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Topic: Membrane paradigm

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	Structure of the Plasma Membrane
		The outer leaflet of the plasma membrane consists mainly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine are the predominant phospholipids of the inner leaflet.
		Membrane proteins and phospholipids are unable to move back and forth between the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane at an appreciable rate.
		In other cases, the mobility of membrane proteins may be restricted by their associations with other membrane proteins, with proteins on the surface of adjacent cells, or with the extracellular matrix.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.section.1967 (3093 words)

	Paradigm Summary
		Claims for the creation of paradigms occur too frequently in the literature of biology for all of them to be considered as shifts in the way science is done or as revolutions in a scientific world view.
		Paradigm shifts tend to be most dramatic where they are least expected, as in Physics.
		In this case, the new paradigm reduces the old to a special case (Newtonian mechanics is an excellent approximation for speeds that are slow compared to the speed of light).
	www.bookrags.com /Paradigm (2911 words)

	A gelatinous theory of everything - Nature Genetics
		One mistake leads to another, however, and once people were erroneously committed to impermeable membranes, they had to invent channels to explain the passage of ions into the cell, and then pumps to explain why potential and ion gradients survived the action of the channels.
		The membranes around subcompartments such as exocytic vesicles are essentially irrelevant to their behavior, which instead is controlled by the properties of the gelid contents.
		Paradigm shifts are supposed to arise when the old framework of knowledge starts to creak so badly that scientists in the field can see the gaps.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v28/n4/full/ng0801_307.html (1045 words)

	Paradigm Shift in Underlayment Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The uncoupling membrane is comprised of a thin, polyethylene sheet with a grid structure of square, cutback cavities and an anchoring fleece laminated to its underside.
		The uncoupling membrane offers many advantages over the reinforced mortar bed with a cleavage membrane, in that it is lightweight and easy to install.
		Since 44-50% of the uncoupling membrane's total volume is free space, moisture from the setting materials and substrate is allowed to escape and vapor pressure is allowed to equalize.
	www.schluter.com /english/articles/paradigmshift.htm (1126 words)

	Single-Molecule Imaging of the H-Ras Membrane-Anchor Reveals Domains in the Cytoplasmic Leaflet of the Cell Membrane ...
		In this model the bilayer is represented as a neutral two-dimensional solvent in which membrane proteins are homogeneously distributed and are free to move.
		A second type of diffusional domain found in the membrane of live cells is caused by a cytoskeletal network associated with the cell membrane, resulting in domains with a diameter of 350-750 nm (Kusumi and Sako, 1996; Fujiwara et al., 2002).
		Most of the biophysical studies to identify membrane domains have focused on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane, because of the easy accessibility of the outer membrane leaflet for the specific labeling of various membrane components.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200401/ai_n9369780 (906 words)

	Selective-Membrane Platforms
		Membranes with increased pore size uniformity and number density for continuous fractionation of colloids and microscopic particles (e.g., cells, ceramics, abrasives, etc.) that have very little difference in size and shape.
		Mass separating agents are materials or devices such as membranes, sorbents, molecular sieves, and microbes that are added to a process stream to enable separation based on a physical property change, or a rate or equilibrium based partitioning.
		A membrane is a thin film that separates two phases and selectively allows one or more components of one phase to pass into the other.
	www.atp.nist.gov /atp/97wp-seb.htm (5952 words)

	Correcting an Inaccurate Paradigm on Cellular Functions
		The original Boyle-Conway model of the membrane theory was derived from a single postulate known as "atomic sieve." The atomic sieve theory was introduced by Moritz Traube in the middle of the last century to explain semi-permeable behaviors of copper-ferrocyanide membranes.
		While the plasma membrane is important to the cell's existence, as would be the skin to a cucumber or tomato, it is not at all of the same nature as the membrane is to a balloon.
		Cellular resting potential is a surface-adsorption potential, with its magnitude depending upon the nature, density, and polarity of fixed ions at the cell surface (e.g., anionic b- and g-carboxyl groups), and on the nature and concentrations in the external medium of free ions bearing the opposite electric charge as that of the fixed ion.
	www.garynull.com /Documents/arthritis/inaccurate_paradigm_on_cell_functions.htm (5771 words)

