membrane processes
		Processes and membranes based on synthetic or modified natural polymers as well as ceramic and metallic membranes are covered.
		cross flow: flow through a membrane module in which the fluid on the upstream side of the membrane moves parallel to the membrane surface and the fluid on the downstream side of the membrane moves away from the membrane in the direction normal to the membrane surface (Note: see Fig.
		membrane distillation: distillation process in which the liquid and gas phases are separated by a porous membrane, the pores of which are not wetted by the liquid phase
	www.che.utexas.edu /nams/IUPAC/iupac.html (3202 words)

	9-II-5 MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven, membrane filtration process that is used to separate and concentrate macromolecules and colloids from wastewater.
		The UF process is applicable for particles in the molecular range of 0.1-0.01µm, while the RO process is applicable for particles in the ionic range of less than 0.001µm.
		Membrane technology can be used to treat a variety of wastes, including sanitary landfill leachate containing both organic and inorganic chemical species, water-soluble oil wastes used in metal fabricating and manufacturing industries, solvent-water mixtures, and oil-water mixtures generated during washing operations at metal fabricating facilities.
	p2library.nfesc.navy.mil /P2_Opportunity_Handbook/9-II-5.html (1189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Today, membranes and membrane processes are used as efficient tools for the separation of liquid mixtures or gases in the chemical and biomedical industry, in water desalination and wastewater purification.
		Despite the fact that various membrane processes, like reverse osmosis, are described in great detail in a number of books, processes involving ion-exchange membranes are only described in a fragmented way in scientific journals and patents; even though large industrial applications, like electrodialysis, have been around for over half a century.
		The commercial mining and processing plants are next described, followed by a review of the rather extensive literature on other proposed processing methods.
	www.elsevier.com /framework_products/NFP_csv/nfp-2004feb.csv (10938 words)

	Theoretical and experimental investigations of membrane separation processes in the food industry and environmental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From the point of view of unit operations the membrane separations are not elaborted yet, comparing with research results on membrane materials and membrane constructions.
		The transport phenomenon on membranes are not worked out, basic theoretical and design correlations are missing.
		With our researches we intend to find some new results to establish the theoretical and experimental basis of membrane separation methods and to help the propagation of membrane technics in the food industry, in the industrial waste water treatement and in the drinking water production.
	www.om.hu /research/national_projects/otka/abstracts/T037848.html (348 words)

	Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources:Membrane Processes
		Preparation / Characterization of Micro and ultrafiltration Membrane
		Survey of Theoretical Approaches to Modelling Pressure-Diven Membrane Processes (Submodels For Transport in Phases)
		Process costs, operational problems, and limitations of the Process
	www.desware.net /des18.aspx (72 words)

	Membrane -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		(A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell; controls passage of substances in and out of the cell) plasma membrane and intracellular membranes
		(Mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior) mucous membrane
		(The concentration of a colloidal solution whose colloid will not pass through a semipermeable membrane; solution is placed in a bag of the membrane and the solvent is evaporated off) Pervaporation
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/me/membrane.htm (193 words)

	European Membrane Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Society exists to promote knowledge and the use of membranes and membrane processes both at Universities and in Industry.
		Scientifically the field requires integration of knowledge from several disciplines, as especially the market for hybrid membrane processes is developing very fast today.
		New membrane materials make it possible to extend the use of membranes to new areas of industry where modern tailor-made materials are needed for separation processes with membranes.
	www.ems.cict.fr (160 words)

	Chemical engineering
		Chemical Engineering involves the design and maintenance of chemical processes for large-scale manufacture.
		Because the title 'chemical engineer' creates this misunderstanding, many chemical engineers are employed under the title of 'process engineer'.
		Two primary physical laws underlying chemical engineering design are Conservation of mass and Conservation of energy.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chemical_engineering.html (467 words)

	[No title]
		102-490 provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the 'Membrane Processes Research Act of 1992'." -End- -CITE- 42 USC Sec.
		Research program -STATUTE- The Director of the National Science Foundation shall establish a basic research program on membranes and membrane processes.
		Authorization of appropriations -STATUTE- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Science Foundation, from sums otherwise authorized to be appropriated, $2,500,000 for fiscal year 1993, for carrying out this chapter.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/42C109A.txt (399 words)

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