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Topic: Menaquinone

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	Vitamins : Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)
		Vitamin K is found in plants as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and in animals as menaquinone (vitamin K2).
		Equally, this profile is expected to limit the primary adverse effect associated with vitamin K, negative interactions with coumarin anti-coagulants, since the proteins involved in coagulation are primarily synthesized in the liver.
		The menaquinone homolgues are characterized by the number of isoprene residues comprising the side chain.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /vitamins-vitamin/menaquinone-vitamin-k2.html (459 words)

	vitamin K2 as a life extender? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study.
		The relative risk (RR) of CHD mortality was reduced in the mid and upper tertiles of dietary menaquinone compared to the lower tertile [RR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.17) and 0.43 (0.24, 0.77), respectively].
		Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality [RR = 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) and 0.74 (0.59, 0.92), respectively] and severe aortic calcification [odds ratio of 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) and 0.48 (0.32, 0.71), respectively].
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=25536 (490 words)

	vitamin K
		Vitamin K1 (MW: 450.7) is a yellow viscous oil with a maximum absorbance at 248 nm (molar abs coeff.:19900, the same for menaquinones), soluble in ethanol, hexane, chloroform and vegetable oils.
		As an example of the various menaquinone forms, MK-7 has 6+1=7 isoprenoid units or 35 carbons in the side chain and can be called vitamin K2(35) or menaquinone-7.
		It was shown by oral administration to vitamin K-deficient chicks that isoprenologs with 3 to 5 isoprenoid groups in either menaquinone or phylloquinone type compounds have maximum biological activity.
	www.cyberlipid.org /vitk/vitk0001.htm (779 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Reconstitution of coupled fumar
		The H+/e ratio of formate oxidation by menaquinone or DMN was close to 1.
		The results support the view that Delta(psi) generation is coupled to menaquinone reduction by H2 or formate, but not to menaquinol oxidation by fumarate.
		Delta(psi) generation is probably caused by proton uptake from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane during menaquinone reduction, and by the coupled release of protons from H2 or formate oxidation on the periplasmic side.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/32/publZIM57.html (366 words)

	Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) Biosynthesis: Localization and Characterization of the menA Gene from Escherichia coli -- ...
		Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) Biosynthesis: Localization and Characterization of the menA Gene from Escherichia coli -- Suvarna et al.
		HPLC tracing of menaquinones extracted from the wild type (A), the menA mutant (B), and the menA mutant complemented by plasmid pMK6 (C).
		Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones: the membrane associated 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase of Escherichia coli.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/180/10/2782 (2602 words)

	CRISP - Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, Abstract Display
		In this proposal we initiate studies on the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway in M. tuberculosis.
		Menaquinone is the sole quinone in the mycobacterial electron transport chain and, since the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of menaquinone is absent in humans, the bacterial enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of menaquinone from chorismate are potential novel targets for drug discovery.
		In order to determine which menaquinone biosynthetic enzymes will be suitable for future inhibitor design, we need to know whether inhibition of a specific enzyme will impact the viability of the bacterium.
	crisp.cit.nih.gov /crisp/CRISP_LIB.getdoc?textkey=6746557&p_grant_num=1R21AI058785-01&p_query=&ticket=10457499&p_audit_session_id=48427889&p_keywords= (335 words)

	Meganathan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The genetics, enzymes, and intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds are being investigated using the techniques of genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
		Menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis: localization and characterization of the menE gene from Escherichia coli.
		Sharma, V., Suvarna, K., Meganathan, R., Hudspeth, M.E.S. Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) biosynthesis: Nucleotide sequence and expression of the menB gene from Eschrichia coli.
	www.bios.niu.edu /micro/meganathan.html (318 words)

	Vitamin K
		(menaquinone) is synthesized by probiotic bacterial flora in the large intestine.
		Vitamin K2, namely the menaquinones of various chain-lengths, has been shown by others to be more effective than vitamin K1 in the curative rat bioassay.
		However, it is known that menaquinones (vitamin K2:MK) may be more effective than vitamin K1 in this conversion of the inactive to active form of glutamate residues.
	home.caregroup.org /clinical/altmed/interactions/Nutrients/Vitamin_K.htm (8153 words)