	SLC2A4 - Human pathology
		SLC2A4 (GLUT4) is an example of the relevance of the membrane-transport paradigm is the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue.
		GLUT4 molecules reside in intracellular stores and, on stimulation by insulin, are translocated to the plasma membrane through fusion of the storage vesicles.
		There is a precedent for defective transport and translocation of GLUT4 as a cause of insulin resistance, implying that elucidation of the mechanisms of glucose-transporter transport may reveal new candidate genes involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
	www.humpath.com /spip.php?article9749 (117 words)

	Cytochrome b6f Complex
		The multisubunit cyt b6f integral membrane protein complex mediates ET between the RCs of PS II and PS I by oxidizing lipophilic plastoquinol and reducing plastocyanin (Cramer et al.
		Consistent with a basic paradigm of membrane-based energy transduction (Mitchell 1975), ET through the cyt b6f complex is coupled to vectorial proton translocation across the thylakoid membrane (Cramer 2004).
		The two monomers are related by a C2 axis perpendicular to the thylakoid membrane plane, and surround a large protein-free central cavity known as a quinone exchange cavity (Fig.
	spin.niddk.nih.gov /anfinrud/nd/research/b6f.html (572 words)

	Time Travel Portal :: View topic - Black Hole Evaporation, Radiation Tunneling & the Information Puzzle
		The membrane paradigm is the remarkable view that, to an external observer, a fl hole appears to behave exactly like a dynamical fluid membrane, obeying such pre-relativistic equations as Ohm's law and the Navier-Stokes equation.
		The classical "membrane paradigm" equations are derived from an underlying action formulation, even though the equations are dissipative.
		Membrane Horizons: The Black Hole's New Clothes by Maulik K. Parikh.
	timetravelportal.com /viewtopic.php?t=738 (1474 words)

	Selective-Membrane Platforms
		Electrochemical membranes or membranes made from conducting polymers (e.g., polypyrrole or polyaniline) offer the end-user the opportunity to continuously tune process selectivity on-line in response to changing feed conditions or product specification for increased process agility.
		The membrane needs to be solvent resistant, inert to the redox reaction species, and very selective because multiple steps each need high recovery (e.g., in a 48 step synthesis, 98% yield at each step results in a total yield of less than 40%).
		Similar advanced membranes might also be useful for replacing chromatography in the recovery of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (i.e., for possible uses in composites and non-linear optical materials) when potential commercial applications generate increased production demand.
	www.atp.nist.gov /atp/98-smp.htm (6813 words)

	Department of Chemistry: Seminar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A new class of nanofiltration membranes has been developed in our laboratories in which a controlled amount of a polyelectrolyte gel is enmeshed within a microporous support.
		They represent a new paradigm in membrane technology in that their construct and performance capabilities differ substantially from conventional nanofiltration membranes.
		Performance of PEI pore filled membranes in pressure driven and static adsorption applications will be discussed in context of the hydrodynamic permeability and solute rejection models developed in our lab.
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /seminars/0102/chem.20020404.html (189 words)

	Deborah Nelson
		This paradigm of membrane trafficking proteins, syntaxin 1A, SNAP 23 and munc 18, regulating the activity of the proteins which are at the cell surface has been subsequently shown for a number of channel and transport proteins and our studies provided the first evidence that such a interaction exists and that the interaction is direct.
		On-going studies are directed at the determination of channel oligomeric structure in the plasma membrane as well as cytoplasmic compartments and preliminary data suggests that the channel can function in two oligomeric states dependent upon the site of expression.
		The ability to selectively mobilize membrane bound granule/vesicle proteins into the external environment is central to the role of the macrophage in the inflammatory response.
	cmp.bsd.uchicago.edu /faculty/dNelson.html (1384 words)

