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Topic: Menapii

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	The Internet Classics Archive \| The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar
		The Menapii bordered on the territories of the Eburones, and were protected by one continued extent of morasses and woods; and they alone out of Gaul had never sent embassadors to Caesar on the subject of peace.
		Ho thought that these auxiliaries ought to be detached from him before he provoked him to war; lest he, despairing of safety, should either proceed to conceal himself in the territories of the Menapii, or should be driven to coalesce with the Germans beyond the Rhine.
		Caesar, after he came from the territories of the Menapii into those of the Treviri, resolved for two reasons to cross the Rhine; one of which was, because they had sent assistance to the Treviri against him; the other, that Ambiorix might not have a retreat among them.
	classics.mit.edu /Caesar/gallic.6.6.html (4547 words)

	Norman Mongan at the Celtic Cafe
		The Menapii, a Gaulish maritime tribe inhabiting the dense forests of the Rhine estuary on the North Sea Coast, were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in 57 B.C. During the Gallic War he singled them out as the only tribe never to surrender to his legions.
		The Menapii are the only known Celtic tribe specifically named on Ptolemy's 150 A.D. map of Ireland, where they located their first trading colony -- Menapia -- on the Leinster coast circa 216.D. They later settled around Lough Erne, becoming known as the Fir Manach, and giving their name to Fermanagh and Monaghan.
		As I mentioned, the Menapii had to resist the encroachments of marauding Germanic tribes and then Caesar's Roman Legions, but through their use of guerilla tactics, he was never able to totally conquer them.
	www.celticcafe.com /archive/Books/mongan/index.htm (1891 words)

	Belgae
		In any case, the Romans were not precise in their ethnography of northern barbarians: by "German" Caesar may simply have meant "originating east of the Rhine", with no distinction of language intended.
		Caesar says one tribe, the Atuatuci, were descended from the Germanic Cimbri and Teutones, and describes four others, the Condrusi, Eburones, Caerosi and Paemani, as German tribes (although Ambiorix, a later leader of the Eburones, has a Celtic name).
		In 53 BC the Eburones, led by Ambiorix, along with the Nervii, Menapii and Morinii, revolted again and wiped out 15 cohorts, only to be put down by Caesar.
	www.geocities.com /jorgenpfhartogs2/Belgae.html (999 words)

	Julius Caesar "Military Commentaries" 1-4 Sun Tzu The Art of War and Strategy Site by Sonshi.com.
		Having slain these, and seized their ships, they crossed the river before that part of the Menapii, who were at peace in their settlements over the Rhine, were apprized of [their intention]; and seizing all their houses, maintained themselves upon their provisions during the rest of the winter.
		Aurunculeius Cotta, his lieutenants, to lead into the territories of the Menapii and those cantons of the Morini from which embassadors had not come to him.
		In the mean time Caesar's lieutenants, Q. Titurius and L. Cotta, who had led the legions into the territories of the Menapii, having laid waste all their lands, cut down their corn and burned their houses, returned to Caesar because the Menapii had all concealed themselves in their thickest woods.
	www.sonshi.com /julius_caesar1-4.html (3327 words)

	Sicambri - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caesar wrote in his famous Commentarii de Bello Gallico that at the confluence of the Rhine and Meuse River a battle took place in the land of the Menapii with Tencteri and Usipetes.
		Claudius Ptolemy located the Sicambri, together with the Bructeri Minori, at the most northern part of the Rhine and south of the Frisians who inhabit the coast north of the river.
		Strabo located the Sicambri next to the Menapii, “who dwell on both sides of the river Rhine near its mouth, in marshes and woods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sugambri (590 words)

	Strabo's Geography 4.5
		There are only four passages which are habitually used in crossing from the mainland to the island, those which begin at the mouths of the rivers — the Rhenus, the Sequana, the Liger, and the Garumna.
		Their weather is more rainy than snowy; and on the days of clear sky fog prevails so long a time that throughout a whole day the sun is to be seen for only three or four hours round about midday.
		And this is the case also among the Morini and the Menapii and all the neighbours of the latter.
	www.maryjones.us /ctexts/classical_strabo5.html (566 words)