	Shewanella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To date, we have determined that an intermediate on the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway, dihydroxynaphthoate (DHNA), or a derivative of this molecule, rather than menaquinone itself, is required for the transformation of CT by S. oneidensis MR-1.
		The possibility that a derivative of DHNA may be responsible for the reduction of CT suggests that we may be able to interrupt biosynthesis of this molecule without introducing detrimental effects on anaerobic respiration.
		A Derivative of the menaquinone precursor 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate is involved in the reductive transformation of carbon tetrachloride by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.
	www.stanford.edu /group/evpilot/Reasearch/shewanella.html (325 words)

	Patent 4849354: Process for producing menaquinone-4
		The present invention relates to a process for producing menaquinone-4 (referred to as MK-4 hereinafter) represented by the following formula: ##STR1## MK-4 is vitamin K.sub.2 -4 taking part in blood coagulation and control of calcium metabolism of a living body.
		Menaquinones contained in bacteria have been thoroughly studied from the taxonomical viewpoint, and summarized by M. Collins and D. Jones (Microbiol.
		However bacteria containing a considerable amount of MK-4 as the main menaquinone have not been found.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4849354.html (1953 words)

	Dr. R. Meganathan, Professor of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University
		(menaquinone) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: Evidence for the presence of an essential histidine residue in o-succinylbenzoyl coenzyme A synthetase.
		A new isochorismate synthase specifically involved in menaquinone (vitamin K
		Anaerobic biosynthesis of enterobactin in Escherichia coli.: Regulation of entC gene expression and evidence against its involvement in menaquinone (Vitamin K
	www.bios.niu.edu /meganathan/meganathan.html (555 words)

	E coli
		They also showed that the concentration of the menaquinone in the liver (a site where vitamin K functions) was increased in the rats that had been infected with bacteria that made menaquinones.
		They compared the amount of menaquinone in individuals who had been taking broad spectrum antibiotics before they died (in whom most of the gut flora would have been absent) to individuals who had not (who should have had a normal gut flora).
		They found that individuals who had been treated with antibiotics had a much reduced menaquinone content in their livers.
	www.microbiologyonline.org.uk /ecoli.htm (1466 words)

	Vitamin K
		, which is also fat soluble, is the collective term for a number of substances known as menaquinones.
		is the collective term for a group of vitamin K compounds called menaquinones.
		(menaquinones) at doses of 25 to 100 micrograms.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0267.shtml (2826 words)

	Oxidation of Reduced Menaquinone by the Fumarate Reductase Complex in Escherichia coli Requires the Hydrophobic FrdD ...
		Plasmids carrying cloned segments of the frd operon of Escherichia coli have been used in genetic complementation studies to identify two independent mutants defective in the frdD gene, which encodes the hydrophobic FrdD polypeptide of the fumarate reductase complex.
		However, the mutation did not impair the ability of the membrane-bound fumarate reductase complex to function with succinate as substrate, as evidenced by unchanged turnover numbers for phenazine methosulfate and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone (a quinone analogue) reductase activities.
		These data establish the essential role of the FrdD polypeptide both in the interaction of the enzyme with reduced menaquinone and thus in anaerobic respiration with fumarate as electron acceptor, and in binding the enzyme to the membrane.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/83/23/8898 (439 words)

	eMedicine - Vitamin K Deficiency : Article Excerpt by: Pankaj Patel, MD
		Background: Vitamin K (VK), an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in the production of coagulation proteins, is found in green leafy vegetables and oils, such as soybean, cottonseed, canola, and olive oil.
		The 3 main types of VK are K-1, which is derived from plants; K-2, menaquinone, which is produced by the intestinal flora; and K-3, which is a synthetic water-soluble form used for treatment.
		VK deficiency can occur in persons of any age; however, infants are at higher risk for hemorrhagic disease of the newborn due to lack of VK reaching to the fetus across the placenta, the low level of VK in breast milk, and low colonic bacterial synthesis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/vitamin-k-deficiency.htm (617 words)

