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Topic: Memory allocation

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Dynamic memory allocation

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	Buddy memory allocation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Compared to the memory allocation techniques (such as paging) that modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux use, the buddy memory allocation is relatively easy to implement, and does not have the hardware requirement of a memory management unit (MMU).
		Typically the buddy memory allocation system is implemented with the use of a binary tree to represent used or unused split memory blocks.
		Because the buddy algorithm is used for kernel memory allocation, it is essential to lower the amount of internal fragmentation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddy_memory_allocation (806 words)

	Dynamic memory allocation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A dynamically allocated object remains allocated until it is deallocated explicitly, either by the programmer or by a garbage collector; this is notably different from automatic and static memory allocation.
		In this system, memory is allocated from a large block of memory that is a power of two in size.
		In contrast, the call stack memory is usually of limited size and the lifetime of the allocation depends on the duration of the corresponding functions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation (530 words)

	Memory Allocation
		Memory allocation in the Linux kernel is complex, because there are significant constraints involved--and different ways of allocating memory have different constraints.
		Memory is one of the scarcest and most commonly needed of the resources that must be guaranteed, and the only way to guarantee that memory will be available is to allocate it.
		This is the lowest-level--and therefore the lowest-overhead--way of dynamicly allocating memory.
	www.linuxjournal.com /node/1133/print (1599 words)

	Advanced Memory Allocation \| Linux Journal
		Memory blocks are not immediately returned to the system, which would require a new brk() call with a negative argument.
		Memory corruption happens when writing to a location lying inside the legal data segment but outside the boundaries of the memory block you intended to use.
		Memory corruption is thus more subtle, because it can pass unnoticed and cause a faulty behavior in a part of the program quite far from the offending part.
	www.linuxjournal.com /article.php?sid=6390 (2282 words)

	Inside memory management
		When allocating memory, in a worst-case scenario it will have to walk across all of a process's memory; this may include a lot of memory located on disk as well, which means the operating system will have to spend time moving data to and from the disk.
		Memory pools help automate memory management for programs that go through specific stages, each of which has memory that is allocated for only specific stages of processing.
		Memory allocation and deallocation is much faster, because it is all done a pool at a time.
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-memory/?... (5530 words)

	Common C Coding Problems - Memory Allocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Dynamic allocation of memory space can even be confusing to the more accomplished programmer, let alone for the novice.
		The number of bytes of this memory that the programmer wants is passed as an argument and the address of the allocated memory is the return value, a
		It can be seen that 2 memory accesses are required, the first one to get the address of the column data for the row, and the second to store the desired value in the calculated location.
	www.fiendish.demon.co.uk /c/malloc.html (1029 words)

	Dynamic memory allocation in C++
		Arrays allocated in the heap are similar to those allocated in the data or stack segments, so we may access an arbitrary element using the indexing operator
		The main reason is that they are better alternatives to dynamic memory allocation and also have a more compact syntax.
		The reason for this is that the operating system may run out of heap at some point, or the memory may get too fragmented to allow another allocation.
	www.codersource.net /c++_dynamic_memory_allocation.aspx (883 words)

	Dynamic Memory Allocation
		To allocate memory though, we must have a pointer so we can know where the memory will be at when it gets allocated.
		In allocating memory like this, we know we have 40 characters instead of 40 bytes, and although there is generally no difference, there will be a difference between 40 integers and 40 bytes, or 40 long integers especially.
		One thing I forgot to mention about Dynamic Memory Allocation is, unlike static memory which is reserved by default (so you won't be able to send the program unless you have enough memory), dynamic memory must be allocated at runtime.
	www.technoplaza.net /programming/lesson6.php (2439 words)

	Small Memory Allocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		FIXED ALLOCATION is a very interesting technique, based on allocating all the necessary memory at the beginning of the program and releasing it at the end, so there is no need for temporary or intermediate memory allocations.
		Memory exhaustion is generally strongly related to deallocation (or lack of it) and it will be analyzed later.
		Usually, memory fragmentation is the result of small blocks (usually temporaries) allocating a blocking combination of larger blocks.
	www.developer.com /ws/brew/article.php/3315011 (1161 words)

	Effective C++ Memory Allocation
		In some applications, certain areas of memory must be used for certain purposes; for instance, an area of memory is battery-backed, or is able to be to be accessed for DMA, or it’s preferable to use a certain area for frequently executed code because it’s faster.
		The programmer may wish to disable them or modify their behavior, perhaps to guarantee that all allocation is done with operator overloading, or to allow the system to run without allocating memory for a heap.
		Some examples of extending default memory management are placing objects in particular memory locations and allowing the user to control exactly how memory is allocated, how many of a certain resource is allocated, and how callbacks and reservations are handled.
	www.embedded.com /1999/9901/9901feat2.htm (3075 words)