	Gaul, Iberia, & Galatia
		Some scholars believe Celtic evolved from proto-Indo-European around 1000 B.C. The iron-using Celtic Hallstatt culture gave rise to the La Tene Celts in the fifth century B.C. The people of Gaul spoke a P-Celtic language that was similar to the Celtic languages of Britain.
		Their maritime confederation included the Namnetes, Osisimi, the Curiosolitae, Diablintes, Lexovii, Menapii, and Morini as well as some groups from Britain.
		Other tribes in the confederation, especially the northern Menapii and Morini, continued to fight as guerrillas.
	www.geocities.com /mariamnephilemon/names/europa/gaul.html (1785 words)

	C. Julius Caesar - a biography in twelve parts
		He received reinforcements: one legion to substitute the annihilated legion, an additional legion (the fifteenth) and one of the legions that guarded Italy (the first).
		The Nervians, who had already been decimated, were again victims of naked aggression, after which the Menapii in the marshlands along the Rhine experienced the same horrors.
		A second Rhine crossing followed, and Germanic tribes may have been forced to go with the current to the now empty country of the Menapii.
	www.livius.org /caa-can/caesar/caesar05.html (947 words)

	Rise of the Dutch Republic, the — Complete (1555-66) eBook
		Upon reaching the place of refuge where they had bestowed their women and children, Caesar found, after the battle, that there were but three of their senators left alive.
		Caesar commanded his legions to treat with respect the little remnant of the tribe which had just fallen to swell the empty echo of his glory, and then, with hardly a breathing pause, he proceeded to annihilate the Aduatici, the Menapii, and the Morini.
		Gaul being thus pacified, as, with sublime irony, he expresses himself concerning a country some of whose tribes had been annihilated, some sold as slaves, and others hunted to their lairs like beasts of prey, the conqueror departed for Italy.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/4811/13.html (463 words)

	Julius Caesar presented in History section
		In 57 Caesar subdued the distant and warlike Belgic group of Gallic peoples in the north, while his lieutenant Publius Licinius Crassus subdued what are now the regions of Normandy and Brittany.
		In 56 the Veneti, in what is now southern Brittany, started a revolt in the northwest that was supported by the still unconquered Morini on the Gallic coast of the Straits of Dover and the Menapii along the south bank of the lower Rhine.
		He could not finish off the conquest of the Morini and Menapii before the end of the campaigning season of 56; and in the winter of 56-55 the Menapii were temporarily expelled from their home by two immigrant German peoples, the Usipetes and Tencteri.
	www.newsfinder.org /more.php?id=265_0_1_0_M (3365 words)

	Book 6
		The Menapii bordered on the territories of the Eburones, and were
		Menapii into those of the Treviri, resolved for two reasons to cross the Rhine;
		Menapii; he sends C. Trebonius with a like number of legions to lay waste that
	www.stavacademy.co.uk /mimir/caesar7.htm (8500 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Taranto
		Tarentum, called Taras by the Greeks, was founded in 707 B.C. by some Spartans, who, the sons of free women and enslaved fathers, were born during the Messenian War.
		They succeeded in conquering the Menapii and Lucani.
		Like Sparta, Tarentum was an aristocratic republic, but became democratic when the ancient nobility dwindled.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14450d.htm (709 words)