	In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning in Aplysia. I. Contingent Reinforcement Modifies the Functional Dynamics of an ...
		In this preparation, a phasic (10 Hz, 6 sec) electrical stimulation of E n.2 was used as an analog of reinforcement (fl rectangles in E n.2) and delivered immediately after the occurrence of a pattern I. Yoke control.
		Stimulation paradigms of n.2,3 and E n.2 were identical to those in the matched contingent-reinforcement preparation.
		Nargeot R, Baxter DA, Byrne JH (1998) Contingent reinforcement in an analogue of operant conditioning modified the intrinsic membrane properties of an identified Aplysia neuron (B51).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/6/2247 (8286 words)

	Development of Neo-Darwinism
		As it becomes increasingly obvious that primacy is in the environment and that physiological primacy is in the cellular membrane and not the DNA, the orthodoxy is casting about for new ways of defending the DNA primacy doctrine.
		Western monarchy is an expression of the Biblical monotheistic paradigm.
		If the old order had had a battle cry, it would have been "Deism must be destroyed!" Under the Biblical paradigm, the flow of power (sovereignty) is from God the Source (the ultimate sovereign) to the king (the temporal sovereign), to the nobility, who are appointed by the king.
	www.trufax.org /avoid/neodarw.html (2299 words)

	Membrane paradigm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fl hole theory, the fl hole membrane paradigm is a useful "toy model" method or "engineering approach" for visualising and calculating the effects predicted by quantum mechanics for the exterior physics of fl holes, without using quantum-mechanical principles or calculations.
		The results of the membrane paradigm are generally considered to be "safe".
		After being introduced to model the theoretical electrical characteristics of the horizon, the "membrane" approach was then pressed into service to model the Hawking radiation effect predicted by quantum mechanics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Membrane_paradigm (892 words)

	SCBB Faculty
		The 'payoff' of this research endeavor, however, is large; the structure of a membrane protein at atomic (or near-atomic) resolution is a significant achievement.
		One of these inner membrane proteins spans the periplasmic space and functions to couple the transmembrane potential of the inner membrane to drive transport across the outer membrane.
		One class of bacteriocins are the channel-forming colicins, which bind to specific outer membrane receptors, translocate across the outer membrane and form voltage-gated channels in the inner membrane.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/bims_scbb/scbb_faculty.cfm?uva_id=mcw2s&hideintro=1 (742 words)

	Interaction of beta -Lactam Antibiotics with H+/Peptide Cotransporters in Rat Renal Brush-Border Membranes -- Takahashi ...
		The brush-border membrane vesicles were isolated from the renal cortex of male Wistar albino rats (200-240 g) by the Mg precipitation method as described previously (Hori et al.
		Crude plasma membranes (25 µg) from each tissue and renal brush-border membranes (100 µg) were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (10%) and blotted on a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane.
		Ganapathy V and Leibach FH (1983) Role of pH gradient and membrane potential in dipeptide transport in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles from the rabbit.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/286/2/1037 (3397 words)

	The History of ZENON Membrane Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Spurred by our vision that membranes are the world's answer to water shortages, overuse, and pollution, ZENON has always focused on a single goal—to make superior membrane systems a cost-effective solution for everyone who needs them.
		ZeeWeed, developed in 1990, was a paradigm shift in membrane technology.
		Whereas systems of the time were using pressurized cartridges with many components and high energy requirements, ZENON changed everything with membranes that are immersed directly into process tanks and need only a slight vacuum to filter water.
	www.zenonenv.com /about/company_history.shtml (258 words)

	[No title]
		Membrane topology of the di- and tripeptide transport protein of Lactococcus lactis.
		PEPT1 as a paradigm for membrane carriers that mediate electrogenic bidirectional transport of anionic, cationic, and neutral substrates.
		An arabidopsis peptide transporter is a member of a new class of membrane transport proteins.
	www.tcdb.org /tcdb/tcfamilybrowse.php?tcname=2.A.17 (617 words)

	Global Interpretations of Local Experience
		He goes on to say that the laws of fl hole physics, written in accord with the membrane interpretation, are completely equivalent to the laws of the curved spacetime interpretation (provided we restrict ourselves to the exterior of fl holes), but they are each heuristically useful in different circumstances.
		In fact, after he got past thinking it was ludicrous, Thorne spent much of the 1980's exploring the membrane paradigm.
		He does, however, maintain that the curvature view is better suited to deal with interior solutions of fl holes, but isn't not clear how strong a recommendation this really is, considering that we don't really know (and aren't likely to learn) whether those interior solutions actually correspond to facts.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s7-08/7-08.htm (5190 words)