	Super K With Vitamin K2: 90 Softgels
		Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables as well as fermented foods.
		Vitamin K 1, found naturally is called phylloquonone, and vitamin K2, found naturally is called menaquinone 7, which can be synthesized by bacteria in the gut and absorbed in the intestines.
		Man-made forms of K1 and K2 are phytoandione and menatetranone (menaquinone 4) respectively.
	www.lef.org /newshop/items/item00604.html?source=HomeTop12VitaminK (261 words)

	Farrand Lab
		Physiological effects of menaquinone deficiency in Bacillus subtilis.
		Changes in menaquinone concentration during growth and early sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
		Attempts to detect deoxyribonucleic acid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and bacteriophage PS8 in crown gall tumors by complementary ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid-filter hybridization.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /farrand/lab/pp.html (686 words)

	menaquinone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		VITAMIN K2 (MENAQUINONE) A second vitamin K (vit K2) was isolated very early from putrified fish meal as a product of microbial synthesis (McRee et al., J. Am.
		Menaquinone-4 is the.....supplier - Vitamins : Vitamin nutritions - Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) Menaquinone (Vitamin.....vitamin...
		Identification of a Novel Gene Cluster Participating in Menaquinone...
	www.supplement-vitamin-blog.com /vitamins/menaquinone.html (265 words)

	Vitamin K information page. All about vitamin K and the role it plays in your diet.
		Vitamin K can be produced in the intestines and this function is improved with the presence of cultured milk, like yogurt, in the diet, Vitamin K is classified as a fat-soluble vitamin.
		Vitamin K is found in nature in two forms - K1, also called phylloquinone, is found in plants and vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, which can be synthesized by many bacteria.
		Vitamin K3, menadione, is a synthetic form of this vitamin which is manmade.
	www.anyvitamins.com /vitamin-k-info.htm (582 words)

	Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study -- Geleijnse et al.
		(vitamin K-1) and menaquinone (vitamin K-2) were related to
		of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/abstract/134/11/3100 (308 words)

	Lund University, Doctoral Dissertation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		These reactions are coupled by electron transfer within the enzyme from the site of succinate oxidation to the site of quinone reduction.
		The transmembrane electrochemical potential provides driving force for the endergonic reduction of menaquinone by succinate.
		Matsson, M., Tolstoy, D., Aasa, R. and Hederstedt, L. The distal heme center in Bacillus subtilis succinate:quinone reductase is crucial for electron transfer to menaquinone.
	www.lub.lu.se /cgi-bin/show_diss.pl?db=global&fname=sci_299.html (496 words)

	[No title]
		175 2e-42 SWISSPROT:MEND_BACSU Menaquinone biosynthesis protein menD [Incl...
		91 4e-17 SWISSPROT:MEND_HAEIN Menaquinone biosynthesis protein menD [Incl...
		87 6e-16 SWISSPROT:MEND_ECOLI Menaquinone biosynthesis protein menD [Incl...
	pedant.gsf.de /cgi-bin/wwwdbp.pl?Db=Parachlamydia_sp_UWE25&Name=blast&String=2029&Cmd=Fetch (444 words)

	MK-7 - Vitamin K2 as Menaquinone-7 - Jarrow Formulas - with Nattokinase and Natto Extract
		MK-7 - Vitamin K2 as Menaquinone-7 - Jarrow Formulas - with Nattokinase and Natto Extract
		MK-7 (Menaquinone-7) is an enhanced bioactive form of vitamin K2, also known as Menaquinones.
		Jarrow Formulas NattoMax is an extract from genetically unmodified (non-GMO) soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilus natto.
	www.lifeextensionvitamins.com /mkvik2asmeja.html (348 words)

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