	Teutons, Caesar crosses the Rhine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Usipetes and Tenchteri tribes, both in a state of perpetual war with the powerful Suevi, began looking for safer land across the river.
		Since the winter of 56/55 B.C.E., the Teutons had displaced the Menapii tribe of Gauls, and Caesar was concerned that the incursions would lead to renewal of war in the region.
		According to him, he set out for the Rhine ‘earlier than he was accustomed to do’ with his legions, likely in the early spring of 55 B.C.E. News arrived of further Germanic advances into the territory of the Eburones and the Condrusi, and Caesar was resolved for a fight.
	www.angelfire.com /me/ik/teutons.html (767 words)

	book_6
		prepared on all sides, that the Nervii, Aduatuci, and Menapii, with the addition of all the Germans on this side of the Rhine were under arms, that the
		The Menapii bordered on the territories of the Eburones, and were protected by one continued extent of morasses
		the territories of the Menapii, or should be driven to coalesce with the Germans beyond the Rhine.
	digilander.libero.it /jackdanielspl/Cesare/gallico/book_6.htm (8825 words)

	Julius Caesar: the Usipetes and Tencteri
		The Germans killed them and seizing their boats, crossed the river before news of all this could reach the Menapians on the left bank.
		Once across, they seized all the buildings that the Menapii had there, and lived on their supplies of food for the rest of the winter.
		When I was informed about these events, I felt uneasy because of the temperament of the Gauls: they are always ready to change one plan for another and in general are always eager for political change, and I thought I ought not to rely on them.
	www.livius.org /caa-can/caesar/caesar_t20.html (2318 words)

	The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar: Book IV
		of the Menapii, who were at peace in their settlements over the Rhine,
		Menapii and those cantons of the Morini from which ambassadors had not
		Menapii had all concealed themselves in their thickest woods.
	www.online-literature.com /caesar/gallicwar/4 (7061 words)

	Legion by Slitherine - Scenario 1
		This tribe may have been Belgic, but as it seemed to operate independently of the other Belgic tribes and in consort with its neighbours the Morini, they have been treated as a separate nation.
		The Menapii lived in present day southern Holland and probably had a main town at Cassel.
		The ancient name for this is unknown, Cassel probably deriving from ‘castellum’ (castle-of the Menapii).
	www.slitherine.com /Legion/Campaign_2.htm (2518 words)

	Historical Backdrop: A Timeline
		The Menapii and Morini (Belgan coast and Rhine delta) successfully resist Roman incursions.
		Caesar's command is extended for a further five years.
		[Primarily the Menapii, Treveri and Eburones under Ambiorix, who tricked and killed the Roman commander, Sabinus, inciting his officers to commit suicide to avoid capture.
	www.ancientworlds.net /143130 (459 words)

	Carausius - Portrait Gallery of Roman Emperors on Coins
		However, he proved to be a competent leader who managed to disobey centralised authority and, worryingly for the legitimate emperors, did so with bare-faced arrogance and style.
		Carausius, whose full name was Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius, was of the Menapii tribe who were from Belgica (modern Belgium and the Netherlands).
		As a young man, Carausius joined the Roman navy and rose to the rank of a helmsman.
	www.24carat.co.uk /carausius.html (753 words)

	The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar: Book VI
		Menapii, with the addition of all the Germans on this side of the Rhine
		either proceed to conceal himself in the territories of the Menapii, or
		the Menapii, Commius the Atrebatian with some cavalry as a guard; he
	www.online-literature.com /caesar/gallicwar/6 (8430 words)

	De Bello Gallico Round 3: Warbands are forever ! - Fanaticus Forum
		The Germans managed to win over the Menapii 4:2.
		Clean your swords and feed your horsesm round 4 is close to begin
		One battle between Germans and Menapii to go
	fanaticus.org /boards/Forum11/HTML/000423.html (1231 words)

	Athena Review Image Archive: Celtic Tribes and Caesar's campaigns in Gaul (58-50 BC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Next year, in July of 54 BC, a major force of five legions made a second invasion of Britain, advancing as far as the Thames.
		Before a permanent camp could be established in Britain, however, Caesar had to return to Gaul and spent all of 53 BC subduing the Belgae and other rebellious tribes in the north including the Nervii, Menapii, and Treveri near the Rhine, as well as the Senones and Carnutes.
		Gallic rebellion the following year (52 BC) was led by the Arverni warrior Vercingetorix.
	www.athenapub.com /gaulcamp.htm (332 words)

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