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Topic: Memory swapping

	Virtual memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This in turn is often combined with memory swapping (also known as anonymous memory paging), whereby memory pages stored in primary storage are written to secondary storage (often to a swap file or swap partition), thus freeing faster primary storage for other processes to use.
		To properly implement virtual memory the CPU (or a device attached to it) must provide a way for the operating system to map virtual memory to physical memory and for it to detect when an address is required that does not currently relate to main memory so that the needed data can be swapped in.
		Virtual memory has been a feature of Microsoft Windows since Windows 3.0 in 1990; it was done in an attempt to slash the system requirements for the operating system in response to the failures of Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0 respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtual_memory (2787 words)

	Memory
		Both semantic and episodic memories, whether linguistically expressed or not, usually aim at truth, and are together sometimes called ‘declarative memory’, in contrast to nondeclarative forms of memory, which don't seem to represent the world or the past in the same sense.
		But to say that psychologists of memory have turned their research efforts to the study of suggestibility, misinformation, and distortion is not, of course, to say that accuracy in memory has suddenly been shown by science to be impossible or unlikely.
		Engel (1999) and Schacter (1996) are reliable and well-written introductions to the psychology of memory in general: Tulving and Craik (2000) is a thorough handbook on the cognitive psychology and neuropsychology of memory.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/memory (11291 words)

	What is SWAP (Virtual memory) file system? - Data Recovery Service
		Swapping is a useful technique that enables a computer to execute programs and manipulate data files larger than main memory.
		Though it is still possible to use a file for swapping, it is recommended to use a separate partition, because this excludes chances of fragmentation, which reduces the performance of swapping.
		A swap area is created using the command mkswap filename/device, and may be turned on and off using the commands swapon and swapoff, respectively, accompanied by the name of the swap file or the swap partition.
	www.ptdd.com /datarecovery/swap.htm (594 words)

	Memory and swapping
		Two indicators of a RAM shortage are the scan rate and swap device activity.
		If inadequate physical memory is provided, the system will be so busy paging to swap that it will be unable to keep up with demand.
		These types are swapping (swaps out all memory associated with a user process) and demand paging (swaps out the not recently used pages).
	www.princeton.edu /~unix/Solaris/troubleshoot/ram.html (1494 words)

	System Performance Tuning, 2nd Edition: Chapter 4: Memory
		Memory is taken from the free list by processes, and returned to it when the process exits or by the action of the page scanner, which tries to ensure that there is a small amount of memory free for immediate use at all times.
		Should a page of anonymous memory be stolen by the page scanner, the data is written to disk-based swap space (that is, the allocation is moved from memory to disk), and the memory is freed for reuse.
		The entire data memory hierarchy[12] is evaluated, including the latency to the primary caches, secondary caches, main memory, and the latency effects of a TLB miss.
	www.oreilly.com /catalog/spt2/chapter/ch04.html (10259 words)

	macosxhints.com - A detailed look at memory usage in OS X
		Swapping activity is provided by observing the "0(0) pageouts" in the last header line of the Terminal top command.
		When physical memory becomes over-subscribed the OS will seek out inactive memory pages and copy them to the swap file in order to make room for the active memory pages -- which may have to be copied from the swap file back into physical memory.
		This is because when swapping memory out it has to be done in large contiguous chunks (not small pages of 4096 bytes).
	www.macosxhints.com /article.php?story=20010613140025184&query=memory (3295 words)

	FAQ: Windows memory allocation
		If the total memory allocated to all programs (including the OS itself) on your computer is greater than the total RAM you have, some of the memory will have to be represented on disk as virtual memory.
		Anytime virtual memory (that part of memory represented on disk) has to be accessed, the computer will slow to a crawl.
		Once enough memory has been allocated to Stata to allow it to load the current dataset, with enough extra room for whatever temporary variables, programs, macros, etc., might be needed during analysis, no speed improvements will be seen by giving even more memory to Stata.
	www.stata.com /support/faqs/win/memory1.html (506 words)