	Memory Allocation - GNU libavl 2.0.2
		On the other hand, some users will want to supply their own methods for allocating and freeing memory, perhaps even different methods from table to table.
		For these users' benefit, each table is associated with a memory allocator, which provides functions for memory allocation and deallocation.
		For instance, if memory for each table is taken from a separate Apache-style “memory pool”, then a pointer to the pool structure is needed.
	www.stanford.edu /~blp/avl/libavl.html/Memory-Allocation.html (347 words)

	Memory Allocation
		a pointer to the allocated memory, cast to a pointer to
		a pointer to the new allocated memory, cast to a pointer to
		It outputs the frequency of allocations of different sizes, the total number of bytes which have been allocated, the total number of bytes which have been freed, and the difference between the previous two values, i.e.
	www.gtk.org /api/2.6/glib/glib-Memory-Allocation.html (619 words)

	Memory Allocation
		Epsilon maintains a pool of memory and provides primitives for allocating and deallocating blocks of any size.
		If it cannot do that, it allocates another block of the requested size, then copies the old characters to the new block.
		Strings allocated by strkeep() may not be freed; they remain until Epsilon exits.
	www.lugaru.com /man/Memory.Allocation.html (389 words)

	FAQ: Windows memory allocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		If the total memory allocated to all programs (including the OS itself) on your computer is greater than the total RAM you have, some of the memory will have to be represented on disk as virtual memory.
		Anytime virtual memory (that part of memory represented on disk) has to be accessed, the computer will slow to a crawl.
		Once enough memory has been allocated to Stata to allow it to load the current dataset, with enough extra room for whatever temporary variables, programs, macros, etc., might be needed during analysis, no speed improvements will be seen by giving even more memory to Stata.
	www.stata.com /support/faqs/win/memory1.html (506 words)

	Memory Allocation
		By default the Doug Lea memory allocator (dlmalloc) code is used to manage the heap.
		An application that uses dynamic memory allocation is often more difficult to debug than one that relies entirely on static allocation.
		The first is memory guards: every allocated chunk is surrounded by a number of guard bytes.
	www.ecoscentric.com /ecospro/doc/html/ref/memalloc-standard-api.html (1143 words)

	Ask Professor INI: Managing memory allocation using NOTES.INI variables
		With the PercentAvailSysResources variable, you assign a portion of memory to the server by specifying a value from 2 to 100, which represents a percentage of a system's total physical memory.
		In fact, Domino does a good job by itself of allocating memory to the NSF buffer pool by calculating a default setting based on fixed overhead and total memory available.
		What's more, changes to the NSF buffer pool allocation algorithm in R5 mean that the Domino server uses only the amount of memory it needs, up to the default or specified amount.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/lotus/library/ls-manage_mem_allocation (1557 words)

	Chapter 11: Memory Allocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		As we begin doing dynamic memory allocation, we'll begin to see (if we haven't seen it already) what pointers can really be good for.
		You have to be careful with dynamic memory allocation.
		If the ``somewhere'' is memory which is in use by some other part of your program, or even worse, if the operating system has not protected itself from you and ``somewhere'' is in fact in use by the operating system, things could get ugly.)
	www.eskimo.com /~scs/cclass/notes/sx11.html (306 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Policy-Based Memory Allocation \| November 1, 2005
		Somehow, I thought that memory management was a low-level operation and, as such, didn't lend itself to the elegant exploits of policy-based design.
		Memory allocations for S return memory from that list if possible, or else from the default allocator (in a layered architecture, from the superior layer).
		Configurable memory allocation is, as Emery's research has shown, a practical, all-in-one alternative to both specialized and general-purpose allocators.
	www.ddj.com /dept/cpp/184402039 (2922 words)

	Dynamic Memory Allocation and Dynamic Structures
		Dynamic allocation is a pretty unique feature to C (amongst high level languages).
		Realloc is a function which attempts to change the size of a previous allocated block of memory.
		If the block is made larger then the old contents remain unchanged and memory is added to the end of the block.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /Dave/C/node11.html (746 words)

	The GNU C Library - Memory Allocation
		You need dynamic allocation when the number of memory blocks you need, or how long you continue to need them, depends on the data you are working on.
		When you use dynamic allocation, the allocation of a block of memory is an action that the program requests explicitly.
		Dynamic allocation is not supported by C variables; there is no storage class "dynamic", and there can never be a C variable whose value is stored in dynamically allocated space.
	www.cs.utah.edu /dept/old/texinfo/glibc-manual-0.02/library_3.html (6010 words)