	Personal Home Page
		Lipid molecules of cell membranes play important roles in all sorts of cellular functions, yet their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown, besides the obvious role of forming a hydrophobic barrier surrounding aqueous contents.
		The challenge to membrane biophysicists is to show these correlations in the fashion of the standard paradigm, i.e., structure-function relationships.
		Most amazingly the induced structures in membranes such as pores and membrane fusion intermediate states tend to form multiple copies throughout the multilayers and then correlate to a long-range order.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~hwhuang (495 words)

	The Scientist : The Surfaces of Black Holes
		Black Holes: The Membrane Paradigm treats a fl hole as an object completely described by the properties of its surface.
		The surface is regarded as a membrane of fluid endowed with familiar physical properties such as electrical conductivity, viscosity, temperature, entropy, and so on.
		Despite the separate authorships, Black Holes is written with two distinct threads: in one, the membrane formalism is derived from the standard treatments of fl holes.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/7244 (435 words)

	Characterization of p18, a Component of the Lamin B Receptor Complex and a New Integral Membrane Protein of the Avian ...
		Characterization of p18, a Component of the Lamin B Receptor Complex and a New Integral Membrane Protein of the Avian Erythrocyte Nuclear Envelope -- Simos et al.
		Furthermore, cycloheximide inhibition experiments reveal that the fraction of p18 that resides in the outer nuclear membrane does not represent nascent chains en route to the inner nuclear membrane, but rather material in equilibrium with the p18 that partitions with the inner nuclear membrane.
		The paradigm of p18 suggests that transmembrane complexes formed by the nuclear lamins and LBR provide potential docking sites for integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope that equilibrate between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the inner nuclear membrane.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/271/21/12617 (667 words)

	Factor V: a combination of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde -- Mann and Kalafatis 101 (1): 20 -- Blood
		The membrane-binding site of the factor V molecule, which is crucial to its function, is contributed by elements of the C2 and A3 domains contained within the light chain of the molecule.
		A fundamental contribution of factor Va to prothrombinase function is the retention of factor Xa on the membrane surface.
		Studies of a second family with the Quebec platelet disorder: evidence that the degradation of the alpha-granule membrane and its soluble contents are not secondary to a defect in targeting proteins to alpha-granules.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/101/1/20 (6267 words)

	BIO.COM: Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical News, Jobs, Software, Reports, Books, Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Additionally, chapters on bilayer structure and protein-lipid interactions as well as on how proteins shape lipids and vice versa, membrane penetration by toxins, protein sorting, and allosteric regulation of signal transduction across membranes make this a valuable information source for researchers in academia and industry.
		A Paradigm of Membrane Protein Folding: Principles, Kinetics and Stability of Bacteriorhodopsin Folding (P. Booth).
		Membrane Recognition and Pore Formation by Bacterial Pore-forming Toxins (A. Heuck & A. Johnson).
	www.bio.com /industryanalysis/product.jhtml;jsessionid=MEF5CTQZ13X2PR3FQLMSFEWHUWBNQIV0?id=prod2700002 (392 words)

	Caltech Astronomy : Kip Thorne's Research Interests
		However, Thorne also wears the hat of a theoretical physicist and asks such questions as: What is the quantum statistical mechanical origin of the entropy of a fl hole, and the entropy of a cosmological horizon in an inflationary model of the universe?
		As a tool to be used in both enterprises, astrophysics and theoretical physics, Thorne and his students and colleagues have developed an unusual approach, called the ``Membrane Paradigm'', to the theory of fl holes.
		As a theoretical physicist, Thorne is currently interested in the origin of classical space and time from the quantum foam of quantum gravity theory, and in the issue of whether the laws of physics permit space and time to be multiply connected (can there exist classical, traversible wormholes, and ``time machines''?).
	www.astro.caltech.edu /people/bluebook/thorne.html (291 words)

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