	PC Xperience LTSP Enhancements - NFS Swapping
		However, since virtual memory is usually supplied by a secondary storage device (i.e., a hard drive, flash memory, etc.) and the thin-client has no secondary storage devices for this purpose (in a true thin-client sense), the network is the only alternative.
		But, if the application can completely fit into memory, once it is pulled back into memory, the workstation becomes just as responsive and functional as before the swapping took place.
		Setting up NFS swapping for your workstations consists of modifying the kernel by patching it with the NFS swapping patch, making sure the correct executables are in the /ltsbin directory for the rc.local script to use, and exporting the proper mount point from the server you wish to handle the swap files for your workstations.
	www.pcxperience.org /thinclient/documentation/nfsswapping.html (927 words)

	VBForums - Swapping Unused Memory Blocks To Disk
		I am aware that is the OS that is doing the swapping, as I stated in my first post, so if windows is doing it, there must be a way.
		Memory management is one of the basic things an OS must do, and, I think a 2nd thing an OS must do is not to let programs themselves do so.
		Dunno why I'm bothering as anything I could swap out, would be swapped anyway by the OS when things got full up at the Inn.
	www.vbforums.com /showthread.php?t=28513 (407 words)

	Understanding Oracle RAM memory paging
		Included in this map is a note on whether the storage is “in memory” or “on swap disk”.
		If we begin to swap we have we run out of all RAM memory which can be allocated through normal housekeeping - we have exhausted the paging daemon and gone below a second threshold which says - stop taking tiny pieces and take this whole process completely out.
		So when people concentrate on paging to determine memory issues they often cannot tell if the page-in’s are normal housekeeping or a potential swapping problem.
	www.remote-dba.cc /Oracle_tips_memory_paging.htm (691 words)

	Novell Documentation: NetWare 6.5 - Using Virtual Memory
		Generally, you should place swap files on the fastest volume, the one with the most available space, or the one that is used the least.
		Swap files are dynamic; they expand and contract as data is swapped in and out of memory.
		If memory is extremely low, the system might spend a significant amount of its time swapping memory in and out of disk and have little time to accomplish useful work.
	www.novell.com /documentation/nw65/smem_enu/data/hmiplme1.html (1497 words)

	running out of memory, swapping
		The other is, the machine has plenty of memory, but some process is growing cancerously, eating all the memory.
		A process that grows without bound and crashes the machine might as well be given a memory limit, so that it grows _with_ bound and eventually crashes only itself.
		First you need to determine whether it's out of memory because it has too little memory; or because of a wildly growing process.
	aplawrence.com /Bofcusm/1772.html (498 words)

	LWN: 2.6 swapping behavior
		If application memory is occasionally forced to disk, the unused parts will remain there, and that much physical memory will be freed for more useful contents.
		Without swapping application memory to disk and seeing what gets faulted back in, it is almost impossible to figure out which pages are not really needed.
		But it wouldn't just be program memory getting swapped back in; it would be clever to pull into cache files and directories that get used a lot, so that (for example), your Mozilla cache would be in memory again when you got up.
	lwn.net /Articles/83588 (3173 words)

	Memory and swapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A very low scan rate is a sure indicator that the system is not running short of physical memory.
		Over time, memory is allocated for caching and other activities.
		Which method is used is determined by comparing the amount of available memory with several key parameters:
	www.princeton.edu /~psg/unix/Solaris/troubleshoot/ram.html (1485 words)

	SQL2K / W2003 / Memory Swapping during backup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When the backup is starting, a process of netbackup needs a lot of memory,
		order to accord a maximum of physical memory to netbackup.
		The system is very slow during the "swapping".
	www.lazydba.com /sql/1__5812.html (240 words)

	[No title]
		In this final section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts".
		Here is the abstract: "Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally simple---most of the complexity (other than talking to the hardware) involves managing network packets in memory".
		This means a large number of inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage".
	www.spinics.net /linux/kernel-docs.txt (3601 words)

	RE: SQL2K / W2003 / Memory Swapping during backup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		RE: SQL2K / W2003 / Memory Swapping during backup
		perhaps look at enterprise edition of sql, and put more memory in your server
		Subject: SQL2K / W2003 / Memory Swapping during backup
	www.lazydba.com /sql/1__5847.html (338 words)

	[No title]
		URL: http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue28/1287.html Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management, demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap, virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI.
		Description: Article written for people wishing to make their data acquisition boards work on their GNU/Linux machines.
		Don't miss it if you are interested in memory management development!
	www.signaltonoise.net /library/kernel-docs.txt (3601 words)

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