	Exchange Memory Allocation
		Allocation of memory depends on the number of users, the size of their mailboxes and the amount of mail that is stored every day.
		Windows 2003 provides the /USERVA=3030 switch that is used in conjunction with the /3GB switch to allocate 42MB of memory to the kernel for dynamically allocating memory back to the kernel mode in case of need.
		The growing demand for memory use on Exchange servers due to expanding use of mail and the OS and services new features requires some understanding of the optimal configuration of operating system and application parameters to ensure a server runs smoothly and uninterruptedly.
	www.msexchange.org /articles/Exchange-Memory-Allocation.html (987 words)

	C Programming: memory allocation
		Whereas in static allocation, the memory can come from the stack or it may be residing in the data or BSS segment.
		It is used for storing information/objects that will not grow in size and will not be moved around in memory (in other words, the stack is used for storing static data objects).
		As their names suggest static memory allocation stays where it is and is always there.
	experts-exchange.com /Programming/.../C/Q_21540854.html (460 words)

	OpenBSD: Improved Memory Allocation, Beta Testing 3.8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Finally, the free function was updated to immediately return memory to the kernel and un-allocate it from the calling process.
		Additionally, now that memory is unmapped as soon as it is freed, any attempt to access freed memory will also cause the application to coredump with a SIGSEGV signal.
		The only other source of memory allocation is mmap wich gives you virtual memory blocks (pages), those can be randomized on a per-call basis (each time you call mmap a randomized non-used address is returned).
	kerneltrap.org /node/5584 (4357 words)

	The Memory Management Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is a resource for programmers and computer scientists interested in memory management and garbage collection.
		Articles giving a beginner's overview of memory management and explaining specific areas of it.
		Ravenbrook are happy to provide advanced memory management solutions to language and application developers through our consulting service.
	www.memorymanagement.org (101 words)

	Small Memory Allocation—Part 2
		Last time [1], the reader was introduced to the memory fragmentation problem in the more general perspective of the small memory allocation subject.
		Because memory is a scarce resource in BREW, you can easily end up in situations when an allocation fails, despite all attempts to deal with MEMORY FRAGMENTATION [1].
		Allocators have to guarantee that all the returned pointers are properly aligned, meaning that, if necessary, extra padding has to be added and/or CHUNK_SZ has to be properly adjusted.
	www.developer.com /ws/brew/article.php/3323091 (1237 words)

	Memory Allocation
		In some systems, message-passing and remote-memory-access (RMA) operations run faster when accessing specially allocated memory (e.g., memory that is shared by the other processes in the communicating group on an SMP).
		The use of such memory for message passing or RMA is not mandatory, and this memory can be used without restrictions as any other dynamically allocated memory.
		The Fortran binding is consistent with the C and C++ bindings: the Fortran MPI_ALLOC_MEM call returns in baseptr the (integer valued) address of the allocated memory.
	www.mpi-forum.org /docs/mpi-20-html/node54.htm (427 words)

	Lotus Domino on AIX memory usage explained
		This memory is shared for all programs with the same executable file (for example, three update tasks use only one chunk of memory shared between the three tasks.)
		There is no defined limit to the growth of Domino shared memory other than the operating system imposed limit of segments.
		In the currently used AIX large memory model, ConstrainedSHMSizeMB should be used only to support third-party applications that require shared memory.
	ibm.com /developerworks/lotus/library/domino-aix-memory/index.html?... (1680 words)

	How to use _crtBreakAlloc to debug a memory allocation
		When tracking down memory leaks using the debug C-Runtime (CRT), it is often useful to set a breakpoint immediately before allocating the memory that causes the leak.
		It is useful to set a breakpoint right before this memory gets allocated so you can step through the callstack and see what functions are causing this memory to get allocated.
		This allocation number should be -1 when your program first starts.
	support.microsoft.com /support/kb/articles/Q151/5/85.asp (547 words)

	memory allocation - Dev Shed
		Discuss memory allocation in the C Programming forum on Dev Shed.
		memory allocation C programming forum discussing all C derivatives, including C#, C++, Object-C, and even plain old vanilla C. These languages are low level languages, and used on projects such as device drivers, compilers, and even whole computer operating systems.
		In my programme i have to deal with matrix system, and programme is working upto 999x999 matrix but when i am increasing the size of matrix, programme is not working.
	forums.devshed.com /c-programming-42/memory-allocation-99495.html (467 words)

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